Abstract: An X-ray waveguide includes a core to guide X-rays in a wavelength band where the real part of the refractive index of a material is 1 or less, and a cladding to confine the X-rays to the core, in which the core includes a periodic structure having basic structures that contain materials having different real parts of refractive indices, the basic structures being periodically arranged, a low electron density layer is arranged between the core and the cladding and has a lower electron density than that of a material having the highest electron density of all the materials constituting the core, and the critical angle for total reflection of the X-rays at the boundary between the cladding and the low electron density layer is larger than the Bragg angle attributed to the periodicity of the basic structures in the periodic structure of the core.

Abstract: When generating a 3D image of a subject or patient, a cone beam X-ray source (20a, 20b) is mounted to a rotatable gantry (14) opposite an offset flat panel X-ray detector (22a, 22b). A wedge-shaped attenuation filter (24a, 24b) of suitable material (e.g., aluminum or the like) is adjustably positioned in the cone beam to selectively attenuate the beam as a function of the shape, size, and density of a volume of interest (18) through which X-rays pass in order to maintain X-ray intensity or gain at a relatively constant level within a range of acceptable levels.

Abstract: The present invention relates to differential phase-contrast imaging of an object. For increasing spatial resolution of an X-ray imaging system (2) the size of a detector pixel element (8) may be considered a limiting factor. Accordingly, it may be beneficial to increase the resolution of an apparatus (38) for phase-contrast imaging without further reducing the area of an individual pixel element (8). Accordingly, an apparatus (38) for phase-contrast imaging with improved sampling is provided, comprising an X-ray source (4), a first grating element G1 (24), a second grating element G2 (26) and an X-ray detector element (6) comprising a plurality of detector pixel elements (8), each detector pixel element (8) having a pixel area A. An object to be imagined (14) is arrangeable between the X-ray source (4) and the X-ray detector element (6). The first grating element G1 (24) as well as the second grating element G2 (26) are arrangeable between the X-ray source (4) and the X-ray detector element (6).

Abstract: A X-ray waveguide includes a core for guiding X-rays having a wavelength band in which the real part of refractive index of material is smaller than 1 and a cladding for confining the X-rays in the core. The core has a one-dimensional periodic structure in which a plurality of layers respectively formed of inorganic materials having different real parts of refractive index are periodically laminated. The core and the cladding are configured so that a critical angle for total reflection for the X-rays at an interface between the core and the cladding is larger than a Bragg angle due to a periodicity of the one-dimensional periodic structure. A critical angle for total reflection for the X-rays at an interface between layers in the one-dimensional periodic structure is smaller than the Bragg angle due to the periodicity of the one-dimensional periodic structure.

Abstract: An X-ray waveguide includes a cladding and a core to guide X-rays. The core includes a periodic structure of plural substances having different values of a refractive-index real part in a direction perpendicular to an X-ray guiding direction. A Bragg angle determined depending on a wavelength of an X-ray and periodicity of the periodic structure is smaller than a critical angle for total reflection of the X-ray at an interface between the core and the cladding. The Bragg angle is larger than a critical angle for total reflection of the X-ray at an interface between the plural substances constituting the periodic structure. The core has, in the X-ray guiding direction, two or more regions differing in periodic number of the periodic structure constituting the core with a core width in a direction of period being different between the two or more regions corresponding to change of the periodic number.

Abstract: An X-ray waveguide includes a core configured to guide X-ray therethrough and a cladding. In a section perpendicular to an X-ray guiding direction, the core has threefold or more rotational symmetry and has a periodic structure made of plural substances each having a different value of a real part of refractive-index, and a critical angle for total reflection of an X-ray at an interface between the core and the cladding is larger than a Bragg angle of the X-ray for the periodic structure of the core. A waveguide mode having a two-dimensionally spatial coherence over a wide cross-section of the core and exhibiting a small propagation loss is realized.

