Abstract: This miniature neutron generator is for active detection of highly enriched uranium using a movable detection system. It is a small size, lightweight, low power consumption neutron generator with ease of operation and maintenance. The detector is based on a simplified ion source and ion transport system.

Abstract: A cylindrical gamma generator includes a coaxial RF-driven plasma ion source and target. A hydrogen plasma is produced by RF excitation in a cylindrical plasma ion generator using an RF antenna. A cylindrical gamma generating target is coaxial with the ion generator, separated by plasma and extraction electrodes which has many openings. The plasma generator emanates ions radially over 360° and the cylindrical target is thus irradiated by ions over its entire circumference. The plasma generator and target may be as long as desired.

Abstract: A cylindrical neutron generator is formed with a coaxial RF-driven plasma ion source and target. A deuterium (or deuterium and tritium) plasma is produced by RF excitation in a cylindrical plasma ion generator using an RF antenna. A cylindrical neutron generating target is coaxial with the ion generator, separated by plasma and extraction electrodes which contain many slots. The plasma generator emanates ions radially over 360° and the cylindrical target is thus irradiated by ions over its entire circumference. The plasma generator and target may be as long as desired. The plasma generator may be in the center and the neutron target on the outside, or the plasma generator may be on the outside and the target on the inside. In a nested configuration, several concentric targets and plasma generating regions are nested to increase the neutron flux.

Abstract: A cylindrical neutron generator is formed with a coaxial RF-driven plasma ion source and target. A deuterium (or deuterium and tritium) plasma is produced by RF excitation in a cylindrical plasma ion generator using an RF antenna. A cylindrical neutron generating target is coaxial with the ion generator, separated by plasma and extraction electrodes which contain many slots. The plasma generator emanates ions radially over 360° and the cylindrical target is thus irradiated by ions over its entire circumference. The plasma generator and target may be as long as desired. The plasma generator may be in the center and the neutron target on the outside, or the plasma generator may be on the outside and the target on the inside. In a nested configuration, several concentric targets and plasma generating regions are nested to increase the neutron flux.

Abstract: A man made method, utilizing particles bombardment technique, is used to produce Palladium. The particles bombardment technique uses particle accelerator to accelerate Beryllium particles to high speed. These high speed Beryllium particles contain high energy. These high energy Beryllium particles are used to bombard Molybdenum elements. Then elements Beryllium and Molybdenum undergo cold fusion process that they are combined to produce Palladium.

Abstract: A cylindrical gamma generator includes a coaxial RF-driven plasma ion source and target. A hydrogen plasma is produced by RF excitation in a cylindrical plasma ion generator using an RF antenna. A cylindrical gamma generating target is coaxial with the ion generator, separated by plasma and extraction electrodes which has many openings. The plasma generator emanates ions radially over 360° and the cylindrical target is thus irradiated by ions over its entire circumference. The plasma generator and target may be as long as desired.

Abstract: A fusion fuel composition has two or more light nuclei combined with a cage-like molecule. The light nuclei may be, for example, deuterium and tritium, and the cage-like molecule may be, for example, a fullerene molecule. A fusion reaction to consume the fusion fuel may be ignited, for example, via compression methods including chemical or laser.

Abstract: A variable-ratio neutron-gamma ray source comprises a neutron generator, a shield, a collimator, and an external gamma target. The neutron generator generates neutrons and the shield reduces external radiation exposure. The collimator collimates the neutrons into a neutron beam that traverses the shield. The external gamma target generates a dual neutron-gamma ray beam from the neutron beam, wherein the dual neutron-gamma ray beam has a variable neutron-gamma ratio as a function of a thickness of the external gamma target.

Abstract: A method of producing an ion beam in a tandem accelerator, the method includes the acts of insulating, in a cavity containing an insulating gas under pressure, a beam tube having first and second ends and a terminal situated between the first and second ends; seating, using a load lock valve, the insulating gas under pressure; generating an operating voltage using a first voltage source situated outside the cavity when the operating voltage is less than or equal to a threshold value; generating the operating voltage using a second voltage source situated inside the cavity when the operating voltage is greater than the threshold value; coupling the terminal to the first or second voltage sources; generating, using a particle source, an ion beam; and accelerating the ion beam in a first and second parts of the beam tube.

