Abstract: In general, this disclosure describes techniques for seamless audio data compression control system that can respond to the increasing adaptation demands for source coding characteristics to accommodate co-existence of various devices in a personal area network. In one example, a source device includes a memory and one or more processors in communication with the memory. The memory is configured to store audio data. The one or more processors are configured to select, based on a nominal compression ratio or a streaming rate, a compression level of multiple compression levels, the multiple compression levels arranged hierarchically to allow for dynamic transitioning between the compression levels. The one or more processors are further configured to encode, based on the selected compression level of the multiple compression levels, the audio data stored to the memory.

Abstract: An adaptive offset filter (60) adds an offset to the pixel value of each pixel forming an input image. The adaptive offset filter (60) refers to offset-type specifying information, sets offset attributes for a subject unit area of the input image, decodes an offset having a bit width corresponding to an offset value range included in the set offset attributes, and adds the offset to the pixel value of each pixel forming the input image.

Abstract: Prediction systems and methods for video coding are described based on nearest neighboring pixels. In exemplary embodiments, to code a first pixel, a plurality of neighboring pixels of the first pixel are reconstructed. The coefficients of a filter such as a Wiener filter are derived based on the reconstructed neighboring pixels. The Wiener filter is applied to the reconstructed neighboring pixels to predict the first pixel. The coefficients of the Wiener filter may be derived on a pixel-by-pixel or a block-by-block basis. The reconstructed pixels may be pixels in the same picture (for intra prediction) or in a reference picture (for inter prediction). In some embodiments, the residuals of the prediction are encoded using RDPCM. In some embodiments, the residuals may be predicted using a Wiener filter.

Abstract: A method of and a device for decoding a video stream including at least two coded video sequences that each use a respective Sequence Parameter Set that differ in at least one value from each other, and each of the at least two video sequences including at least two coded pictures. The method includes decoding and activating, by a decoder, a single Decoder Parameter Set pertaining to the at least two coded video sequences before decoding any coded picture of the at least two video sequences. The method further includes decoding, by the decoder, at least one coded picture of the at least two coded video sequences.

Abstract: Systems and methods to facilitate cloud-based point-to-point data transfer via machine learning are described herein. A request for a transfer of data between a sending system and a receiving system may be obtained. Receiving system information for the receiving system may be obtained. Values of transfer parameters for performing the transfer may be determined through machine-learning. The transfer may be performed based on the determined values. Results of the transfer may be obtained and provided to the machine-learning algorithm to further train the algorithm.

Abstract: To favorably transmit both of HDR image data and LDR image data. First transmission image data and second transmission image data are divided into layers and encoded, the first transmission image data being obtained by applying photo-electric conversion to first input image data having a contrast ratio of from 0 to 100% to brightness of a white peak of a conventional LDR image, and the second transmission image data being obtained by applying photo-electric conversion to second input image data having a contrast ratio of from 0 to 100%*(N is a number larger than 1), the contrast ratio exceeding the brightness of the conventional white peak, and a video stream having encoded image data of pictures of the layers is generated. A container in a predetermined format including the video stream is transmitted.

Abstract: The construction method of NALU (Network Abstraction Layer Unit) for IPv6 label switching and its using algorithms of video encoding, QoS control, and decoding are provided. According to an embodiment of the present invention, the NALU format is composed of the NALH (Network Abstraction Layer Header) including the label and the NAL (Network Ab straction Layer) payload. Here, the label is determined based on layer information which is combination of a spatial scalable level, a temporal scalable level, and a quality scalable level of the encoded data. The decoder uses the label to decide which one of multiple decoding modules is used to decode the current NAL payload. Moreover, the label can be included in the packet header so that the MANE (Media Aware Network Element) can use the label to decide whether to forward the packet or drop it. For example, the label in the packet header can be used for QoS control of video service by using the flow label field in IPv6 packet header.

Abstract: A method including acquiring dimension information of an image; determining dimensions of texture memory corresponding to the image based on the dimension information of the image; and dividing the image into multiple image blocks based on the dimensions of the texture memory, and storing the multiple image blocks obtained after the division in the texture memory according to a preset storage rule. The methods and apparatuses for storing an image in texture memory save the memory capacity and increase the image processing speed.

