Abstract: In one embodiment, methods for monitoring devices within a network by a controller are described. The method may include receiving a first request from a first device to authenticate a role of the first device as a grandmaster in a precision time protocol (PTP). Additionally, the method may include granting the first request designating the role of the first device as the grandmaster. The method may further include receiving a second request from a second device to authenticate that a clock announce message is from an authorized grandmaster. Additionally, the method may include determining whether the first device is authorized to send the clock announce message to the second device and, based on the determining, sending a message granting or denying permission for the first device to sync with the second device.

Abstract: An Ethernet Physical Layer (PHY) device includes a link interface and a transceiver. The link interface is configured to connect to a full-duplex wired Ethernet link. The transceiver is configured to receive first Ethernet signals carrying first data at a first data rate over the Ethernet link in a first direction, the first Ethernet signals occupying a first frequency band, and to transmit second Ethernet signals carrying second data at a second data rate different from the first data rate, over the Ethernet link in a second direction that is opposite the first direction, the second Ethernet signals occupying a second frequency band that is different from the first frequency band.

Abstract: A method and an apparatus for self-interference cancellation in a communication device. The communication device includes an antenna configured to transmit a transmit signal and receive a receive signal through a duplexer in FDD communications, a first analog to digital converter (ADC) configured to convert the receive signal from analog to digital, a coupler configured to couple a sample of the transmit signal to a second ADC, which is configured to convert the sample of the transmit signal from analog to digital, and self-interference cancellation circuitry configured to process the digital sample of the transmit signal to generate a self-interference cancellation signal and apply the self-interference cancellation signal to the digital receive signal to cancel an amount of interference induced in the receive signal by the transmit signal. The SIC process provides additional isolation between TX signal and RX signal.

Abstract: A method for transmitting data, in the form of messages, in a power line communication network, the method being executed in a first node device of said network configured so as to communicate in a plurality of separate frequency bands with a second node device of said network, the method comprising transmitting a message in a transmission mode using at least two separate frequency bands from among said plurality of separate frequency bands in parallel. It is thus possible to have a wider bandwidth by using various separate frequency bands in parallel. The invention also relates to a communication node device configured so as to execute the abovementioned method.

Abstract: The present invention provides a multi-rate bidirectional transmission system. A sending device and a receiving device transmit data in a bidirectional way through a cable. The multi-rate bidirectional transmission system communicates with a reverse configuration packet by sending a forward configuration packet at a preset rate in a time-division manner, selects a serial rate jointly supported by the sending device and the receiving device, and selects a training sequence length. Then, the sending device and the receiving device perform equalization training at the selected serial rate with the selected training sequence length, thus avoiding searching the serial rate and presetting the training sequence length in the worst case, thus simplifying the design and improving the link training speed.

Abstract: A second apparatus for wireless communication includes: a transceiver; and a processing circuit configured to receive, from a first apparatus via the transceiver, a physical layer protocol data unit (PPDU) including a first signal field having a fixed length and a second signal field having a variable length. The second signal field includes an orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing (OFDM) symbol block including at least one OFDM symbol, and one or more repetitions of the OFDM symbol block.

Abstract: Provided are a method for performing, by a first device, wireless communication, and an apparatus for supporting same. The method may comprise the steps of: receiving, from a second device, one or more sidelink synchronization signal blocks (S-SSBs) including a sidelink primary synchronization signal (S-PSS), a sidelink secondary synchronization signal (S-SSS), and a physical sidelink broadcast channel (PSBCH); obtaining an average reference signal received power (RSRP) value for at least one S-SSB from among the one or more S-SSBs; and determining, on the basis of the average RSRP value, whether to select the second device as a synchronization reference.

