Abstract: High speed serial links are used in many applications as they provide high throughput with limited number of signals and input/output pins. Normally, the high speed links are established once at power up and rarely taken down except for maintenance purposes. When the high speed serial links are used for battery operated devices, the power consumption of these links becomes an important issue. Dynamic high speed serial link establishment and shutdown techniques are used in such application to keep the power consumption low. Frequent link establishment and shutdown may cause occasional link establishment failures leading to latencies and even complete failure to communicate between two entities. A method and apparatus are disclosed that enable robust link establishment for more reliable operation and reduced latency.

Abstract: A method and apparatus provide for stable signal demodulation in a communication system. The method and apparatus includes including detecting an erroneous demodulation value based on backward-demodulation of received signals, using a difference between a received signal to be demodulated and a preceding signal of the received signals and correcting the error demodulation value. Alternatively, backward-demodulation is used to confirm received signals.

Abstract: A vehicle driving system having a wireless power transmission function includes a driving controller configured to generate a high frequency AC voltage corresponding to a device by using a DC voltage applied from a battery within a vehicle and generate a magnetic field by applying the generated high frequency AC voltage to a primary coil. A smoother is configured to smooth an AC voltage induced by a secondary coil into a predetermined level of DC voltage and supply a constant voltage to the device, wherein the device is operated based on the constant voltage supplied from the smoother.

Abstract: Examples are disclosed for updating a wireless communication channel estimation. In some examples, a packet may be transmitted or received via a communication channel, the packet having one or more pilot signals that may shift between subcarrier frequencies based on a predetermined first variable associated with a first time duration. A second variable associated with a second time duration may be determined by the receiver of the data packet. The second variable may enable a receiver of the data packet to decide how many pilot signals may be used to update an initial channel estimation for the communication channel. Other examples are described and claimed.

Abstract: A receiver for decoding a communication signal is disclosed. The receiver includes an input port and a filter. The input port receives the communication signal from a communication medium. The communication signal comprises a sequence of symbols. Each symbol of the symbol sequence is an analog pulse that has a leading edge of exponential shape. The exponential shape has an exponential growth parameter value that has been selected from values ?0 and ?1, which are distinct positive values. For each symbol of the symbol sequence, the exponential growth parameter value for the leading edge of the symbol has been selected based on a corresponding bit from a stream of information bits. The filter receives the communication signal from the input port and filters the communication signal to obtain an output signal. The transfer function of the filter has one or more zeros at ?0.

Abstract: Techniques for performing acquisition of packets are described. First detection values may be determined based on a first plurality of samples, e.g., by performing delay-multiply-integrate on the samples. Power values may be determined based on the first plurality of samples, e.g., by performing multiply-integrate on the samples. The first detection values may be averaged to obtain average detection values. The power values may also be averaged to obtain average power values. Whether a packet is presence may be determined based on the average detection values and the average power values. Second detection values may be determined based on a second plurality of samples. The start or the packet may be determined based on the first and second detection values. A third detection value may be determined based on a third plurality of samples. Frequency error of the packet may be estimated based on the first and third detection values.

Abstract: Embodiments of a non-contiguous spectral-band modulator and method for non-contiguous spectral-band modulation are generally described herein. In some embodiments, an input symbol tuple may be mapped to a sequence of phase values. Each value of the sequence of phase values may represent an instantaneous frequency of a waveform for a signal with a power spectral density that is substantially constrained to the two or more subbands of a non-contiguous spectrum. The values of the sequence of phase values may be accumulated and a phase-sample sequence representing phase samples of a transmit waveform may be generated. An exponentiation may be performed on the phase-sample sequence to generate a constant modulus signal sequence. An output signal sequence is generated that is constrained to a region in the complex plane, such as an annulus, when the signal is in a subband. The output signal sequence may be shaped to constrain spectral energy during transitions between subbands.

Abstract: A channel estimation method and a channel estimation system based on time-domain training sequence are provided. The channel estimation system first acquires an initial channel vector used for channel estimation of a current frame, and calculates an algorithm initial vector based on a training sequence vector contained in a received receiving signal vector and the receiving signal vector, then performs estimation based on the initial channel vector and the algorithm initial vector and using a conjugate gradient method based on a preprocessing matrix to acquire each channel estimation value, and eventually perform noise reduction processing on each channel estimation value based on a first predetermined threshold value to acquire a final channel estimation value. Compared with the existing channel estimation methods, the present invention has a shorter delay and lower calculation complexity, and thus can be easily implemented.