Abstract: Apparatus and methods for providing a distance indication using an x-ray apparatus. According to various embodiments, an x-ray apparatus may be provided comprising an x-ray generator and a visible light generator. The apparatus may further comprise a projection member, such as a reticle, comprising a material at least partially transparent to visible light, wherein the projection member comprises an image positioned within the path of the visible light so as to project a secondary image comprising a shadow defined by the image. A LASER configured to deliver a LASER beam at an angle relative to the visible light may be provided such that the LASER beam intersects at least a portion of the secondary image at a predetermined distance from the LASER to allow a user to determine precisely a distance from the apparatus to an object to be exposed to x-ray radiation.

Abstract: A radiation control system and method are provided in which radiation delivered to a patient and/or the operator of the equipment is minimized. The radiation control system may be used in a large variety of applications including applications in which radiation source is used to inspect an object, such as, for example, medical imaging, diagnosis and therapy, in manufacturing operation using radiation, in airports scanning systems, in different security setups, and in nuclear reactors automation and process control. The radiation control system and method may also be used with 3D imaging.

Abstract: An X-ray needle module for local radiation therapy according to the present invention includes: an X-ray generating part (100) which is supplied with external electric power and generates X-rays (101); and an X-ray needle forming part (200) which collects the X-rays (101) generated by the X-ray generating part (100) and extracts the collected X-rays into high-intensity short-wavelength parallel X-rays (201) so as to form an X-ray needle, wherein the X-ray needle forming part (200) includes a housing (210) with an entrance hole (211) at one surface through which the X-rays generated by the X-ray generating part (100) enter and an exit hole (212) at another surface through which the X-ray needle exits, the X-ray needle, provided in the housing, which collects the X-rays generated by the X-ray generating part (100) and forms the X-ray needle of the high-intensity short-wavelength parallel X-rays (201), and a position controller (300), provided at a leading end of the X-ray mirror (220), which controls an install

Abstract: An X-ray waveguide includes a core having a periodic structure in which basic structures made of a plurality of materials having different real parts of refractive indexes are periodically disposed, a cladding formed on an outer side of the core to confine X-rays in the core through total reflection and including at least a portion with a gap between the cladding and the core, and a driving unit which drives at least a portion of the cladding or the core to change a distance of the gap. A critical angle for total reflection of the X-rays in the interface between the cladding and the gap is larger than a Bragg angle corresponding to the periodic structure of the core, and a critical angle for total reflection in an interface between a plurality of ingredients which form the periodic structure of the core is smaller than the Bragg angle.

Abstract: An X-ray convergence element and an X-ray irradiation device including the X-ray convergence element are provided. The X-ray convergence element can extend a working distance from an exit-side opening end thereof to a specimen, and can perform analysis of the specimen with rough surface, a fluorescent X-ray analysis, and a X-ray diffraction analysis, regardless of a size of the specimen. An X-ray blocking member 23 is provided with three supporting members 233 for supporting the X-ray blocking member 23, which extend from an annular member 232 having approximately the same diameter as a diameter of an entrance-side opening end (outer diameter of a capillary 20) toward the center of the X-ray blocking member 23 to fix the annular member 232 to the capillary 20. The annular member 232, the supporting members 233, and the X-ray blocking member 23 are integrally formed of a metal that shields X-rays, such as tantalum, tungsten, or molybdenum.

Abstract: A method and apparatus are provided for spatially modulating X-rays or X-ray pulses using microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) based X-ray optics. A torsionally-oscillating MEMS micromirror and a method of leveraging the grazing-angle reflection property are provided to modulate X-ray pulses with a high-degree of controllability.

Abstract: Systems and methods for characterizing films by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) are disclosed. For example, a system for characterizing a film may include an X-ray source for generating an X-ray beam having an energy below the k-edge of silicon. A sample holder may be included for positioning a sample in a pathway of the X-ray beam. A first detector may be included for collecting an XPS signal generated by bombarding the sample with the X-ray beam. A second detector may be included for collecting an X-ray fluorescence (XRF) signal generated by bombarding the sample with the X-ray beam. Monitoring/estimation of the primary X-ray flux at the analysis site may be provided by X-ray flux detectors near and at the analysis site. Both XRF and XPS signals may be normalized to the (estimated) primary X-ray flux to enable film thickness or dose measurement without the need to employ signal intensity ratios.