Abstract: Devices and methods presented in this disclosure provide a single-channel WLAN device with a small add-on in the form of a second digital interface component and switch circuitry to allow for two such WLAN devices to be cascaded to support dual-channel WLAN operations. The WLAN device may include a first digital interface component including a first digital interface terminal configured for communicating with a first device external to the WLAN device; a second digital interface component including a second digital interface terminal configured for communicating with a second device external to the WLAN device; a switch circuitry coupling the first digital interface component to the second digital interface component and to a WLAN modem; and the WLAN modem configured to operate in one or more frequency bands and including one or more terminals configured to be coupled with a RF front end (FE) circuitry.

Abstract: A wireless transmit/receive unit (WTRU) is configured to determine a frequency location of a reduced frequency bandwidth within a full system frequency bandwidth for an uplink transmission. The reduced frequency bandwidth is based on a received MTC physical downlink control channel. The WTRU is configured to determine a frequency location of an uplink resource in a first subframe based on at least one of a subframe number of the first subframe, a transmission repetition number associated with the first subframe, or a coverage enhancement level of the WTRU. The WTRU is configured to send a physical uplink control channel (PUCCH) transmission in the uplink resource in the first subframe in a same frequency location in both slots of the first subframe. A format of the PUCCH transmission is limited to a subset of PUCCH formats available for a WTRU operating in the full system frequency bandwidth.

Abstract: In a system of control devices networked with one another via a first network or multiple first sub-networks, and of which at least one is a server-based control device that combines multiple functional units, a grandmaster clock is defined by ascertaining the best clock of the entire network. If the best clock is located in a server-based control device, the distances are ascertained between selected functional units that are suitable as a source of the grandmaster clock and selected active network interfaces that connect the server-based control device to the first network or multiple first sub-networks, and the average distance to all selected network interfaces for each of the selected functional units is determined. That selected functional unit that has the smallest average distance to all selected network interfaces is defined as grandmaster clock for the first network or the first sub-networks.

Abstract: A communication apparatus and an associated method are disclosed. The communication apparatus includes differential input ports; a signal pairing circuit, arranged for coupling the differential input ports to a receiving circuit, wherein when the signal pairing circuit operates in a first mode, a positive input port and a negative input port of the differential input ports correspondingly electrically couple to a positive input terminal and a negative input terminal of the receiving circuit, when the signal pairing circuit operates in a second mode, the positive input port and the negative input port of the differential input ports correspondingly electrically couple to the negative input terminal and the positive input terminal of the receiving circuit; a processor circuit, arranged for determining whether the decoded signal includes a specific code before the timer is time out and generating a determination result; and control the signal pairing circuit according to the determination result.

Abstract: The present invention discloses a signal communication method having re-sampling mechanism that includes steps outlined below. Sampled data of a data signal is obtained. A time difference between an actual sampling time point and an ideal sampling time point is calculated. A closet time point closest to the ideal sampling time point within a sampling time interval is selected. Operation sampled data within a predetermined range around the target sampled data is selected from the sampled data. A group of response terms are retrieved from a pre-stored lookup table according to the closest time point to substitute the response terms and the time difference into a parameter calculation equation to generate a group of re-sampling response parameters. A calculation is performed based on the operation sampled data and the re-sampling response parameters to generate a re-sampled value of the target sampled data.

Abstract: One or more examples relate, generally, to an apparatus. Such an apparatus includes a digital interface, a wake detect logic, and a power management connection. The digital interface may define a physical layer transceiver side of a connection between a physical layer transceiver and a physical layer controller, respectively of a 10SPE physical layer. The wake detect logic may communicate a source of detected wake from the physical layer transceiver to the physical layer controller via the digital interface. The power management connection may operatively couple to an enable connection of a switched voltage regulator.

Abstract: Wireless communication techniques for supporting, selecting, and using multiple waveforms and/or multiple decoders for downlink wireless communication are discussed. A UE may transmit to a base station an indication of one or more downlink waveforms or decoders supported by the UE. The UE may also transmit to the base station an indication of power consumption associated with at least one of the one or more downlink waveforms or decoders. The UE may receive from the base station an indication of a waveform or decoder, based on the indication of power consumption, to use for downlink wireless communication.