Abstract: A system having a multi-layer (multi-stream) multiple-input-multiple-output (MIMO) receiving system, having a MIMO baseband module and a radio distribution network (RDN) connected to the MIMO receiving system. The RDN has two or more beamformers that are fed by two or more antennas, so that a total number of antennas in the system are greater than the number of branches of the MIMO baseband module. Each of the beamformers combines RF signals coming from the antennas. The system further implements an antenna routing module that swaps antennas between different beamformers according to one or more qualitative indicators derived from the baseband module, thus increasing the probability of grouping antennas that have lower conflicts between best phases of different layers' transmitted signals. The system increases the range of antenna selection beyond the set of antennas available for each beamformer.

Abstract: A system and method for performing clock and data recovery. The system sets the phase of a recovered clock signal according to at least three estimates of the rate of change of an offset between the frequency of the data transmitter clock and the frequency of a receiver clock.

Abstract: A system and method are disclosed for performing on die jitter tolerance testing. A set of clocks are generated based on an input signal. The set of clocks include in an in-phase signal based on the data switching edge of the input signal. Additionally, the set of clocks include an inverted clock phase shifted by 180 degrees, and a pair of clocks phase shifted positively and negatively by a certain number of degrees, ?. Data input is sampled based on the inverted clock and the two phase shifted clocks. The eye opening of the input signal can be determined based on whether each of the inverted clock and the two phase shifted clocks sample the correct data from the input signal at various ? values.

Abstract: A radio communication device including: a processor configured to store each of quantization values of codeword to a memory in accordance with a transmission format, so as to fit each of the quantization values within a specified number of areas which are allocated in the memory, each of the areas having a specified size, and so as to satisfy at least one of a first condition and a second condition, the first condition indicating that the specified number is fewer than the maximum first bit number corresponding to a first transmission format with which a first bit number of the codeword is maximum among the predetermined transmission formats, and the second condition indicating that the specified size is fewer than the maximum second bit number corresponding to a second transmission format with which a second bit number of each of the quantization values is maximum among the predetermined transmission formats.

Abstract: A decrease in weight calculation accuracy in MMSE combining caused by a shift in the discrete Fourier transform timing of received signals is prevented. A wireless communication apparatus BS1 includes an MMSE combining processing unit 31 that performs MMSE combining based on frequency domain received signals obtained by performing a discrete Fourier transform on received signals. The wireless communication apparatus BS1 includes an amount-of-phase-rotation estimating unit 32 that estimates an amount of phase rotation occurring in the frequency domain received signals due to a shift in discrete Fourier transform timing of the received signals; and reverse rotation units 33a and 33b that apply a reverse rotation of an amount of rotation corresponding to the amount of phase rotation estimated by the amount-of-phase-rotation estimating unit 32, to the frequency domain received signals.

Abstract: A system and method are disclosed for transmitting data over a wireless channel. In some embodiments, transmitting data includes receiving convolutionally encoded data and enhancing the transmission of the data by further repetition encoding the data.

Abstract: A method of transmitting a broadcasting signal is provided. The method includes encoding data; encoding signaling data by an LDPC (Low Density Parity Check) scheme; building a signal frame based on at least one preamble data symbol having the encoded signaling data and a data slice having the encoded data; inserting at least one pilot into the signal frame with a specific pattern and modulating the signal frame by an OFDM (Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing) method; and transmitting the modulated signal frame. A signaling block having the signaling data is repeated in the at least one preamble data symbol in a frequency domain by a bandwidth. The bandwidth of the signaling block corresponds to a number of active subcarriers assigned to a single channel.

Abstract: Methods and systems are disclosed for frequency-domain carrier blanking in multi-carrier communication systems. When excessive energy is detected in one or more subcarriers within a received symbol for multi-carrier communications, those subcarriers are blanked for subsequent demodulation in order to avoid corruption of the demodulated data. A conversion from time-domain digital samples to frequency-domain values using an FFT (Fast Fourier Transform) and a threshold detector are utilized to detect corrupted subcarriers. Further, this frequency-domain carrier blanking can be implemented dynamically on a symbol-by-symbol basis to further improve demodulation performance by reducing decoding errors. The disclosed embodiments are particularly useful for improving demodulation performance in power line communication (PLC) systems.