Abstract: A cylindrical neutron generator is formed with a coaxial RF-driven plasma ion source and target. A deuterium (or deuterium and tritium) plasma is produced by RF excitation in a cylindrical plasma ion generator using an RF antenna. A cylindrical neutron generating target is coaxial with the ion generator, separated by plasma and extraction electrodes which contain many slots. The plasma generator emanates ions radially over 360° and the cylindrical target is thus irradiated by ions over its entire circumference. The plasma generator and target may be as long as desired. The plasma generator may be in the center and the neutron target on the outside, or the plasma generator may be on the outside and the target on the inside. In a nested configuration, several concentric targets and plasma generating regions are nested to increase the neutron flux.

Abstract: A neutron tube or generator is based on a RF driven plasma ion source having a quartz or other chamber surrounded by an external RF antenna. A deuterium or mixed deuterium/tritium (or even just a tritium) plasma is generated in the chamber and D or D/T (or T) ions are extracted from the plasma. A neutron generating target is positioned so that the ion beam is incident thereon and loads the target. Incident ions cause D-D or D-T (or T-T) reactions which generate neutrons. Various embodiments differ primarily in size of the chamber and position and shape of the neutron generating target. Some neutron generators are small enough for implantation in the body. The target may be at the end of a catheter-like drift tube. The target may have a tapered or conical surface to increase target surface area.

Abstract: A method for cluster fragmentation comprises the production of at least one cluster which contains a carrier substance and the fragmentation of the cluster into cluster fragments, with the cluster being loaded before the fragmentation with at least one reaction partner and the reaction partner being part of at least one cluster fragment after the fragmentation. A cluster beam system for performing the method, and applications of the cluster fragmentation for analysis and purification of surfaces, for analysis of clusters, and for the operation of ion thrusters are also described.

Abstract: A spherical neutron generator is formed with a small spherical target and a spherical shell RF-driven plasma ion source surrounding the target. A deuterium (or deuterium and tritium) ion plasma is produced by RF excitation in the plasma ion source using an RF antenna. The plasma generation region is a spherical shell between an outer chamber and an inner extraction electrode. A spherical neutron generating target is at the center of the chamber and is biased negatively with respect to the extraction electrode which contains many holes. Ions passing through the holes in the extraction electrode are focused onto the target which produces neutrons by D-D or D-T reactions.

Abstract: A neutron generator includes a modular arrangement of a high current electron bombardment ion source, providing deuterium(D) and/or tritium(T) ions, a high voltage acceleration stage to accelerate the ions and raise the ion energy to the order of 100 keV, and an occluded reaction target containing T and/or D to produce the nuclear reactions. Neutrons are produced in the target using the D—D and/or D-T reaction. The invention is designed to allow the target to be located at the end of a needle and thereby is useful for treating cancers by the Brachy therapy method. The ion source of the neutron generator is a modified version of the electron bombardment type used in mass spectrometers for gas analysis. This source uses an electron beam running through an ionization chamber to ionize gas molecules that are extracted out of the chamber by electric fields.

Abstract: A cylindrical neutron generator is formed with a coaxial RF-driven plasma ion source and target. A deuterium (or deuterium and tritium) plasma is produced by RF excitation in a cylindrical plasma ion generator using an RF antenna. A cylindrical neutron generating target is coaxial with the ion generator, separated by plasma and extraction electrodes which contain many slots. The plasma generator emanates ions radially over 360° and the cylindrical target is thus irradiated by ions over its entire circumference. The plasma generator and target may be as long as desired. The plasma generator may be in the center and the neutron target on the outside, or the plasma generator may be on the outside and the target on the inside. In a nested configuration, several concentric targets and plasma generating regions are nested to increase the neutron flux.