Abstract: All data symbols used in data transmission of a modulated signal are precoded by switching between precoding matrices so that the precoding matrix used to precode each data symbol and the precoding matrices used to precode data symbols that are adjacent to the data symbol along the frequency axis and the time axis all differ. A modulated signal with such data symbols arranged therein is transmitted.

Abstract: According to an embodiment of the present disclosure, provided is a method by which a first device performs SL communication. The method may comprise the steps of: generating S-SSB including symbols for S-PSS, symbols for S-SSS, and symbols for PSBCH; and transmitting the S-SSB to a second device, wherein a total number of symbols for S-PSS is three, and the symbols for S-PSS include a first S-PSS symbol, a second S-PSS symbol, and a third S-PSS symbol.

Abstract: A communication system includes a digital data processor that produces a digital data sample and one or more control bits. A serialized transmit interface assembles the digital data sample and the control bit(s) into first and second data packets of a data frame, and sends the data frame over a signal line. A serialized receive interface receives the data frame and produces a reconstructed digital data sample and the control bit(s) from the first and second data packets. A control circuit coupled to the serialized receive interface produces a control signal from the control bit(s). The communication system may include a converter circuit, which produces an RF input signal by performing a digital-to-analog conversion of the reconstructed digital data sample, and by upconverting the resulting analog data sample signal to RF. A power amplifier amplifies the RF input signal and modifies operation of a sub-circuit based on the control signal.

Abstract: The unidirectional data transfer system (3) comprises a data emitting device (5), a data receiving device (6) and a first unidirectional wire link (7) connecting the emitting and receiving devices such that the data passes from the emitting device to the receiving device. The first wire link includes a non-controllable unidirectional component (8) and the unidirectional transfer system further includes a device (19a, 19b, 20) for monitoring the quality of the transferred data.

Abstract: There is provided mechanisms for PIM removal in an antenna system. A method is performed by a controller of the antenna codebook based beamforming, which transmission radio chains of the antenna system that cause a signal received by receiver radio chains of the antenna system to be impacted by PIM. These transmission radio chains are identified based on which codeword in the codebook is used for the beamforming. The method comprises determining a correction signal by subjecting the signals only as transmitted by the identified transmission radio chains to a model of the PIM. The method comprises removing PIM from the signal received by the receiver radio chains by subtracting the correction signal from the signal received by the receiver radio chains.

Abstract: This disclosure is directed to filtering in a transceiver of an electronic device. In some instances, active analog filters may be deployed in the transceiver of the electronic device to achieve greater linearity and/or reduce noise in the transceiver. However, as signal bandwidth grows increasingly larger, an active analog filter may consume excessive power. To remedy the excessive power consumption, a passive ladder LC filter may be used. Some LC ladder filters may include a limited quality factor (Q), which may lead to undesirable effects in the transceiver (e.g., voltage droop). To address these undesirable effects, certain components in the LC ladder filter may be relocated from an input port to a feedback chain of an amplifier coupled to the LC ladder filter. The new structure may enable components in the LC ladder filter to be tuned without causing additional voltage droop across the LC ladder filter.

Abstract: Embodiments presented herein provide apparatus and techniques to reduce a direct current (DC) voltage offset between a transmitter and receiver. Embodiments include a shared reference voltage signal generated by a reference voltage source. The receiver may include a first unit gain buffer to receive a reference voltage signal from the reference voltage source. The transmitter may be communicatively coupled to the receiver via one or more connections and may include a second unit gain buffer communicatively coupled to the first unit gain buffer via one of the connections. An amplifier (e.g., an operation amplifier) of the transmitter may include multiple positive inputs coupled to the second unit gain buffer and an offset tracker. The offset tracker may compensate for a DC offset caused by at least a power supply and/or a ground bounce.