Abstract: A method significantly reduces the average power for radio communication in a communication system, such as a system that has applications requiring low communication latency. The method may use a low power radio communication circuit (e.g., a non-heterodyne receiver) to wait for a communication request, taking advantage of the low power consumption of the radio communication circuit. Subsequent to receiving and validating the communication request, the communication system may switch to a more efficient—but higher power—communication circuit. Thus, effective communication is achieved without making undesirable tradeoffs, such as reduced sensitivity.

Abstract: The invention provides an electrocardiogram signal compression and de-compression system. The invention uses the sign characteristics of the coefficients of the discrete cosine transform type IV and the characteristics of quantization of spectrum to perform the differential pulse code modulation of the spectrum for preserving the high frequency characteristics of the spectrum of the discrete Fourier transform. The invention also uses the Huffman coding to increase the compression ratio. Different from the conventional compression technology, the invention uses the fact that the quantization values of the spectrum in the high frequency are almost the same to increase the compression ratio and preserve the characteristics of high frequency components of the spectrum.

Abstract: This invention discloses a method for communications faster than the Nyquist rate (FTN) and faster than the Shannon rate which method is Quadrature Layered Modulation (QLM). QLM properties include scaling the data symbol pulses to maintain the same error rate performance for all rates. QLM alternatively considers the increase in the data symbol rate to be a layering of additional communications over the same link. The Shannon bound is a limit on the capacity of a communication link when transmitting data symbols at the Nyquist rate. QLM observes one can communicate at FTN to transmit more information than the Shannon rate since the Nyquist rate captures the information in a frequency band and does not constraint the information. These properties describe QLM and a separate math proof-of-concept is disclosed. Implementation and performance data demonstrate QLM can support communications data rates which are at least double the Shannon rate.

Abstract: A method for sending service information includes: judging whether a current ACM profile identifier (profile ID) is consistent with an ACM profile ID recorded in separately-stored coding and modulation information; when the current ACM profile ID is consistent with the ACM profile ID recorded in the separately-stored coding and modulation information, coding and modulating the service information according to the coding and modulation information; when the current ACM profile ID is inconsistent with the ACM profile ID recorded in the separately-stored coding and modulation information, coding and modulating the service information according to an ACM profile table; and sending the coded and modulated service information, where the coded and modulated service information carries the current ACM profile ID.

Abstract: A method of demodulating a modified dual carrier modulation (MDCM) signal using hard decision includes generating real symbol vector candidates and imaginary symbol vector candidates which correspond to an MDCM signal pair; calculating a first norm between a real part of the MDCM signal pair and each of the real symbol vector candidates and determining as a real symbol vector a real symbol vector candidate that has the minimum first norm among the real symbol vector candidates; and calculating a second norm between an imaginary part of the MDCM signal pair and each of the imaginary symbol vector candidates and determining as an imaginary symbol vector an imaginary symbol vector candidate that has the minimum second norm among the imaginary symbol vector candidates.

Abstract: This invention concerns a resynchronization method by a receiver of a received stream of groups of bits, comprising: detecting a synchronization loss (S10), and then iterating (S11 to S17) checks over different bits until a first bit of a group of bits is found (S14), the most probable first bit being checked first, wherein the checks are iterated in a checking order of bits different from a chronological reception order, so as to check earlier at least one of most probable first bits, different from the most probable first bit, so as to shorten average resynchronization time.

Abstract: Provided is a portable information terminal, which has a function of receiving digital broadcasting. Information on a Doppler frequency is estimated based on a received wave, and a moving speed is estimated based on the estimated information on the Doppler frequency, thereby determining a parameter of an FIT window in accordance with the estimated moving speed.

Abstract: A computing system includes: an inter-device interface configured to receive a receiver signal for representing a serving signal and an interference signal; a communication unit, coupled to the inter-device interface, configured to: dynamically generate a decoding target for decoding of the receiver signal, and decode the receiver signal based on the decoding target for decoding the receiver signal for the serving signal or the interference signal with an interference-aware receiver according to the decoding target.