Abstract: A compact neutron generator has at its outer circumference a toroidal shaped plasma chamber in which a tritium (or other) plasma is generated. A RF antenna is wrapped around the plasma chamber. A plurality of tritium ion beamlets are extracted through spaced extraction apertures of a plasma electrode on the inner surface of the toroidal plasma chamber and directed inwardly toward the center of neutron generator. The beamlets pass through spaced acceleration and focusing electrodes to a neutron generating target at the center of neutron generator. The target is typically made of titanium tubing. Water is flowed through the tubing for cooling. The beam can be pulsed rapidly to achieve ultrashort neutron bursts. The target may be moved rapidly up and down so that the average power deposited on the surface of the target may be kept at a reasonable level. The neutron generator can produce fast neutrons from a T-T reaction which can be used for luggage and cargo interrogation applications.

Abstract: A fusion device consisting of two colliding ion beams, each produced by a high power, femtosecond regime, chirped pulsed amplification (CPA) laser acceleration device. The CPA laser creates an ionized plasma and subsequently accelerates electrons to multi-MeV energies, thus creating electric fields due to separation of electrons and ions, of sufficient magnitude to accelerate the plasma ions to energies ranging from multi-keV to multi-MeV levels. The magnetic fields created by the laser pulses, as well as the electrons and/or ions, also helps confine the ions to the region of the size of the laser beam focal spot diameter, and thus enhance the collision probability of the counter-streaming ions and provide a sizable population of fusion events. Ion beam generation by high powered, short pulse CPA lasers has been previously demonstrated in thin foil targets.

Abstract: An experimental machine (1) for producing low-temperature nuclear fusion reactions, wherein an ion source (3) feeds a flux of positive deuterium ions to a reaction chamber (2) housing a target (5) defined by active elements (30, 31) and by an aggregate of metal sulfate hydrated with heavy water; a pumping assembly (4) being provided to maintain a vacuum in the reaction chamber (2); and the reaction chamber (2) having an accelerating device (10) for accelerating the positive deuterium ions, and which generates an electric field inside the reaction chamber (2) to convey and accelerate the deuterium ions against the active element of the target (5) in such a manner as to initiate nuclear fusion reactions between the incident deuterium ions and some of the atoms of the active element.

Abstract: Flow of mercury from a liquid-heavy-metal inflow port toward an inner forward end of a container body is rectified by a plurality of incoming-passage guide vanes in a liquid-heavy-metal incoming passage. Flow of the mercury from the forward end of the container body toward a liquid-heavy-metal outflow port is rectified by a plurality of return-passage guide vanes in a liquid-heavy-metal return passage. As a result, occurrence of stagnation and/or recirculation flows of the mercury in the container body is suppressed and a steady and highly uniform stream of the mercury is formed throughout in the container body. The container body is covered with a container outer shell to prevent any leakage of the mercury to outside due to a damage of the container body.

Abstract: A compact neutron generator has an ion source with a multi-hole spherical extraction system and a curved magnetic filter. A deuterium ion (or deuterium and tritium ion) plasma is produced by RF excitation in a plasma ion generator using an RF antenna. The multi-hole spherical extraction system of the ion source has three electrodes—plasma electrode, extraction electrode, suppressor electrode—which are used to expand a high current ion beam in a short distance. A large area spherical neutron generating target is positioned to receive the expanded ion beam from the ion generator. The extraction system and neutron generating target may alternatively be implemented with a cylindrical geometry instead of spherical, with slots instead of holes.

Abstract: A cylindrical neutron generator is formed with a coaxial RF-driven plasma ion source and target. A deuterium (or deuterium and tritium) plasma is produced by RF excitation in a cylindrical plasma ion generator using an RF antenna. A cylindrical neutron generating target is coaxial with the ion generator, separated by plasma and extraction electrodes which contain many slots. The plasma generator emanates ions radially over 360° and the cylindrical target is thus irradiated by ions over its entire circumference. The plasma generator and target may be as long as desired. The plasma generator may be in the center and the neutron target on the outside, or the plasma generator may be on the outside and the target on the inside. In a nested configuration, several concentric targets and plasma generating regions are nested to increase the neutron flux.