Abstract: Certain aspects of the present disclosure provide techniques for avoiding out of order uplink data reception upon data radio bearer (DRB) release or quality of service (QoS) flow addition. An exemplary method that may be performed by a user equipment (UE), includes receiving an indication from a base station (BS) that multiplexing of hybrid automatic retransmission request (HARQ) information and channel state information (CSI) is enabled in all physical uplink control channel (PUCCH) resources, generating a first CSI report regarding a first downlink (DL) channel from the BS, multiplexing a HARQ response to a transmission from the BS and the first CSI report in a PUCCH, and transmitting the PUCCH to the BS via one of the PUCCH resources.

Abstract: Method and system for improving the security of storing digital data in a memory or its delivery as a message over the Internet from a sender to a receiver using one or more hops is disclosed. The message is split at the sender into multiple overlapping or non-overlapping slices according to a slicing scheme, and the slices are encapsulated in packets each destined to a different relay server as an intermediate node according to a delivery scheme. The relay servers relay the received slices to another other relay server or to the receiver. Upon receiving all the packets containing all the slices, the receiver combines the slices reversing the slicing scheme, whereby reconstructing the message sent.

Abstract: The present disclosure relates to a wireless local area network system including a transmitting station (STA) and a receiving STA. The transmitting STA may generate a first physical protocol data unit (PPDU) and transmit the first PPDU via 80 MHz, wherein the first PPDU may include a first data field transmitted via a 966 tone resource unit (RU), and the first data field includes a first pilot subcarrier for the 996 tone RU.

Abstract: A cloud server includes an equipment information storage that stores equipment table information; an equipment controller that generates control information; an encapsulator that generates control notification information by encapsulating the control information and adding header information for specifying a control device as a sending destination; and a notification information sender that sends the control notification information to the control device based on the header information. Upon acquiring the control notification information from the server, the control device removes the header information from the control notification information and decapsulates to extract the control information, and sends the extracted control information to a controlled equipment.

Abstract: A semiconductor integrated circuit includes a substrate including a first wiring layer and a second wiring layer that is separated from the first wiring layer in a stacking direction, and an equalization circuit formed on the substrate to amplify a signal level of a part of a frequency bandwidth included in a differential input signal including a first signal and a second signal, and output a differential output signal including a third signal and a fourth signal, in which the equalization circuit includes a first transistor, a first inductor element, a second transistor, and a second inductor element, each of the first inductor element and the second inductor element has a first inductor portion, a second inductor portion, and a third inductor portion, the first inductor portion and the second inductor portion include single-layer winding coils, a third end portion of the third inductor portion is electrically connected to a first end portion of the first inductor portion, and a fourth end portion of the thi

Abstract: Disclosed are a structure and a clock synchronization method of a precision network interface card for acquiring heterogeneous PTP synchronization information for PTP synchronization network extension. In order to precisely time-synchronize a synchronous switch at a remote location with a synchronous switch of an internal network, a precision time protocol (PTP) synchronous network system and a PTP synchronization method according to an embodiment allow a plurality of switches therebetween to operate as virtual nodes and can precisely measure Ingress_Time of a time synchronization message using a clock synchronized with the virtual nodes.

Abstract: The present disclosure relates to reducing software development man-hours when vehicle models are developed. In an in-vehicle equipment controller, a control section has, as a software configuration: an application layer in which an application for in-vehicle equipment is implemented; a device driver; and a middleware layer in which a communication path is generated between the application and the device driver. The middleware layer includes a physical quantity conversion module that converts physical quantity data according to a specified conversion rule, the physical quantity data being included in data transferred through the communication path.

Abstract: Systems, methods and computer software are disclosed for providing base station and Remote Radio Head (RRH) functionality. In one embodiment, a method is disclosed, the method for providing base station and Remote Radio Head (RRH) functionality in a base station, comprising: providing a baseband card; providing a radio head, the radio head coupled to the baseband card by way of an interface; and switching, under the control of a processor, between use of the baseband card and use of an external baseband unit for controlling the radio head, the external baseband unit used via a Common Public Radio Interface (CPRI) port, thereby providing dual base station and remote radio head functionality.