Abstract: A soft decision value generation circuit capable of reducing amount of calculation and hardware scale for generating a soft decision value. The soft decision value generation circuit includes: a phase rotation unit rotating phases of received symbols after coherent detection; addition units calculating, by using the phase-rotated received symbols, absolute values of soft decision values for soft decision value candidates restricted in advance; minimum value selection units selecting minimum values out of the absolute values of the soft decision values; sign reflection units reflecting, based on the phases of the received symbols after the phase rotation, sign information to the minimum values; and soft decision value correction units multiplying outputs of the sign reflection units by a coefficient depending on a noise variance value and an amplitude value of a modulation symbol.

Abstract: A system and method for blind equalization of a QAM signal. Equalization is achieved using an algorithm characterized by cost function that is a function the Euclidian distance, e.g. the minimum Euclidian distance, between points of the constellation associated with the QAM signal, i.e. the distance between symbols.

Abstract: Systems and methodologies are described that facilitate employing a hybrid pilot configuration in a wireless communications network. A hybrid pilot configuration includes common pilot symbols and dedicated pilots multiplexed together within a time transmission interval. The multiplexed pilot symbols can be received and utilized to demodulate channels. Common pilot symbols can be employed to demodulate control channels and dedicated pilot symbols can be utilized to demodulate data channels. Moreover, the dedicated pilot symbols can be employed to generate a channel estimate. The common pilot channels can be utilized in combination with the dedicated pilot symbols to augment the channel estimate.

Abstract: A method and system for detecting FSS by a peak threshold, and a receiver include: a peak search module configured to perform peak search on a set of inputted CIR average values to obtain a set of CIR peaks; a threshold generation module configured to search for a maximum value from the obtained set of CIR peaks, obtain an FSS search threshold according to the maximum value and a preset threshold, and provide the FSS search threshold to an FSS detection module; and the FSS detection module configured to utilize the FSS search threshold to detect an FFT windowing position of a receiving antenna. The technical solutions according to the disclosure improve the protection capability from exceptions for FSS detection while reducing the detection complexity of FSS.

Abstract: Various embodiments of the invention are directed to methods and systems for multi transform OFDM transmitter and receivers with low peak to average power ratio (PAPR) signals, that have high bandwidth efficiency and are computational efficient. For example, various embodiments of the transmitter may utilize an architecture comprised of a baseband modulator, a serial to parallel converter, a bank of multiplicity NT orthonormal transforms unit, a bank of multiplicity NT inverse Fourier transforms unit, a dummy symbols generator, and a minimum PAPR evaluation unit for finding the optimum transform index n0. Various embodiments of the receiver may comprise of a transform index detection unit for the detection of the transform index imbedded in the OFDM signal.

Abstract: A method for wireless communication is described. The method includes receiving a burst that includes controlled sequence symbols transmitted in a guard period. The controlled sequence symbols include the last predetermined number symbols of a training sequence. The burst is demodulated based on the controlled sequence symbols. Other aspects, embodiments, and features are also claimed and described.

Abstract: Transmission quality is improved in an environment in which direct waves dominate in a transmission method for transmitting a plurality of modulated signals from a plurality of antennas at the same time. All data symbols used in data transmission of a modulated signal are precoded by hopping between precoding matrices so that the precoding matrix used to precode each data symbol and the precoding matrices used to precode data symbols that are adjacent to the data symbol in the frequency domain and the time domain all differ. A modulated signal with such data symbols arranged therein is transmitted.

Abstract: The present invention relates to orthogonal frequency—division multiplexing (OFDM) communication systems with multiple transmit antennas receive antennas, and in particular to methods for inserting scattered pilots (SPs) into the transmit signals of such OFDM systems, for estimating channel properties on the basis of the scattered pilots, a multi-antenna OFDM transmitter, and an OFDM receiver. In this context, it is the particular approach of the present invention to keep the same SP pattern like in the single-transmitter case, to partition the pilots into as many subsets as there are transmitters (transmit antennas), and to interleave these subsets both in time and in frequency. In this manner, the granularity of pilots of the same subset is reduced. This offers increased flexibility in designing the scattered pilot patterns and greater accuracy of the estimated channel properties.

Abstract: An optimum time domain windowing scheme for orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing (OFDM)-based waveforms in the sense of spectral concentration is proposed. Instead of evenly suppressing the sidelobes along the frequency, the sidelobe power is concentrated within a guard band while maximally suppressing the power for a desired frequency range. This is achieved by employing optimum finite duration pulses, prolate spheroidal wave functions (PSWF), to shape the OFDM transmit pulse. Also with per-subcarrier windowing scheme, the effect of inner subcarriers on sidelobes is diminished by utilizing the concentration bandwidth versus out-of-band power trade-off in PSWF and the multicarrier nature of the OFDM.

