Abstract: A method and device of encoding both a HDR picture (IHDR) and a first SDR picture (ISDR1) obtained from said HDR picture, in at least one bitstream (F1, F2, F3, F4). The method comprises: —obtaining (210) a second SDR picture (ISDR2) by tone-mapping the HDR picture (IHDR); —obtaining (230) a color mapping function (CMF) that allows the mapping of the colors of the second SDR picture (ISDR2) onto the colors of a third SDR picture (ISDR3) obtained (220) from the first SDR picture (ISDR1); —encoding (240), in a bitstream, an information (INF) representative of the color mapping function; and —encoding (260), in a bitstream, a fourth SDR picture (ISDR4) obtained (250) from the first SDR picture (ISDR1). The present disclosure further relates to a method and device of decoding.

Abstract: A method of video decoding can include receiving a bit stream including coded bits of bins of syntax elements. The syntax elements are of various types that correspond to transform coefficients of a transform block in a coded picture. Context modeling is performed to determine a context model for each bin of the syntax elements. In a given frequency region of the transform block, for one type of the syntax elements, a group of the transform coefficients having different template magnitudes within a predetermined range share a same context model, or one of the transform coefficients uses the same context model for possible different template magnitudes of the one of the transform coefficients. The possible different template magnitudes are within the predetermined range. The coded bits are decoded based on the context models determined for each bin of the syntax elements to determine the bins of the syntax elements.

Abstract: Methods and apparatus for processing of high resolution content so as to obey desired encoder constraints. In one embodiment, the method includes capturing high resolution imaging spherical content; mapping the spherical content to another frame of reference (e.g., a non-uniform mapping and scaling) splitting up the mapped and scaled content into respective portions; feeding the split up portions to respective imaging encoders; packing encoded content from the respective imaging encoders into an A/V container; and storing and/or transmitting the A/V container. In one variant, the mapping and scaling are chosen to enable rendering of 1080P content in a desired scope or range (e.g., 360 degrees) using commodity encoder hardware and software.

Abstract: A multi-line digital transceiver configured to use low-complexity beamforming on at least some tones to boost effective SNR values for selected subscriber lines. In an example embodiment, the beamforming coefficients can be restricted to one-bit values or two-bit values, e.g., such that the corresponding beamforming computations can be implemented using only sign changes, swaps of the real and imaginary parts, and/or zeroing of some values, and without invoking any full-precision hardware multiplication operations. At least some embodiments can be run on a significantly simpler and/or less powerful vectoring engine than conventional beamforming solutions while still being able to provide nearly optimal beamforming SNR gains. In some embodiments, additional scaling by powers of two may be applied to at least some signals contributing to the beamforming, e.g., to satisfy power constraints for some or all of the subscriber lines.

Abstract: A method for decoding an image according to the present invention comprises the steps of: receiving and parsing a parameter set including indication information which indicates the presence of withheld information to be used in the future; receiving and parsing a slide header including the withheld information, when the indication information indicates the presence of the withheld information; and decoding the image according to semantics and a value corresponding to the withheld information. As a result, provided are a method and an apparatus for describing an additional extension information indication in a bitstream supporting a hierarchical image.

Abstract: A transmission method in the present disclosure includes; obtaining an image and image signal characteristics information indicating one of an opto-electrical transfer function (OETF) or an electro-optical transfer function (EOTF) as image signal characteristics of the image; and transmitting a signal including the image and the image signal characteristics information. According to the transmission method in the present disclosure, a receiving device that received a high dynamic range (HDR) image and a standard dynamic range (SDR) image transmitted through broadcasting or the like can display these images appropriately.

Abstract: An apparatus for decoding and rendering or otherwise processing, manipulating, or outputting a variety of digital data is provided. The apparatus may include a browser engine configured to receive first encoded digital data. The apparatus may include a browser extension configured to intercept the first encoded digital data transmitted in response to a first request from the browser engine. The browser extension may be configured to intercept a first decoder written in a platform-independent syntax for decoding at least a portion of the first encoded digital data. The browser extension may be configured to point the browser engine to one or more local storage locations of the first encoded digital data and the first decoder.