Abstract: In a converting method relating to picture luminance according to one aspect of the present disclosure, the picture luminance is formed by luminance values in a first luminance range. In this method, a first luminance signal that indicates code values obtained by quantizing the luminance value of the picture is obtained, code values, which are associated with the code values indicated by the obtained first luminance signal by quantization for a second luminance range different in a maximum value from the first luminance range are determined as converted code values, and the first luminance signal is converted into a second luminance signal indicating the converted code values. As a result, the converting method is further improved.

Abstract: A reference picture information decoding unit (13) omits decoding of a reference list sorting presence or absence flag and/or a reference list sorting order based on the number of current picture referable pictures.

Abstract: Embodiment techniques map parity bits to sub-channels based on their row weights. In one example, an embodiment technique includes polar encoding, with an encoder of the device, information bits and at least one parity bit using the polar code to obtain encoded data, and transmitting the encoded data to another device. The polar code comprises a plurality of sub-channels. The at least one parity bit being placed in at least one of the plurality of sub-channels. The at least one sub-channel is selected from the plurality of sub-channels based on a weight parameter.

Abstract: Sampled data is packaged in checkerboard format for encoding and decoding. The sampled data may be quincunx sampled multi-image video data (e.g., 3D video or a multi-program stream), and the data may also be divided into sub-images of each image which are then multiplexed, or interleaved, in frames of a video stream to be encoded and then decoded using a standardized video encoder. A system for viewing may utilize a standard video decoder and a formatting device that de-interleaves the decoded sub-images of each frame reformats the images for a display device. A 3D video may be encoded using a most advantageous interleaving format such that a preferred quality and compression ratio is reached. In one embodiment, the invention includes a display device that accepts data in multiple formats.

Abstract: Examples of the present disclosure describe systems and methods for controlling video playback speed using user interaction. In aspects, user input may be detected during an aspect of video playback. The user input may correspond to, for example, adding user notes or drawings using one or more input devices (e.g., a stylus, a finger, etc.) to a video being played back. A set of features of the interaction may be determined using one or more sensors. Based on the determined features, a video playback speed may be determined and applied to the video. The video may be played at the determined video playback speed for the duration of the detected user input. When the user input is no longer detected, the video playback may automatically resume at the normal playback speed.

Abstract: An example device for decoding video data includes a memory configured to store video data, and a video decoder implemented in circuitry and configured to determine that motion information of a current block of the video data is to be derived using decoder-side motion vector derivation (DMVD), determine a pixels clue for the current block, the pixels clue comprising pixel data obtained from one or more groups of previously decoded pixels, derive the motion information for the current block according to DMVD from the pixels clue, and decode the current block using the motion information. The video decoder may generate the pixels clue using multiple hypothesis predictions from multiple motion compensated blocks. The video decoder may determine an inter-prediction direction for the motion information according to matching costs between different prediction directions. The video decoder may refine the motion information using a calculated matching cost for the pixels clue.

Abstract: An audio encoder can parse a digital audio signal into a plurality of frames, each frame including a specified number of audio samples, perform a transform of the audio samples of each frame to produce a plurality of frequency-domain coefficients for each frame, partition the plurality of frequency-domain coefficients for each frame into a plurality of bands for each frame, each band having bit data that represents a number of bits allocated for the band, and encode the digital audio signal and difference data to a bit stream (e.g., an encoded digital audio signal). The difference data can produce the full bit data when combined with estimate data that can be computed from data present in the bit stream. The difference data can be compressed to a smaller size than the full bit data, which can reduce the space required in the bit stream.

Abstract: The present invention relates to encoding an image of a video stream according to at least one coding mode selected among a plurality of coding modes used to encode images of the video stream, where blocks of the image to be encoded are predicted as a function of at least one reference image from a set of at least one reference image, the at least one reference image comprising at least a reconstructed spatial portion of the image to be encoded and at least a low resolution portion of the image to be encoded, the choice between a reconstructed spatial sub-portion or a low resolution sub-portion to be used for encoding a block of the image to be encoded being determined as a function of a control parameter.

Abstract: Techniques are described for controlling image display via compression of image data in some image regions while performing less or no compression in other (e.g., peripheral view) regions, with color-specific compression preserving chromatic aberration compensation. Such techniques may be used with display panel(s) of a head-mounted display device used for virtual reality display. A primary region of an image at which to encode and display data at a highest resolution level may be determined by tracking a gaze of a user, while other secondary regions may be selected to be surrounding or other outside the primary region. In the secondary regions, image data for a first (e.g., green) color channel may be encoded at a first compression level for a first resolution level lower higher than for other second color channels, and HDR data may be compressed at higher compression levels than the color-specific data.