Abstract: An X-ray waveguide according to the present invention includes: a core for guiding an X-ray; and a cladding for confining the X-ray in the core, wherein: the core has a low electron density portion and a high electron density portion having a higher electron density than an electron density of the low electron density portion; the low electron density portion is provided in the high electron density portion; and the low electron density portion is formed of one of a pore and an organic substance.

Abstract: An X-ray waveguide, for guiding X-rays having a wavelength of 1 pm or more and 100 nm or less, includes: a core and a cladding. The core has a periodic structure composed of a plurality of materials each having a different real part of refractive index in the direction perpendicular to the waveguiding direction. A planarizing layer is disposed between the core and the cladding. The critical angle for total reflection of the X-rays at the interface between the planarizing layer and the cladding is larger than the Bragg angle of the periodic structure of the core.

Abstract: An X-ray waveguide showing a small propagation loss and having a waveguide mode with its phase controlled is provided. The X-ray waveguide including: a core for guiding an X-ray in a wavelength band that a real part of the refractive index of a material is 1 or less; and a cladding for confining the X-ray in the core, in which: the X-ray is confined in the core by total reflection at a interface between the core and the cladding; in the core multiple materials having different real parts of the refractive index are periodically arranged; and a waveguide mode of the X-ray waveguide is such that the number of antinodes or nodes of an electric field intensity distribution or a magnetic field intensity distribution of the X-ray coincides with the number of periods of the periodic structure in a direction perpendicular to a waveguiding direction of the X-ray in the core.

Abstract: An X-ray waveguide for propagation of an X-ray therethrough includes a core and a cladding. The core has a periodic structure in which plural substances having different refractive-index real parts are periodically arrayed in a direction perpendicular to an X-ray guiding direction. Given that a maximum length of the core in the X-ray guiding direction is l, a maximum thickness of the core is t, and a Bragg angle of the periodic structure for the X-ray is ?B(°), at least one end surface of a core region in the X-ray guiding direction is inclined at an inclination angle ?(°), which satisfies tan?1(t/l)<?<90°??B, with respect to an interface between the core and the cladding in a plane containing a direction that is parallel to the X-ray guiding direction and a direction that is perpendicular to the interface between the core and the cladding.

Abstract: An electromagnetic wave having a phase velocity and an amplitude is provided by an electromagnetic wave source to a traveling wave linear accelerator. The traveling wave linear accelerator generates a first output of electrons having a first energy by accelerating an electron beam using the electromagnetic wave. The first output of electrons can be contacted with a target to provide a first beam of x-rays. The electromagnetic wave can be modified by adjusting its amplitude and the phase velocity. The traveling wave linear accelerator then generates a second output of electrons having a second energy by accelerating an electron beam using the modified electromagnetic wave. The second output of electrons can be contacted with a target to provide a second beam of x-rays. A frequency controller can monitor the phase shift of the electromagnetic wave from the input to the output ends of the accelerator and can correct the phase shift of the electromagnetic wave based on the measured phase shift.

Abstract: An X-ray optical system includes a waveguide that includes a core and a cladding and that guides X-rays from an X-ray source, and an optical element that condenses the X-rays from the waveguide. The core has a periodic structure. The critical angle for total internal reflection of the X-rays at the interface between the core and the cladding is larger than the Bragg angle of the periodic structure. The optical element condenses the X-rays from the waveguide at least in the direction parallel to the interface between the core and the cladding.