Abstract: In a particular embodiment, a circuit device includes a peak detector to receive a signal and to generate peak output data related to the received signal and an average detector to generate average output data related to the received signal. The circuit device further includes a logic circuit to generate a data output related to the received signal based on the generated peak output data and the generated average output data.

Abstract: A method for acquiring channel state information is disclosed in the present invention, including: a user equipment (UE) reporting codebook index information and information about the total number of layers to a base station (eNB), wherein the codebook index information includes one of the following information: class 2 codebook index l; and class 1 codebook index i and index parameter j; and after receiving the codebook index information and information about the total number of layers sent by the UE, the base station obtaining a codeword in the manner of inquiring of a preset codebook list or in the manner of inquiring of the preset codebook list in conjunction with calculation according to the codebook index information and information about the total number of layers. A system for acquiring channel state information is also disclosed in the present invention.

Abstract: Methods and apparatus are provided for high-speed, low-power, high-performance channel detection. A soft-output detector is provided for processing a received signal, comprising: a forward detector for calculating forward state metrics; a backward detector for calculating backward state metrics; and a current branch detector for calculating a current branch metric, wherein at least two of the forward detector, the backward detector and the current branch detector employ trellis structures with a different number of states. A method is provided for processing a received signal using a soft-output detector, comprising: calculating forward state metrics using a forward detector; calculating backward state metrics using a backward detector; and calculating a current branch metric using a current branch detector, wherein at least two of the forward detector, the backward detector and the current branch detector employ trellis structures with a different number of states.

Abstract: Embodiments of a system and methodology are disclosed for aperiodic (i.e., non-periodic) feedback of channel-side information, such as channel rank information, to a base station by having the receiver/UE initiate the feedback instead of using a scheduled feedback approach. The autonomous feedback of channel-side information may use one of several different types of physical channel structures for uplink scheduling requests, such as those being discussed for inclusion in the emerging LTE platform standard.

Abstract: Systems, methods, and other embodiments associated with iterative decoders are described. According to one embodiment, an apparatus includes a set of decoders that are configured to receive data to be decoded. The apparatus may also include a controller configured to separately control each decoder to initiate a decoding sequence based on an occurrence of a transition point. The transition point is a global transition that occurs iteratively for the set of decoders and is based on iterations in a decoding sequence.

Abstract: The present invention provides a method and a device for calculating a coefficient of a time-domain channel estimation filter. The method comprises: acquiring position information and weight information of symbols carrying RS information corresponding to X1, X2 . . . XP; acquiring position information and weight information of symbols carrying RS information relating to Y1, Y2, . . . YQ; calculating an autocorrelation matrix of a vector I in accordance with the position information and the weight information, wherein I=[X1, X2, . . . XP, Y1, Y2, . . .

Abstract: The present invention relates to a wireless communication system. More particularly, the present invention relates to a method for enabling a transmitter to transmit a sequence in a wireless communication system, and to an apparatus for the same. A sequence-transmitting method comprises the steps of: performing at least one of a complex conjugate operation and a reverse operation on a first sequence to generate a second sequence; mapping the second sequence to a plurality of subcarriers in an Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access (OFDMA) symbol; and transmitting the OFDMA symbol to a receiver. The invention also relates to an apparatus for the sequence-generating method.

Abstract: A method, implementable on a multiple-input, multiple-output symbol receiver, includes selecting a hypothesis for a second symbol value U2 from among the set of fixed constellation points, calculating a hypothesis for a first symbol value U1 from the resultant selected U2 value, and generating a first half of counter-hypotheses from interim results of calculating the hypotheses values.

Abstract: A system and method are provided for implementing a soft Reed-Solomon (RS) decoding scheme, technique or algorithm to improve physical layer performance in cable modems and cable gateways. The algorithm is implemented in a forward error correction (FEC) module connected to a QAM demodulator. The RS decoding scheme is implemented without significantly complicating hardware or processing overhead. The soft Reed-Solomon (RS) decoding scheme extracts candidate RS symbols and their Log Likelihood Ratios (LLRs) from QAM symbols. The set of highest probable candidate blocks are then chosen and these are decoded using a variant of the Chase algorithm until a valid codeword is detected at the decoder output.