Abstract: Various embodiments are generally directed to techniques for managing errors in data, such as with error-correcting code (ECC), for instance. Some embodiments are particularly directed to providing one or more of error detection, location, and correction for a set of storage memory devices with a management memory device. In one or more embodiments, each of the storage and management memory devices may include a memory chip, such as one of a set of memory chips included in a dual in-line memory module (DIMM). For instance, each memory device be a dynamic random-access memory (DRAM) integrated circuit included in a DIMM. In various embodiments, the set of storage management memory devices may be used to store a memory line, such as an evicted cache line. In many embodiments, cryptographically secure memory encryption and/or integrity may also be provided for the set of storage memory devices with the management memory device.

Abstract: An inter-prediction method according to the present invention comprises the steps of: deriving a first motion vector of a current block; deriving a first reference block with respect to a current subunit of the current block on the basis of the first motion vector, the current subunit being adjacent to a target boundary of the current block; deriving a second reference block with respect to the current subunit on the basis of a second motion vector of a neighboring block adjacent to the target boundary; and generating prediction samples on the basis of an illumination compensation (IC)-based weighted sum of the first reference block and second reference block. The present invention enables reduction of the amount of data of additional information as well as efficient illumination compensation-based inter-prediction and block boundary error reduction.

Abstract: A method comprising: encoding a first picture on a first scalability layer and on a lowest temporal sub-layer; encoding a second picture on a second scalability layer and on the lowest temporal sub-layer, wherein the first picture and the second picture represent the same time instant, encoding one or more first syntax elements, associated with the first picture, with a value indicating that a picture type of the first picture is other than a step-wise temporal sub-layer access (STSA) picture; encoding one or more second syntax elements, associated with the second picture, with a value indicating that a picture type of the second picture is a step-wise temporal sub-layer access picture; and encoding at least a third picture on a second scalability layer and on a temporal sub-layer higher than the lowest temporal sub-layer.

Abstract: Methods and systems for supporting parallel processing utilizing Central Processing Unit(s) (CPU(s)) and at least one Graphics Processing Unit (GPU) device to provide high scale processing of content streams. An exemplary method embodiment including the steps of: receiving at a CPU multiple data units corresponding to a first frame time for each of first through Nth content streams; sequentially processing by the CPU data units corresponding to different content streams and the first frame time; operating a set of cores of a GPU, in parallel, to perform processing on a set of data units, processing including operating each core of the set of cores to perform an operation on a data unit corresponding to a single one of the first plurality of content streams, each core in the set of cores processing a data unit of a different content stream, said processing generating a set of generated data units.

Abstract: A method and apparatus are disclosed of identifying a virtual machine usage of enterprise network resources, such as memory storage usage. One example method of operation may include transmitting a storage request to a database to determine an amount of physical memory storage available in the enterprise network. The method may also include receiving an alert message indicating a virtual machine currently operating has exceeded a predetermined memory storage threshold value. The method may also include creating a new virtual hard disk (VHD) to accommodate the exceeded predetermined memory storage threshold value.

Abstract: A video predictive encoding device includes an input module to receive pictures forming a video sequence, and an encoding module to encode the pictures by either intra prediction or inter prediction to generate compressed picture data, and to packetize the compressed image data along with packet header information. The packet header information includes a picture type. The encoding module determines the picture type so as to uniquely indicate whether encoded picture data is used for reference in decoding of another picture.

Abstract: A method and related apparatus, the method comprising receiving a bitstream comprising picture data units on one or more scalability layers; determining a first set of layers that are decoded from the bitstream; decoding, from or along the bitstream, a first indication indicative of an end of a coded picture, wherein the first indication is associated with a first layer identifier; decoding, from or along the bitstream, a second indication indicative of a second set of layers that are not present in an access unit; and determining an end of the access unit, when the first layer identifier is the greatest among the first set of layers, or all layers with a layer identifier greater than the first identifier among the first set of layers are included in the second set of layers.