Abstract: To provide an X-ray waveguide which: shows a small propagation loss of an X-ray; has a waveguide mode with its phase controlled; does not deteriorate owing to oxidation; and can be easily produced, an X-ray waveguide, including: a core for guiding an X-ray in such a wavelength band that a real part of the refractive index of a material is 1 or less; and a cladding for confining the X-ray in the core, in which: the core has a one-dimensional periodic structure containing multiple materials having different real parts of the refractive index; the multiple materials include one of an organic material, a gas, and a vacuum, and an inorganic material; and the core and the cladding are formed so that the critical angle for total reflection at an interface between the core and the cladding is larger than a Bragg angle resulting from a periodicity of the one-dimensional periodic structure, is realized.

Abstract: An arrangement and a method are disclosed for projective and/or tomographic phase-contrast imaging using X-ray radiation. In at least one embodiment, one or more phase grids is/are arranged in the beam path such that during a rotation of the at least one X-ray source, the examination object is scanned with different spatial orientations of the grid lines relative to the examination object such that the complete refraction angle, and hence the complete phase shift gradient, can be determined for each X-ray beam from the two scans with differently oriented phase grids in order to be able to show the phase shift of an examination object in terms of projections or in a tomographic image.

Abstract: A multilayer optic device having an input face and an output face is provided. The optic device includes a high-index material layer having a first real refractive index 1??1 and a first absorption coefficient ?1, wherein the core comprises a first surface and a second surface, a low-index material layer having a second real refractive index 1??2 and a second absorption coefficient ?2, and a grading zone disposed between the high-index material layer and low-index material layer, the grading zone comprising a grading layer having a third real refractive index 1??3 and a third absorption coefficient ?3, such that 1??1 1>1??3>1??2, where at least a portion of one or more of the high-index material layer, the grading zone and the low-index layer comprises one or more corrugations along a first direction.

Abstract: The device is configured from: a reflective surface shape controllable mirror in which a band-shaped X-ray reflective surface 2 is formed on a central portion of a front surface of a substrate 1, reference planes 3 are formed along both sides of the X-ray reflective surface, and a plurality of piezoelectric elements 4 are attached to at least one of front and back surfaces of the substrate so as to be arranged in the longitudinal direction of the X-ray reflective surface on both side portions of the substrate, and a multichannel control system for applying a voltage to each of the piezoelectric elements.

Abstract: A radiographic system includes an X-ray source, a first transmission type grating, a second transmission type grating, a scanning mechanism, and a flat panel detector, and an arithmetic processing section. The first transmission type grating is constituted by connecting a plurality of first grating pieces in a first direction, and the second transmission type grating is constituted by connecting a plurality of second grating pieces in the first direction. In projection onto the flat panel detector with the focus of the X-ray source as a viewpoint, at least one pixel is interposed between each pixel of the flat panel detector onto which a connection point of two adjacent first grating pieces is projected and each pixel onto which a connection portion of two adjacent second grating pieces is projected.

Abstract: To provide a phase grating capable of acquiring, in photographing of an X-ray phase contrast image by use of X-ray with two wavelengths, an X-ray phase contrast image by a phase grating in the same size as when a single wavelength is used, provided is a phase grating used when an X-ray is directed to take an X-ray phase contrast image, the phase grating including a periodic structure for generating a phase difference between an X-ray transmitted through the structure and an X-ray not transmitted through the structure. The periodic structure has different periods in a plurality of directions in a same surface.

Abstract: Provided is an X-ray mirror, a method of producing the X-rat mirror, and an X-ray apparatus. The X-ray mirror comprises: a substrate; and an X-ray reflecting structure formed of multiple regions present on the substrate, in which the X-ray reflecting structure comprises a mesostructured film that has the multiple regions having different structural periods in a normal direction of the substrate. Thus, there can be reduced the absorption loss of an X-ray of the mirror that reflects X-rays having different energies.