Abstract: A software-defined radio system may include a radio frequency front end connected to a high performance computing processor comprised of a central processing unit (CPU), a graphics processing unit (GPU), and a shared memory between the CPU and GPU. The software-defined radio system may incorporate a signal processing unit between the radio frequency front end and the high performance computing processor. Additionally, the software-defined radio system may be configured to create a ring buffer in a shared memory between the CPU and GPU and directly store digital signal data in the ring buffer. The software-defined radio system may be used to implement and train machine learning algorithms and transmit digital signals.

Abstract: A radio receiver device comprises an analogue-to-digital converter clocked by a first clock signal which receives a radio signal. A digital circuit portion receives a digital signal produced by the analogue-to-digital converter and comprises digital processing units clocked by a second clock derived from the first clock and which produce an output signal at an output sample rate. A counter clocked by the second clock counts samples at the output sample rate. A network timer clocked by a reference of a network clock produces a receiver enable flag synchronised to the first clock. The counter is enabled when the flag is set and sets a trigger flag when the count exceeds a predetermined threshold. A buffer receives the output signal and is enabled when the trigger flag is set.

Abstract: Systems and methods for detecting and protecting against phase manipulation during AoA or AoD operations are disclosed. For AoA operations, the network device receiving the constant tone extension (CTE) generates an antenna switching pattern, which may be randomly generated. The network device then receives the CTE using a plurality of antenna elements. In one embodiment, the network device compares the phase of portions of the CTE signal received that utilize the same antenna element. If the phase of these portions differs by more than a threshold, the network device detects a malicious attack and acts accordingly. In another embodiment, if the AoA algorithm cannot determine the angle of arrival, the network device detects a malicious attack and acts accordingly. For angle of departure operations, the network device that transmits the CTE signal generates the antenna switching pattern and transmits it to the position engine, which performs the comparisons described above.

Abstract: A system for interference mitigation includes: a first transmit coupler; a receive-band noise cancellation system; a first transmit-band filter; a second transmit coupler; a first receive coupler; a transmit-band noise cancellation system; a first receive-band filter; and a second receive coupler.

Abstract: A method for crest factor reduction (CFR). The method includes: generating a signal, xs(t); generating a vector, x(t), of size N×1 based on xs(t), wherein N>1; generating a clipping signal vector, z(t), based on x(t), wherein z(t) is a vector of size N×1; producing a transformed signal vector, y(t), based on z(t), wherein y(t) is a vector of size N×1; and generating an output signal vector, xp(t), based on y(t) and x(t), wherein generating xo(t) comprises subtracting y(t) from x(t) and xo(t) is a vector of size N×1.

Abstract: A control method and device for bidirectional communication are provided. A handshake between the master and slave communication units is realized by sending the training sequence. The master communication unit is controlled to obtain control information from the ECU. The control information is packaged into the custom package, and the custom package is encoded. The master communication unit is controlled to send the custom package to the slave communication unit. The slave communication unit decodes, verifies and corrects the custom package. The slave communication unit feeds back the correct message to the master communication unit if the custom package is verified to be correct, else feeds back the error message to the master communication unit. The master communication unit resends the custom package to the slave communication unit if it receives the error information or does not receive any feedback information within the preset time period.

Abstract: A network switch includes a plurality of Ethernet ports having their respective Physical (PHY) Layers interconnected via a common interface local to the network switch. The common interface passes local information among respective PHY layers of the Ethernet ports. One or more receivers receive for a first Ethernet port, over the common interface, information indicative of alien cross talk affecting at least one second Ethernet port of the network switch. A transmission attribute controller adjusts, based on the received information indicative of alien cross talk affecting the at least one second Ethernet port of the network switch, a first data rate and/or a first transmit power level to a second data rate and/or a second transmit power level for transmitting data to a remote network device. A first transmitter transmits data via the first Ethernet port according to the second data rate and/or the second transmit power level.