Abstract: To favorably transmit both of HDR image data and LDR image data. First transmission image data and second transmission image data are divided into layers and encoded, the first transmission image data being obtained by applying photo-electric conversion to first input image data having a contrast ratio of from 0 to 100% to brightness of a white peak of a conventional LDR image, and the second transmission image data being obtained by applying photo-electric conversion to second input image data having a contrast ratio of from 0 to 100%*N (N is a number larger than 1), the contrast ratio exceeding the brightness of the conventional white peak, and a video stream having encoded image data of pictures of the layers is generated. A container in a predetermined format including the video stream is transmitted.

Abstract: A transmission method in the present disclosure includes; obtaining an image and image signal characteristics information indicating one of an opto-electrical transfer function (OETF) or an electro-optical transfer function (EOTF) as image signal characteristics of the image; and transmitting a signal including the image and the image signal characteristics information. According to the transmission method in the present disclosure, a receiving device that received a high dynamic range (HDR) image and a standard dynamic range (SDR) image transmitted through broadcasting or the like can display these images appropriately.

Abstract: In a sample adaptive offset (SAO), the coding efficiency is improved by selecting an optimum mode among a plurality of modes based on a technique called a band offset and an edge offset. However, a processing amount of the SAO tends to increase when an optimum mode and an offset value are set, and this may result in an increase in a circuit size or power consumption. In this regard, the present disclosure proposes to enable reducing a processing amount of a cost calculation of the sample adaptive offset. According to the present disclosure, there is provided an image processing apparatus, including: a control unit configured to set an offset value to be applied to a pixel of an image, from among candidates of the offset value restricted according to a bit depth of the image; and a filter processing section configured to perform a filter process of applying the offset value set by the control unit to the pixel of the image.

Abstract: A video predictive encoding device includes an input module to receive pictures forming a video sequence, and an encoding module to encode the pictures by either intra prediction or inter prediction to generate compressed picture data, and to packetize the compressed image data along with packet header information. The packet header information includes a picture type. The encoding module determines the picture type so as to uniquely indicate whether encoded picture data is used for reference in decoding of another picture.

Abstract: A video predictive encoding device includes an input module to receive pictures forming a video sequence, and an encoding module to encode the pictures by either intra prediction or inter prediction to generate compressed picture data, and to packetize the compressed image data along with packet header information. The packet header information includes a picture type. The encoding module determines the picture type so as to uniquely indicate whether encoded picture data is used for reference in decoding of another picture.

Abstract: A method for decoding an image according to the present invention comprises the steps of: receiving and parsing a parameter set including indication information which indicates the presence of withheld information to be used in the future; receiving and parsing a slide header including the withheld information, when the indication information indicates the presence of the withheld information; and decoding the image according to semantics and a value corresponding to the withheld information. As a result, provided are a method and an apparatus for describing an additional extension information indication in a bitstream supporting a hierarchical image.

Abstract: A method of operation of a video coding system includes: receiving a video bitstream; extracting a video syntax from the video bitstream; extracting a temporal layer from the video bitstream based on the video syntax; and forming a video stream based on the temporal layer for displaying on a device.

Abstract: The moving picture coding method for coding an input image includes: converting a value of a first parameter into a first binary signal, the first parameter identifying a type of a sample offset process to be applied to a reconstructed image corresponding to the input image; and coding at least a portion of the first binary signal through bypass arithmetic coding using a fixed probability.

Abstract: An apparatus and method which obtain an indication related to a de-instantiation of at least one virtualized network function providing services to a communication network. The obtained indication is used for determining or recognizing the virtualized network function being de-instantiated and for avoiding conducting a communication attempt to the virtualized network function to be de-instantiated.

Abstract: Embodiment techniques map parity bits to sub-channels based on their row weights. The row weight for a sub-channel may be viewed as the number of “ones” in the corresponding row of the Kronecker matrix or as a power of 2 with the exponent (i.e. the hamming weight) being the number of “ones” in the binary representation of the sub-channel index (further described below). In one embodiment, candidate sub-channels that have certain row weight values are reserved for parity bit(s). Thereafter, K information bits may be mapped to the K most reliable remaining sub-channels, and a number of frozen bits (e.g. N?K) may be mapped to the least reliable remaining sub-channels. Parity bits may then mapped to the candidate sub-channels, and parity bit values are determined based on a function of the information bits.