Abstract: Techniques for modifying video data to be displayed using a particular output device include receiving initial video data that includes a first set of pixels. A focal region within the pixels is determined automatically or through user input. Viewing data is generated based on the focal region. The viewing data indicates a boundary of a subset of the pixels of the initial video data. The subset has at least one dimension smaller than a corresponding dimension of the first set of pixels. The initial video data is modified, based on the viewing data, to form modified viewing data that includes the subset of pixels and the focal region. The modified video data may then be output using a display having different dimensions or other characteristics than a device used to output the initial video data.

Abstract: A method of decoding video data comprising performing a prediction process for one or more neighboring blocks of video data that are neighboring a current block of video data to obtain prediction pixel values for neighboring pixels of the current block of video data, deriving a template for the current block of video data using the prediction pixel values, performing a decoder-side motion vector derivation technique using the derived template to derive a motion vector for the current block of video data, and decoding the current block of video data using the derived motion vector.

Abstract: An encoder includes memory and circuitry accessible to the memory. The circuitry accessible to the memory: switches whether or not to apply arithmetic encoding to a binary data string in which image information has been binarized; binarizes frequency transform coefficient information according to different binarization formats between when arithmetic encoding is applied to the binary data string and when arithmetic encoding is not applied to the binary data string; and binarizes a part or the entirety of prediction parameter information according to a binarization format which is common between when arithmetic encoding is applied to the binary data string and when arithmetic encoding is not applied to the binary data string.

Abstract: Provided is an image data processing method. First, decoding processing designed (step S1) in such a manner that a moving picture X is singly processed and that a moving picture Y and Z having low vertical resolutions can be combined together to be subjected to decoding processing. Subsequently, each of the moving picture X, Y, and Z is encoded (step S2). Next, encoded data of the moving picture X is singly decoded, and the moving picture X is restored and displayed on a display unit of the image processing device at a predetermined timing. Meanwhile, respective pieces of encoded data of the moving picture Y and Z are combined together and are decoded depending on respective display timings, and the moving picture X and Y are restored and further separated from each other to be displayed on the display unit at the respective timings (step S3).

Abstract: Disclosed is an approach for encoding a current video frame that includes labeling points/regions for the current video frame using graphics information for the current video frame, matching the points/regions of the current video frame with points/regions of a previous video frame using the labels for the points/regions of the current video frame and deriving motion vectors for the points/regions of the current video frame.

Abstract: The techniques described herein relate to methods, apparatus, and computer readable media configured to decode video data. Video data includes video content, overlay content, and overlay metadata that is specified separate from the video content and overlay content. The overlay content is determined to be associated with the video content based on the overlay metadata. The overlay content is overlaid onto the video content in the region of the video content.

Abstract: A video encoder compresses video for real-time transmission to a video decoder of a remote teleoperator system that provides teleoperator support to the vehicle based on the real-time video. The video encoder recognizes one or more generic objects in captured video that can be removed from the video without affecting the ability of the teleoperator to control the vehicle. The video encoder removes regions of the video corresponding to the generic objects to compress the video, and generates a metadata stream encoding information about the removed objects. The video decoder generates replacement objects for the objects removed the compressed video. The video decoder inserts the rendered replacement objects into relevant regions of the compressed video to reconstruct the scene.

Abstract: The entropy coding of a current part of a predetermined entropy slice is based on, not only, the respective probability estimations of the predetermined entropy slice as adapted using the previously coded part of the predetermined entropy slice, but also probability estimations as used in the entropy coding of a spatially neighboring, in entropy slice order preceding entropy slice at a neighboring part thereof. Thereby, the probability estimations used in entropy coding are adapted to the actual symbol statistics more closely, thereby lowering the coding efficiency decrease normally caused by lower-delay concepts. Temporal interrelationships are exploited additionally or alternatively.

Abstract: Techniques for selectively removing Monte Carlo (MC) noise from a geometric buffer (G-buffer). Embodiments identify the G-buffer for rendering an image of a three-dimensional scene from a viewpoint. Embodiments determine, for each of a plurality of pixels in the image being rendered, respective world position information based on the three-dimensional scene and a position and orientation of the viewpoint. A pre-filtering operation is then performed to selectively remove the MC noise from the G-buffer, based on the determined world position information for the plurality of pixels.

Abstract: A system includes a host system and an integrated circuit coupled to the host system through a communication interface. The integrated circuit is configured for hardware acceleration. The integrated circuit includes a direct memory access circuit coupled to the communication interface, a kernel circuit, and a stream traffic manager circuit coupled to the direct memory access circuit and the kernel circuit. The stream traffic manager circuit is configured to control data streams exchanged between the host system and the kernel circuit.