Abstract: An exemplary medical system includes a first electrical circuit (204-1) on a PCB (206), a second electrical circuit (204-2) on the PCB and electrically isolated from the first electrical circuit, and a free space optics interface assembly (302) on the PCB. The free space optics assembly includes a housing (402) defining a free space chamber (404) in the housing, an optical transmitter (416) having an input (426) that is electrically coupled to the first electrical circuit, and an optical receiver (418) in optical communication with the optical transmitter via the free space chamber and having an output (432) that is electrically coupled to the second electrical circuit. The optical transmitter and the optical receiver are hermetically sealed within the housing.

Abstract: Disclosed are techniques for transmitting and processing reference signals for positioning estimation over a multipath multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) channel. In aspects, a first node configures first and second reference signal resource sets for transmission of first and second sets of reference signals, wherein the first and second reference signal resource sets occur on first and second subbands of, and/or during first and second time intervals on, the MIMO channel, wherein each reference signal resource in the first and second reference signal resource sets utilize at least first and second MIMO precoders, and transmits, to a second node over the MIMO channel, the first and second sets of reference signals, wherein the first node transmits the first and second sets of reference signals to assist the second node to perform a positioning measurement based on joint processing of the first and second sets of reference signals.

Abstract: The demodulating apparatus includes circuits of receiving modulated radio signals coming from a plurality of transmission devices, first demodulating a first reception signal DPSK-modulated among the radio signals, modulating demodulation signals into modulation signals based on DPSK, estimating an amplitude and a phase of a propagation signal on a propagation path leading to the reception circuit from the transmission device on the basis of the radio signal and the modulation signal, first generating, based on the variables, a first simulated signal simulating the first reception signal from the modulation signal, extracting a signal obtained by cancelling the first simulated signal from the radio signals, and repeating processes of the first demodulating, the modulating, the estimating, the first generating and the extracting to such a limit as to enable the first demodulating.

Abstract: A system and method are provided in accordance with the various aspects of the invention that enhance the information regarding a caller and a call location. Such calls are typically sent to a dispatcher that handles urgent or emergency calls. The information provided can be in the form of a message that is includes specifics about the call initiator and the nature of and/or reason for the call; a message that is converted to verbal form from text-to-speech; and/or the message may include location information, especially as it relates to representing a wireless device as a landline location based on nearby communication options, such as Wi-Fi or Bluetooth beacons.

Abstract: The present disclosure relates to systems, methods, and computer readable media for enabling server devices to utilize a higher percentage of power resources while maintaining sufficient availability of power resources of a datacenter or other collection of server devices. For example, systems disclosed herein determine and implement power shaving actions based on virtual machine metadata and in accordance with a power shaving policy to facilitate a significantly higher utilization of power resources on a datacenter during normal operation as well as within periods of limited power capacity on various server devices. Systems described herein provide more efficient utilization of power resources while maintaining service availability guarantees for a variety of virtual machines hosted by servers of the datacenter.

Abstract: The present disclosure provides a method and apparatus for transmitting and receiving an uplink signal, a storage medium, and an electronic device. The transmitting method includes: a second communication node receives configuration information transmitted by a first communication node through physical downlink control signaling or high-layer signaling, and the second communication node transmits an uplink signal to the first communication node based on the configuration information; or a second communication node transmits, according to a rule appointed with a first communication node, an uplink signal to the first communication node.

Abstract: Embodiments of the disclosure include signal processing methods to reduce crosstalk between signal lines of a channel bus using feed forward equalizers (FFEs) configured smear pulse response energy transmitted on signal lines of the channel to reduce pulse edge rates. The coefficients for the FFE may be based on crosstalk interference characteristics. Smearing or spreading pulse response energy across a longer time period using a FFE increases inter-symbol interference (ISI). To counter increased inter-symbol interference caused by smearing pulse response energy, receivers configured to recover symbol data transmitted on the channel bus may each include respective decision-feedback equalizers (DFEs) that are configured to filter ISI from transmitted symbols based on previous symbol decisions of the channel. The combination of the FFE configured to smear pulse responses and the DFE to filter ISI may improve data eye quality for recovery of transmitted data on a channel bus when crosstalk dominates noise.