Abstract: Provided are a bitstream generation method and apparatus, a bitstream processing method and apparatus, and a system. The bitstream generation method includes that: it is judged whether it is needed to execute a Picture Order Count (POC) alignment operation on an entire bitstream and/or a part of the bitstream according to an application requirement; and identification and control information is written into the bitstream according to a judgment result, wherein the identification and control information includes: information indicating whether to execute the POC alignment operation on the entire bitstream and/or a part of the bitstream. The flexibility in bitstream control can be improved.

Abstract: A processor-implemented method of estimating a plane includes dividing a target image into a plurality of grid cells, estimating an initial plane based on reference feature points comprising a reference feature point selected from each of the plurality of grid cells, classifying each feature point of feature points extracted from the target image as being an inlier located on the same plane as the initial plane or an outlier located on a plane different from the initial plane, selecting boundary grid cells from the plurality of grid cells based on a distribution of the inliers and the outliers from among the feature points, and estimating an expanded plane associated with the initial plane based on the selected boundary grid cells for use in identifying boundaries of a planar surface presented in a scene corresponding to the target image.

Abstract: Aspects of the disclosure provide methods and apparatuses for video decoding. In some embodiments, an apparatus for video decoding includes processing circuitry. The processing circuitry decodes prediction information for a block in a current coded picture that is a part of a coded video sequence. The prediction information is indicative of a merge mode. Then, the processing circuitry constructs, in response to the merge mode, a candidate list of candidate motion vector predictors for the block. The candidate list includes one or more first candidates that are corner neighbors of the block. Then, the processing circuitry determines whether different parts of the block have different motion vector predictors.

Abstract: A method of encoding video including: writing a plurality of predetermined buffer descriptions into a sequence parameter set of a coded video bitstream; writing a plurality of updating parameters into a slice header of the coded video bitstream for selecting and modifying one buffer description out of the plurality of buffer descriptions; and encoding a slice into the coded video bitstream using the slice header and the modified buffer description.

Abstract: Various methods, apparatuses and computer program products for video encoding and decoding. In some embodiments a first picture having a first resolution on a first layer is encoded without inter-layer prediction; a second picture having a second resolution on a second layer is encoded without inter-layer prediction; a third picture having the second resolution on the second layer is encoded without inter-layer prediction and without temporally referencing to pictures prior to the second picture. Further, a corresponding indication is encoded. In some embodiments one or more indications are received to determine if a switching point, referring to a picture coded using inter-layer prediction, from the first layer to the second layer exists, and if so, pictures in the first layer prior to the switching point; pictures associated with the switching point; and pictures in the second layer after the switching point may be decoded.

Abstract: A signaling of the layer ID is described with which each of the packets of a multi-layered video signal is associated. In particular, an efficient way of signaling this layer association is achieved, while maintaining the backward compatibility with codecs according to which a certain value of the base layer-ID field is restricted to be non-extendable. Instead of circumventing this restriction specifically with respect to this non-extendable base layer-ID value, the layer-ID of portions of the multi-layer data stream is signaled in an extendable manner by sub-dividing the base layer-ID field into a first sub-field and a second sub-field: whenever the first sub-field of the base layer-ID field fulfills a predetermined criterion, an extension layer-ID field is provided, and if the first sub-field of the base layer-ID field does not fulfill the predetermined criterion, the extension layer-ID field is omitted.

Abstract: A method and a circuit for adaptive loop filtering in a video coding system are described. The method can include receiving a block of samples generated from a previous-stage filter circuit in a filter pipeline, the block of samples being one of multiple blocks included in a current picture, performing, in parallel, adaptive loop filter (ALF) processing for multiple target samples in the block of samples, while the previous-stage filter circuit is simultaneously processing another block in the current picture, storing, in a buffer, first samples each having a filter input area defined by a filter shape that includes at least one sample which has not been received, and storing, in the buffer, second samples included in the filter input areas of the first samples.

Abstract: A method of video decoding includes acquiring a current picture and signaling information from a coded video bitstream. The method further includes determining, from the signaling information, whether the block is partitioned in accordance with a quad split partition type. The method further includes, in response to determining that the block is not partitioned in accordance with the quad split partition type, determining whether the block is partitioned in accordance with a split partition type. The method further includes in response to determining that the block is partitioned in accordance with the split partition type, determining whether the block is partitioned in accordance with a non-uniform quad split partition type in which the block is partitioned into four sub-blocks along a same direction. The method further includes in response to determining that the block is partitioned in accordance with the non-uniform quad split partition type, reconstructing the block.