Abstract: An apparatus and method for broadcast signal frame using a bootstrap and a preamble are disclosed. An apparatus for generating broadcast signal frame according to an embodiment of the present invention includes a time interleaver configured to generate a time-interleaved signal by performing interleaving on a BICM output signal; and a frame builder configured to generate a broadcast signal frame including a bootstrap and a preamble using the time-interleaved signal.

Abstract: A video image decoding method for parsing split mode information of a coding tree node in a bitstream, obtaining a split mode of the coding tree node from a candidate split mode set of the coding tree node based on the split mode information, parsing the bitstream to obtain coding information of the coding tree node, and reconstructing a pixel value of the coding tree node based on the split mode information and the coding information of the coding tree node.

Abstract: A method of and a device for decoding at least one video stream, each video stream of the at least one video stream associated with a respective Decoder Parameter Set. The method includes activating, by a decoder, the Decoder Parameter Set of a first video stream of the at least one video stream, processing, by the decoder, an End of Stream NAL unit that is made available to the decoder outside of the first video stream, and deactivating, by the decoder, the Decoder Parameter Set of the first video stream in response to the decoder processing the End of Stream NAL unit.

Abstract: An image coding method includes: coding (i) coefficient information, (ii) a first flag indicating whether to quantize one or more blocks using quantization, (iii) a second flag indicating whether the plurality of quantization matrices are included in a sequence parameter set, and (iv) a third flag indicating whether the plurality of quantization matrices are included in a picture parameter set; and quantizing the plurality of coefficients, wherein when the one or more blocks are quantized using a plurality of default matrices, the following are coded in the coding: (i) the first flag indicating that the one or more blocks are quantized using the plurality of quantization matrices, (ii) the second flag indicating that the plurality of quantization matrices are not included in the sequence parameter set, and (iii) the third flag indicating that the plurality of quantization matrices are not included in the picture parameter set.

Abstract: Systems and methods in accordance with embodiments of this invention provide for encoding and playing back video at different frame rates using enhancement layers. In a number of embodiments, video is encoded using temporal scalability involving the creation of a base layer at a first frame rate and an enhancement layer including additional frames enabling playback at a second higher frame rate. The second higher frame rate can also be referred to as an enhanced frame rate. In a number of embodiments, the base and enhancement layers are stored in one or more container files that contain metadata describing the enhancement layer. Based on the capabilities of a playback device, it can select the particular frame rate at which to playback encoded video.

Abstract: A method of encoding video including: writing a plurality of predetermined buffer descriptions into a sequence parameter set of a coded video bitstream; writing a plurality of updating parameters into a slice header of the coded video bitstream for selecting and modifying one buffer description out of the plurality of buffer descriptions; and encoding a slice into the coded video bitstream using the slice header and the modified buffer description.

Abstract: Devices and methods for determining whether to initiate random access during decoding of video information. In one aspect, a device may include a memory configured to store video information that includes at least one recovery point supplemental enhancement information (SEI) message and a processor coupled to the memory. The processor is configured to determine whether the at least one recovery point SEI message comprises an indication to reset a picture order count (POC) semantic value. The processor is further configured to identify at least one of a first constraint regarding whether the recovery point SEI message is present in an access unit, a second constraint regarding an association of the recovery point SEI message with a picture, or a third constraint and determine whether to initiate the random access and decoding from the access unit based on at least one of the first constraint or the second constraint.

Abstract: A signaling of the layer ID is described which each of the packets of a multi-layered video signal is associated with. In particular, an efficient way of signaling this layer association is achieved, with nevertheless maintaining the backward compatibility with codecs according to which a certain value of the base layer-ID field is restricted to be non-extendable such as base layer-ID value 0 in the base layer-ID field. Instead of circumventing this restriction specifically with respect to this non-extendable base layer-ID value, the layer-ID of portions of the multi-layer data stream is signaled in an extendable manner by sub-dividing the base layer-ID field into a first sub-field and a second sub-field: whenever the first sub-field of the base layer-ID field fulfills a predetermined criterion, an extension layer-ID field is provided, and if the first sub-field of the base layer-ID field does not fulfill the predetermined criterion, the extension layer-ID field is omitted.