Abstract: New capabilities will allow conventional broadcast transmission to be available to mobile devices. The present embodiments describe an apparatus and method for encoding and decoding signals. A method includes the steps of generating data blocks, encoding a first set of data blocks using a first encoding rate, encoding a second set of data blocks using a second encoding rate, and generating a control packet, the control packet identifying the first set of data blocks and the first encoding rate, and identifying the second set of data blocks and the second encoding rate. An apparatus includes a first decoder receiving data and decoding a first subset of the data, including a control packet, at a first decoding rate and a controller controlling the operation of the first decoder based on the decoded control packet.

Abstract: A method for signal estimation and compensation and an apparatus using the same, adapted for estimating and compensating an imbalance effect between an in-phase path and a quadrature path of an Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) communication system are provided. The method includes the following steps: receiving a signal, and using a plurality of symbols in a plurality of time frame to generate a plurality of balance coefficient groups, wherein every balance coefficient group includes a plurality of balance coefficient candidates; deriving a balance coefficient according to the balance coefficient set; and compensating the signal according to the balance coefficient.

Abstract: A digital broadcasting system and a data processing method are disclosed. A receiving system of the digital broadcasting system includes a receiving unit, an SI handler, and a decoding unit. The receiving unit receives broadcast signals including mobile service data and main service data. The mobile service data configure a data group, and the data group includes a signaling information region in some of a plurality of data regions. The signaling information region may include TPC signaling data and FIC signaling data. The SI handler acquires channel configuration information of the mobile service data from the broadcast signal using pre-decided IP access information, and extracts encoding format information for each IP stream component within a corresponding virtual channel service RTP-packetized and received from the acquired channel configuration information. The decoding unit decodes the mobile service data of the corresponding IP stream component based upon the extracted encoding format information.

Abstract: A desired signal and interfering signal are transmitted in the same timeslot and on the same frequency using an Adaptive Quadrature Phase Shift Keying (AQPSK) modulated carrier. When the Subchannel Power Imbalance Ratio (SCPIR) for the AQPSK modulated carrier is large and favors the interfering signal, SIC is used to cancel the interfering signal from the received signal. Following interference cancellation, the desired signal is demodulated using two different estimates of the channel and the demodulated soft bits from demodulated soft bits from each demodulation process are combined to obtain a combined estimate.

Abstract: Techniques are provided herein to estimate parameters of a wireless communication channel. At each of a first plurality of antennas of a first wireless communication device, a transmission is received that is associated with each of one or more spatial streams transmitted via a second plurality of antennas of a second wireless communication device. The transmission comprises at least first and second training fields which are configured for channel estimation. Multidimensional channel information between the first plurality of antennas and the second plurality of antennas is computed from receive values in the first and second training fields for one more dimension above a number of the spatial streams transmitted by the second wireless communication device and up to a lesser of a number of the first plurality of antennas and a number of the second plurality of antennas.

Abstract: Systems, methods, and other embodiments associated with a method for estimating a channel between a wireless transmitter and a wireless receiver are described. According to one embodiment, a method includes receiving a signal that includes non-pilot data that is not known to a receiver of the signal; determining an estimated channel for the signal based, at least in part, on the non-pilot data; processing the signal based, at least in part, on the estimated channel to produce an equalized signal; and decoding the equalized signal to produce output data.

Abstract: A method includes receiving a signal, which carries data in a sequence of symbols that are modulated in accordance with a pulse shape and transmitted in accordance with a timing clock. The received signal is filtered with a matched filter whose response is matched to the pulse shape of the symbols, to produce a filtered signal. The timing clock is initially recovered from the received signal prior to filtering with the matched filter. Upon meeting a predefined condition, a switch is made to recover the timing clock from the filtered signal after filtering with the matched filter. The symbols are demodulated using the recovered timing clock, so as to reconstruct the data.

Abstract: An apparatus for decoding GNSS navigation data to generate at least a target string or subframe includes a demodulator and a processing unit. The demodulator is utilized for demodulating a received signal to generate at least a plurality of strings or subframes having a same string index or subframe index. The processing unit is coupled to the demodulator, and is utilized for determining the target string or subframe according to the plurality of strings or subframes.