Abstract: A spherical neutron generator is formed with a small spherical target and a spherical shell RF-driven plasma ion source surrounding the target. A deuterium (or deuterium and tritium) ion plasma is produced by RF excitation in the plasma ion source using an RF antenna. The plasma generation region is a spherical shell between an outer chamber and an inner extraction electrode. A spherical neutron generating target is at the center of the chamber and is biased negatively with respect to the extraction electrode which contains many holes. Ions passing through the holes in the extraction electrode are focused onto the target which produces neutrons by D-D or D-T reactions.

Abstract: A multiwavelength mode-locked (MWML) angled-stripe SOA laser that emits multiple discrete groups of wavelengths simultaneously in a short time interval, where each group is located at a wavelength suitable to wavelength division multiplexed optical transmission. Feedback and/or feedthrough optics are combined with a angled-stripe SOA to provide different laser embodiments. The actively mode locked MWML laser emits individual spectral components at a plurality of wavelengths simultaneously. The optics are coupled to one or more angled-stripe SOA ports in reflective or optical ring resonator configurations to provide simultaneous feedback at the plurality of wavelengths and to provide substantially identical round-trip travel times and net gains within the lasing cavity for pulses at each of the plurality of wavelengths. A MWML laser so formed is particularly useful as a multiwavelength source for optical signal processing and transmission systems and can be placed in a hermetically sealed package.

Abstract: A sealed neutron tube is provided, in which an insulating structure is designed to be solid to enhance the shock-proof performance thereof, an ion beam drawn out from an ion source is pulsated more rapidly, and the lifetime of a target is increased without substantially increasing the filling amount of the Tritium. The sealed neutron tube (1) includes a metal housing (20), an ion source (5) disposed and sealed within the metal housing for ionizing a Deuterium gas, an accelerating electrode (4) charged with a high voltage, disposed and sealed within the metal housing and facing the ion source, and a target (3) disposed within the accelerating electrode and absorbing Tritium and the like therein. An outer wall (20) is constructed by a metal housing, and a ceramic insulating member (11) is disposed within the metal housing. Since the accelerating electrode is held by this insulating member, the outer wall of the sealed neutron tube has enhanced shock-proof performance.

Abstract: An apparatus for the creation and detection of high velocity alpha particles accompanied by one or two captured electrons. The apparatus is a modification of the well-known Cockcroft and Walton experiment used to disintegrate lithium-7 into high energy alpha particles by bombarding the lithium with high energy protons. The resulting alpha particles with captured electrons cannot be detected by normal helium absorption spectrum techniques and have other unique attributes.

Abstract: A sealed neutron tube with magnetic confinement of the electrons by permanent magnets. The sealed tube contains a D-T gas mixture under low pressure, fitted with a target, an extraction-acceleration electrode (EAE) and an ion source with 2n Penning cells having anodes in a single cathode cavity and one permanent magnetization system (PMS) per cell. The ions, formed in the ion source, by means of the simultaneous presence of an electric and magnetic field, are accelerated by the EAE and projected onto the target in order to cause emission of neutrons therefrom. In this tube, half (n) of the PMS is magnetized to a nominal value and the other half is weakly magnetized or unmagnetized.

Abstract: A neutron generator employing an electron emitter, an ion source bombarded by the electrons from the electron emitter, a plasma containment zone, and a target situated between the plasma containment zone and the electron emitter.

Abstract: A process for producing radionuclides using a porous carbon target. The process includes the steps of inserting a porous carbon target with tailored solid and void dimensions in the path of a bombarding beam; introducing fluid into the porous carbon target; bombarding the porous carbon target to produce at least one type of radionuclide; collecting the fluid and separating the resulting radionuclides.

Abstract: A neutron generator, comprising:(i) an ion source comprising an anode and a thermionic cathode disposed in an ionizable gas environment (e.g. hydrogen isotope);(ii) means for heating the cathode so that the latter emits electrons which, when colliding with the gas atoms, generate ions;(iii) a target;(iv) an electrical gap to accelerate ions from the ion source towards the target upon impingement of the ions; and(v) control means for applying voltages to the anode, cathode and electrical gap.The cathode is of the dispenser type or volume type, and preferably comprises one block of material comprised of a substrate impregnated with an electron emitting material.