Abstract: A display apparatus may include a display, a storage configured to store a first output setting value corresponding to high dynamic range (HDR) content and a second output setting value corresponding to standard dynamic range (SDR) content, a communicator, and a processor configured to, while a first content is streamed through the communicator and displayed based on one of the first output setting value and the second output setting value that corresponds to the first content and in response to a second content being streamed through the communicator, control the display to change one of the first output setting value and the second output setting value to the other in phases and display the second content, and the first content may be one of the HDR content and the SDR content, and the second content may be the other of the HDR content and the SDR content.

Abstract: A method of decoding video data includes receiving, by processing circuitry, a video bitstream including encoded representations of one or more syntax elements of a coded unit and initializing, by the processing circuitry, a respective probability state for each bin of a plurality of bins for the one or more syntax elements based on a comparison of a parameter associated with the coded unit and a respective threshold of a plurality of thresholds. The method further includes performing, by the processing circuitry, inverse binary arithmetic coding on the encoded representations of the one or more syntax elements to obtain each bin of the plurality of bins using a respective probability state for the bin, inverse binarizing, by the processing circuitry, the plurality of bins to obtain the one or more syntax elements, and decoding, by the processing circuitry, the video data based on the one or more syntax elements.

Abstract: User equipment (UE) can include processing circuitry configured to decode radio resource control (RRC) signaling from a base station, the RRC signaling indicating a transmission coding scheme for a physical uplink shared channel (PUSCH) transmission. PUSCH-to-phase tracking reference signal (PT-RS) energy per resource element (EPRE) ratio is determined using the RRC signaling. A PT-RS power boosting factor is determined based on the transmission coding scheme and the PUSCH-to-PT-RS EPRE ratio. The PT-RS is encoded for transmission using a plurality of PT-RS symbols, the transmission using increased transmission power corresponding to the PT-RS power boosting factor. The RRC signaling further includes a flag enabling the PT-RS transmission. The PUSCH-to-PT-RS EPRE ratio is 00 or 01, and the transmission coding scheme is a codebook-based uplink transmission or non-codebook-based uplink transmission.

Abstract: The present invention includes an image information decoding method which comprises: a step of receiving a bitstream that includes a network abstraction layer (NAL) unit including information related to an encoded image; and a step of parsing an NAL unit header of the NAL unit. The NAL unit header includes layer information including reserved_one_5bits for identifying an extended layer in an extended bitstream and temporal_id for identifying a temporal layer of a bitstream. The reserved_one_5bits of the layer information is received prior to the temporal_id of the layer information. Thus, a method for describing scalability information in a hierarchical bitstream is provided.

Abstract: A video distribution system synchronizes video output streams on multiple encoders without communication therebetween. Each of the encoders is configured to decode a source video content stream into a sequence of uncompressed frames, where each frame in the sequence is marked with an associated presentation time stamp (PTS) clock value. The encoders calculate a number of clock cycles between instantaneous decoder refresh (IDR)-frames. For each frame in the sequence, the encoders calculate a remainder after a division of an associated PTS clock value of a given frame by the number of clock cycles between IDR-frames. The encoders mark each frame in the sequence as an IDR-frame where the corresponding remainder is strictly less than the number of PTS clock cycles per frame and mark a remainder of the frames in the sequence as an internal frame within a group of pictures (GOP) to produce a marked set of video frames.

Abstract: A wireless communication device selectively flushes frames from a processing pipeline on a per-user basis. The wireless communication device stores frames (e.g., physical layer service data units (PSDUs)) of data for processing at one or more queues, wherein each frame is stored with the tag of the user associated with the frame. In response to an exception, such as a detected error or a user-reset request, the wireless communication device changes the tag of the user associated with the exception. When a frame is selected from a queue for processing at a pipeline, the wireless communication device compares the stored tag associated with the frame with the current tag associated with the user corresponding to the frame. In response to a mismatch, the wireless communication device discards the frame.