Abstract: The present disclosure discloses a video processing method, comprising: receiving a video file; decoding the video file using a first decoding mode; and when an occurred decoding exception is detected in a first decoding process using the first decoding mode, switching the current first decoding mode to a second decoding mode automatically, and continuing to decode a remaining part of the video file using the second decoding mode; wherein one of the first decoding mode and the second decoding mode is a hardware decoding mode, and the other is a software decoding mode.

Abstract: User equipment (UE) can include processing circuitry configured to decode radio resource control (RRC) signaling from a base station, the RRC signaling indicating a transmission coding scheme for a physical uplink shared channel (PUSCH) transmission. PUSCH-to-phase tracking reference signal (PT-RS) energy per resource element (EPRE) ratio is determined using the RRC signaling. A PT-RS power boosting factor is determined based on the transmission coding scheme and the PUSCH-to-PT-RS EPRE ratio. The PT-RS is encoded for transmission using a plurality of PT-RS symbols, the transmission using increased transmission power corresponding to the PT-RS power boosting factor. The RRC signaling further includes a flag enabling the PT-RS transmission. The PUSCH-to-PT-RS EPRE ratio is 00 or 01, and the transmission coding scheme is a codebook-based uplink transmission or non-codebook-based uplink transmission.

Abstract: Methods and devices for reconstructing coefficient levels from a bitstream of encoded video data for a coefficient group in a transform unit. Greater-than-one flags are encoded by grouping them into tuples and by encoding a tuple-based value that is a function of the greater-than-one flags within that tuple. The tuple-based value may permit the decoder to infer the greater-than-one flags in some cases, in which case they are not encoded in the bitstream.

Abstract: Innovations in video decoding and rendering operations in a graphics pipeline, in which at least some of the operations are performed using a graphics processing unit (“GPU”), are described. For example, a video playback tool aggregates texture values for intra-coded blocks of a picture in central processing unit (“CPU”) memory, then transfers the texture values for the intra-coded blocks from the CPU memory to GPU memory. The video playback tool performs operations to decode the encoded data and reconstruct the picture. For a given block (e.g., of a macroblock, coding unit) of the picture, a graphics primitive represents texture values for the given block as a point for processing by the GPU. The video playback tool uses one or more shader routines, executable by the GPU, to transfer texture values to a display buffer. In some cases, the video playback tool also performs decoding operations with the shader routines.

Abstract: Aspects of the subject disclosure may include, for example, obtaining data that is captured by a device, obtaining metadata corresponding to the data where the metadata describes a context of the capturing of the data, analyzing the metadata to identify a segment context of a segment of the data without performing an image recognition for the segment of the data, and, responsive to a determination that the context does not satisfy a context criterion, generating a low bandwidth version of the segment and transmitting the low bandwidth version of the segment of the data, wherein the low bandwidth version is transmitted at a second bandwidth that is lower than the first bandwidth. Other embodiments are disclosed.

Abstract: Techniques related to transform unit size determination for video coding are discussed. Such techniques may include comparing individual prediction residues of a unit of a picture of video such as a coding unit to an adaptive threshold and splitting a transform unit corresponding to the unit if any of the prediction residues exceed the adaptive threshold.

Abstract: A video prediction encoding device provided with a picture storage unit storing, as reference pictures to be used for encoding of a subsequent picture, one or more of reconstructed pictures restored from compressed picture data and a memory control unit to control a frame memory in the picture storage unit. When a frame size of input pictures is not more than 1/(2{circumflex over (?)}L) (where L is an integer of one or more) of a maximum frame size of pictures, the memory control unit determines that (2{circumflex over (?)}L) times the maximum number of reconstructed pictures are storable in the frame memory.

Abstract: A set of encoding options to use when encoding an array of data elements is selected based on a bit count value and a distortion value for that set of encoding options. The distortion value is determined from a set of error values that represents the difference between a set of frequency domain coefficients and a set of de-quantised coefficients. The set of frequency domain coefficients are generated by applying only a subset of row transformations or only a subset of column transformations. A set of quantised coefficients are generated by quantising only a subset of the set of frequency domain coefficients. This arrangement provides a more efficient way of selecting encoding options, but without a detrimental reduction in the efficacy of the selection process.