Abstract: A high energy, charged particle accelerator, and radiation sources utilizing such accelerator are provided. More particularly, a high yield neutron generator and apparatus for the use of such generator are provided. The generator utilizes an ion source, a target adapted to generate neutrons when bombarded by high energy ions and an accelerator tube between the source and target. A multistage cascade rectifier is paraxial with the accelerator tube and has a voltage gradient which substantially matches that of the accelerator tube. The cascade rectifier preferably surrounds the accelerator tube and has equipotential metal plates on each side of each stage, the potential gradients between each pair of plates being substantially uniform and being substantially equal to the voltage gradient in the adjacent section of the accelerator tube. Generator elements may be enclosed in a pressure vessel and a moderator may be provided in the vessel, near the target to thermalize neutrons emitted from the target.

Abstract: A neutron generator comprising a target (16) which is struck by a hydrogen isotope ion beam and which is formed by a structure comprising a thin absorbing active layer (19) deposited on a carrier layer (18). In accordance with the invention, on the two above layers there is deposited a stack of active layers (21, 23, 25, 27) which are identical to the layer (19) and which are separated from one another by diffusion barriers (20, 22, 24, 26, respectively). The thickness of each of said active layers is in the order of the penetration depth of the deuterium ions striking the target.

Abstract: A high electric field gradient electron accelerator utilizing short duration, microwave radiation, and capable of operating at high field gradients for high energy physics applications or at reduced electric field gradients for high average current intermediate energy accelerator applications. Particles are accelerated in a smooth bore, periodic undulating waveguide, wherein the period is so selected that the particles slip an integral number of cycles of the r.f. wave every period of the structure. This phase step of the particles produces substantially continuous acceleration in a traveling wave without transverse magnetic or other guide means for the particle.

Abstract: A system for providing a compact, high power particle accelerator powered by a modulated intense relativistic electron beam. In a preferred embodiment a first source develops a high power intense relativistic electron beam (IREB). A modulating apparatus modulates the IREB with a low power level RF signal to produce a high power MIREB. All of the kinetic energy from the high power MIREB is then stored as a high level of electromagnetic or RF energy in an accelerating apparatus. A particle beam from a source is modulated with the RF signal to establish a phase coherency between the modulated particle beam and the stored RF energy before it is passed through the accelerating apparatus. This phase coherent particle beam is accelerated by the stored RF energy as it drains this energy from the accelerating apparatus during its passage through the accelerating apparatus.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for the production of cluster ions, and preferably isotopic hydrogen cluster ions is disclosed. A gas, preferably comprising a carrier gas and a substrate gas, is cooled to about its boiling point and expanded through a supersonic nozzle into a region maintained at a low pressure. Means are provided for the generation of a plasma in the gas before or just as it enters the nozzle.

Abstract: Method and apparatus for highly polarizing a fast beam of particles by collisional pumping, including generating a fast beam of particles, and also generating a thick electron-spin-polarized medium positioned as a target for the beam. The target is made sufficiently thick to allow the beam to interact with the medium to produce collisional pumping whereby the beam becomes highly polarized.

Abstract: A magnetically insulated diode employs a permanent magnet to generate a magnetic insulating field between a spaced anode and cathode in a vacuum. An ion source is provided in the vicinity of the anode and used to liberate ions for acceleration toward the cathode. The ions are virtually unaffected by the magnetic field and are accelerated into a target for generating an nuclear reaction. The ions and target material may be selected to generate either neutrons or gamma ray emissions from the reaction of the accelerated ions and the target. In another aspect of the invention, a field coil is employed as part of one of the electrodes. A plasma prefill is provided between the electrodes prior to the application of a pulsating potential to one of the electrodes. The field coil multiplies the applied voltage for high diode voltage applications. The diode may be used to generate a .sup.7 Li(p,.gamma.).sup.8 Be reaction to produce 16.5 MeV gamma emission.