Abstract: An image decoding method according to the present invention includes: receiving information on a set of reference pictures for configuring a set of reference pictures of a current picture, wherein the information on the set of reference pictures includes the most significant bit (MSB) information that may calculate the MSB of the picture order count (POC) of a long-term reference picture relative to the current picture, and flag information that represents whether there is MSB information; and eliciting the set of reference pictures by using received MSB information when the flag information is 1, and performing marking on the reference picture, wherein the flag information may be 1 when a temporal sub-layer identifier is 0, and there is at least one POC value for which a remainder obtained by dividing by a maximum value MaxPicOrderCntLsb capable of being represented by the LSB is the same as the least significant bit (LSB) of the POC of the long-term reference picture, in a set of POCs of a previous picture

Abstract: Synchronous acquisition of a plurality of pieces of image data on the reception side is provided. Each of the plurality of pieces of image data is encoded by an encoder to obtain a plurality of streams. A container of a predetermined format containing the plurality of streams is transmitted. A plurality of encoders performs encoding so as to achieve matching in display timings of corresponding pictures of the plurality of pieces of image data. Alternatively, the plurality of encoders inserts information for associating pictures with each other into each of encoded image data of corresponding pictures of the plurality of pieces of image data.

Abstract: A method of controlling intra-inter prediction for decoding or encoding of a video sequence, is performed by at least one processor. The method includes determining whether a neighboring block of a current block is coded by an intra-inter prediction mode, and based on the neighboring block being determined to be coded by the intra-inter prediction mode, performing intra mode coding of the current block, using an intra prediction mode associated with the intra-inter prediction mode, setting a prediction mode flag associated with the neighboring block, deriving a context value, based on the set prediction mode flag associated with the neighboring block, and using the derived context value, performing entropy coding of a prediction mode flag associated with the current block that indicates that the current block is intra coded.

Abstract: In one example, the present disclosure describes a device, computer-readable medium, and method for image format conversion using luminance-adaptive dithering. For instance, in one example, a method includes acquiring an image in a first format, wherein the first format is associated with a first electro-optical transfer function, identifying a second format to which to convert the image, wherein the second format is associated with a second electro-optical transfer function, and applying dithering to the image in the second format, based on an evaluation of a luminance-dependent metric against a predefined threshold, wherein the luminance-dependent metric is computed from at least one of the first electro-optical transfer function and the second electro-optical transfer function.

Abstract: A system for decoding a video bitstream includes receiving a frame of the video that includes at least one slice and at least one tile and where each of the at least one slice and the at least one tile are not all aligned with one another.

Abstract: A display apparatus may include a display, a storage configured to store a first output setting value corresponding to high dynamic range (HDR) content and a second output setting value corresponding to standard dynamic range (SDR) content, a communicator, and a processor configured to, while a first content is streamed through the communicator and displayed based on one of the first output setting value and the second output setting value that corresponds to the first content and in response to a second content being streamed through the communicator, control the display to change one of the first output setting value and the second output setting value to the other in phases and display the second content, and the first content may be one of the HDR content and the SDR content, and the second content may be the other of the HDR content and the SDR content.

Abstract: Cross-plane filtering may be used to restore blurred edges and/or textures in one or both chroma planes using information from a corresponding luma plane. Adaptive cross-plane filters may be implemented. Cross-plane filter coefficients may be quantized and/or signaled such that overhead in a bitstream minimizes performance degradation. Cross-plane filtering may be applied to select regions of a video image (e.g., to edge areas). Cross-plane filters may be implemented in single-layer video coding systems and/or multi-layer video coding systems.

Abstract: Embodiments of the present disclosure specify methods and systems for processing a video stream. For example, a video stream may be received at a video processing device. The video stream may comprise video usability syntax elements. The video usability syntax elements may comprise at least a first flag indicative of whether HRD parameters are present for one of fixed frame rate processing or low delay mode processing. The video usability syntax elements may also comprise at least a second flag indicative of whether the video stream comprises field-coded video sequences.

Abstract: A computer-implemented method according to one embodiment includes identifying an event associated with data stored in a data storage system, determining a policy rule that is triggered in response to the event, and implementing one or more actions according to the policy rule.

Abstract: A method includes receiving a data cloud including a plurality of data points. The method further includes identifying each data point including a region-of-interest (ROI) and dividing the data cloud into a ROI cloud and one or more non-ROI clouds. The method includes performing a patch generation process on the ROI cloud, the patch generation process including generating a ROI patch from each data point including the ROI. The method includes performing a patch packing process on the ROI cloud, the patch packing process including: (i) mapping each ROI patch to a two dimensional (2D) map, (ii) determining whether at least two ROI patches from the plurality of ROI patches are located in more than one tile of the map, and (iii) in response to the determination that at least two ROI patches are located in more than one tile, moving each of the ROI patches to a tile.