Abstract: A new and novel system and method for reliably, securely, and affordably isolating and securing remote access to a secure cloud-based server and database, specifically, a NicheRMS police database, through a secured application, such as the NicheRMS application, over a secure network connection, such as a Citrix Independent Computing Architecture (ICA) connection, wherein the data in the sensitive database is accessed, and only present in a secured workspace and never transmitted locally to the endpoint devices.

Abstract: Accordingly, there are disclosed herein active cables and methods that enable direct connection between different generations of network interface ports or ports supporting different standards. One illustrative embodiment is an active 1:N breakout cable that includes a unary end connector connected by electrical conductors to each of multiple split end connectors. The unary end connector is adapted to fit into a network interface port of a primary host device to provide output PAM4 electrical signals that convey a multi-lane outbound data stream to the primary host device and to accept input PAM4 electrical signals that convey multi-lane inbound data stream from the primary host device.

Abstract: A re-transmission control method of downlink data to be transmitted from a radio base station to a radio terminal includes: by the radio terminal, transmitting information regarding decoding performance of the radio terminal to the radio base station; receiving the downlink data from the radio base station; transmitting a re-transmission request of the downlink data to the radio base station in a case where an error in the downlink data is detected; receiving a re-transmission configuration based on the information regarding decoding performance of the radio terminal, from the radio base station in a physical downlink control channel (PDCCH), after transmission of the re-transmission request; receiving the downlink data re-transmitted from the radio base station; and decoding the re-transmitted downlink data in accordance with the re-transmission configuration.

Abstract: Embodiments of this application provide a power allocation method and a related device. The method includes: receiving, by a terminal device, first downlink control information sent by a network device, where the first downlink control information includes first power allocation information for a plurality of transport layers; determining, by the terminal device, a first transmit power of each of the plurality of transport layers based on the first power allocation information; and sending, by the terminal device, first uplink data based on the first transmit power of each transport layer. Transmission efficiency of a system can be improved by implementing the embodiments of this application.

Abstract: A method for modulating a signal including operating a circuit in a first arrangement during a first operating interval and switching the circuit between the first arrangement and a second arrangement during a first modulation interval to vary a load on the circuit to produce a first amplitude shift keying (ASK) signal. The method further includes detecting a voltage on the circuit crossing a threshold level and operating the circuit in the second arrangement during a second operating interval. The method also includes switching the circuit between the second arrangement and the first arrangement during a second modulation interval to vary the load on the circuit to produce a second ASK signal.

Abstract: A channel estimation method is configured to estimate a channel length. The method includes the following operations: receiving an input signal; summing the input signal and an analog echo cancelation signal decrease an echo of the input signal, and generate a first signal according to a result of the summation; providing an analog gain value to the first signal to generate a second signal; performing an analog-to-digital conversion to the second signal to generate a third signal; obtaining a ratio according to an energy of a first frequency and an energy of a second frequency of the third signal; and estimating the channel length according to the ratio, and setting the analog gain value according to the estimated channel length.

Abstract: An illustrative spread spectrum clocking (SSC) converter includes: a deserializer to receive a data stream with an unmodulated clock; a memory coupled to the deserializer to buffer the data stream; and a serializer coupled to the memory to retransmit the data stream with a spread spectrum clock. One illustrative conversion method, which may be implemented on a monolithic integrated circuit device, includes: receiving a data stream from an external transmitter in an unmodulated clock domain; storing the data stream in a buffer; and retransmitting the data stream with a spread spectrum clock. Such converters and methods may be employed in an illustrative system having: a test module to generate test data streams and to analyze result data streams for verifying operation of one or more devices under test in a spread spectrum clock domain as the test module operates in an unmodulated clock domain.