Abstract: A high energy neutron generator for use in neutron therapy.The generator comprises a source for charged particles (preferably protons) with an energy level equal to at least 15 MeV, a target constituted by at least two lithium deuteride elements, whose thickness is such that under the impact of the charged particles, neutrons with an energy level equal to at least 15 MeV are largely produced in the forward direction, and target cooling means constituted by means for the circulation of a gas which does not chemically react with lithium deuteride. This generator may also comprise a collimator for defining an irradiation field of a patient and a permanent magnet able to deflect the charged particles not absorbed by the target towards a stopping unit positioned in and integrally formed with one wall of the collimator.

Abstract: A single-ring magnetic cusp low gas pressure ion source designed for use in a sealed, nonpumped neutron generator utilizes a cathode and an anode, three electrically floating electrodes (a reflector behind the cathode, a heat shield around the anode, and an aperture plate), together with a single ring-cusp magnetic field, to establish and energy-filtering mechanism for producing atomic-hydrogen ions.

Abstract: An armature for electromagnetic launchers is provided with multiple conductive fibers which form a multi-contact interface with the launcher rails. The fibers are attached to an insulating armature support and can extend across the launcher bore or be attached to contact faces of a trailing conductive chevron. Transposition of the fibers reduces electrical skin effect within the armature.

Abstract: A process to produce energy with the fusion of hydrogen and carbon in a thermonuclear fusion reaction with an extension, wherein carbon targets are bombarded with a beam of fast protons at temperatures of 457 kev. The thermonuclear fusion reaction produces two helium atoms and two neutron particles.The neutrons are captured by a blanket of lithium 7 which cools the walls and carries the heat to a turbulent heat exchanger, then to a generator and turbine complex which generates energy, giving tritium as a sub-product.The helium atoms plus alpha particles and protons are extracted to the reactor's extension where, combined with the tritium emitted in the first cycle of the thermonuclear fusion reactor, they go to generate more energy.This process becomes self-maintaining once the thermonuclear fusion reactor is put into operation.

Abstract: In the invention, first a relatively large mass is accelerated to a few 10 km/sec and then used to implode and compress a dense magnetized plasma confined inside a small cavity. In the proposed invention the dense plasma shall consist of thermonuclear material, as for example DT, and shall reach upon compression the temperature for thermonuclear ignition. The magnetized plasma is thereby permitted to be preheated by a laser or particle beam or a gas discharge to reduce the required compression to reach thermonuclear ignition. After having reached the ignition temperature the plasma undergoes a thermonuclear burn excursion, greatly increasing its energy content. During this excursion a small window in the wall of the chamber confining the burning plasma breaks open releasing a large amount of the energy within the cavity in the form of black body radiation and shock waves.

Abstract: The particle-accelerating device comprises a charged-particle source, a linear accelerating structure formed by a series of accelerating resonant cavities, an electromagnetic wave generator for emitting a signal to be injected into at least one of the resonant cavities. Means are provided for applying a pulsed high voltage to the particle source and for scanning a target with the pulsed beam of accelerated particles. The electromagnetic wave generator comprises a thermionic tube having a cathode, an anode and at least one grid. At least one of the resonant cavities is electromagnetically coupled to the grid-anode space of the tube.

Abstract: A neutron generator having a target which is hit by a beam of hydrogen ions. The target comprises a metal layer having a large coefficient of absorption for hydrogen, which is provided on a carrier layer of a metal having small coefficients of absorption and diffusion for hydrogen and a large coefficient of thermal conductivity, and a first intermediate layer of another metal having a large coefficient of thermal conductivity and a low sputtering ratio between the metal and the carrier layer. Between the carrier layer and the first intermediate layer a second intermediate layer of a metal, having a coefficient of linear expansion of a value which is between the coefficients of linear expansion of the carrier layer and the first intermediate layer, is present.Such a target is suitable for being used in a neutron generator which is to provide a high neutron yield.