Abstract: Moving image data of a wide viewing angle image is divided into blocks to obtain a coding target block. A motion-compensated reference block is extracted for each coding target block. The reference block is subjected to adjustment processing of rotation and/or scaling. A residual signal is calculated on the basis of a pixel value of the coding target block and a pixel value of the reference block subjected to the adjustment processing for each coding target block, and the residual signal of the coding target block is coded to obtain an encoded stream. Adjustment processing information is inserted into the encoded stream together with the motion vector for each coding target block. The residual can be reduced, the coding bit rate can be reduced, and consequently the coding performance of motion prediction can be improved.

Abstract: Provided is a method of decoding a video according to an embodiment, the method including determining at least one processing block for splitting the video; determining an order of determining at least one largest coding unit in the at least one processing block; determining at least one largest coding unit on the basis of the determined order; and decoding the determined at least one largest coding unit, wherein the order is one of a plurality of orders for determining a largest coding unit.

Abstract: A method of visualizing recommended pieces of media content is provided. The method includes identifying at least one piece of media content associated with a received content feature associated with a viewed piece of media content, selecting at least one additional piece of media content linked to the viewed piece of media content by a sequential relationship, generating a two-dimensional visualization based on a content similarity between the identified at least one piece of media content, the viewed piece of media content, and the selected at least one additional piece of media content and the sequential relationship; and displaying the generated two-dimensional visualization.

Abstract: A method, an apparatus, and a system for error concealment of video communications include determining, by a processor in an encoding process, a current block of a current slice of a current picture of a video sequence for error concealment, determining recovery data of the current block, wherein the recovery data comprises at least one of a coefficient of a discrete transform performed to the current block and similarity data associated with a first block similar to the current block, and the first block is in a first slice different from the current slice, and transmitting the current block and the recovery data using a network, wherein the current block is transmitted as in-band data and the recovery data is transmitted as out-of-band data.

Abstract: An apparatus configured to decode video data, including a memory configured to store a block of a current picture of the video data, and one or more processors in communication with the memory. The one or more processors may be configured to reconstruct the block of the current picture of the video data, determine a classification, from among a plurality of classifications, of the block according to a rule, wherein the rule is adaptively determined based on characteristics of coded sequences of the video data, and apply an adaptive loop filter (ALF) to the block based on the classification of the block.

Abstract: An image coding method for coding a current block, by assigning two or more reference picture indexes to one or more reference pictures that are different from a current picture which includes the current block, and the image coding method comprises the following when the two or more reference picture indexes are used to code the current block: determining whether or not reference pictures identified by two or more reference picture indexes are identical to each other; and switching, based on a result of the determining, between whether or not a prediction direction for coding the current block in a predetermined coding mode is fixed.

Abstract: In a case where an AddVideoEncoderConfiguation command received by a communication unit 1005 includes a second identifier and a VideoEncoderConfiguration stored in a storage unit 1002 is added to a media profile stored in the storage unit 1002, an imaging apparatus removes the VideoEncoderConfiguration from the MediaProflie stored in the storage unit 1002 and reads a VideoEncoderConfiguration2 associated with the second identifier, which the command received by the communication unit 1005 includes, from the storage unit 1002, and adds the read VideoEncoderConfiguration2 to the MediaProflie stored in the storage unit 1002.

Abstract: A purpose of the present invention is to easily select an appropriate processing format, an appropriate parameter, or the like by predicting a process result that varies according to content of data before executing the process. According to the present invention, provided is an information processing device including: a feature amount extraction unit configured to extract a feature amount of data serving as a target of a process; a feature amount matching unit configured to match the feature amount with one or more reference feature amounts associated with a prediction result of the process in a database; and a result prediction unit configured to predict a result obtained in a case where the process is executed for the data, on the basis of a result of the matching.

Abstract: A method for decoding an encoded block of an encoded frame includes selecting motion vectors corresponding to blocks of an extended collocated processing unit in a first reference frame; identifying a block of the blocks, such that the encoded block is a projection, using a motion vector of the block that refers to a third reference frame, onto the encoded frame; on condition that a block is identified, determining a temporal motion vector candidate for the encoded block in a second reference frame using a motion vector of the identified block and respective display orders of the encoded frame, the first reference frame, the second reference frame, and the third reference frame, and adding the temporal motion vector candidate to a motion vector candidate list; selecting a motion vector from the motion vector candidate list; generating a prediction block using the selected motion vector for decoding the encoded block.