Abstract: A conductive substrate (18) and an etching substrate (20) are bonded to each other. An etch mask (25) is formed on the etching substrate (20) using a photolithography technique. On the etching substrate (20), grooves (20a) and X-ray transmitting sections (14b) are formed by dry etching using Bosch process. The grooves (20a) are filled with Au (27) by an electroplating method using the conductive substrate (18) as an electrode. Thus, X-ray absorbing sections (14a) are formed.

Abstract: A grid module of a scattered-radiation grid is disclosed. The scattered-radiation grid includes a number of grid modules disposed next to one another with a plurality of webs, especially for use in conjunction with a CT detector, a CT detector and a CT system with such a detector. In accordance with an embodiment of the invention, at the joining surfaces of the grid modules, the webs located there are provided with breakthroughs to compensate for a disproportionate reduction in scattered radiation.

Abstract: Techniques for radioablation of sympathetic nerves include positioning a subject on a support in view of a volume imaging system and an ionizing radiation source; and collecting volume image data. Location of a treatment portion of a sympathetic nerve in the subject is determined based on the volume image data. Movement of the source is determined to apply a therapeutic radiation dose to the treatment portion based on the location of the treatment portion and relative location of the source to the volume imaging system. The source is operated to deliver the therapeutic radiation dose. An apparatus includes a mounting structure, an X-ray source and a shield. The source produces an X-ray beam with photon energy above one million electron volts (MeV) and not above six MeV. The shield is mounted in opposition to the source to block the X-ray beam with photon energies not greater than about six MeV.

Abstract: A reflective optical element and an EUV lithography appliance containing one such element are provided, the appliance displaying a low propensity to contamination. The reflective optical element has a protective layer system includes at least two layers. The optical characteristics of the protective layer system are between those of a spacer and an absorber, or correspond to those of a spacer. The selection of a material with the smallest possible imaginary part and a real part which is as close to 1 as possible in terms of the refractive index leads to a plateau-type reflectivity course according to the thickness of the protective layer system between two thicknesses d1 and d2. The thickness of the protective layer system is selected in such a way that it is less than d2.

Abstract: A method of manufacturing a grid (1) for selective transmission of electromagnetic radiation, particularly X-ray radiation, is proposed. The method comprises: providing a support element (3) having self-supporting stability, wherein the support element (3) is made with a material which essentially absorbs no electromagnetic radiation to be selectively transmitted through the grid; applying a metal layer (5) at a surface of the support element (3); and building a selective transmission structure (7) at a surface of the metal layer (5) with a material which absorbs electromagnetic radiation to be selectively transmitted through the grid, wherein the transmission structure is build using selective laser sintering.

Abstract: A reflection surface 12 constituted by a transition metal having a core level absorption edge in the vicinity of a wavelength of a soft X-ray is formed on an inside of a vacuum vessel 14, and furthermore, there is provided a permanent magnet 13 for generating a magnetic field in a perpendicular direction to a longitudinal direction of the vacuum vessel 14 in a position of the reflection surface 12 by which the soft X-ray is to be reflected, and the soft X-ray to be linearly polarized light incident on the vacuum vessel 14 is reflected at plural times over the reflection surface 12 in a position where the magnetic field is applied in such a manner that magnetic scattering is increased by a resonant effect of a magnetic circular dichroism when the soft X-ray is reflected by the reflection surface 12.

Abstract: An X-ray waveguide includes a cladding and a core. The core has a periodic structure formed in at least one period direction. The periodic structure includes periodically arranged members made of material having different refractive index real parts. The core is surrounded by the cladding in the plane perpendicular to a wave-guiding direction. The Bragg angle obtained from the periodicity of the periodic structure is smaller than the total reflection critical angle at which X-rays are incident on the interface between the cladding and the core. The at least one period direction is the direction of at least one fundamental vector expressing the periodicity of the periodic structure in a plane of the core perpendicular to the wave-guiding direction.

Abstract: A nanotube based device for guiding a beam of x-rays, photons, or neutrons, includes a beam source and at least one nanotube. Each nanotube has an optical entrance positioned in a manner that a projection of the direction of the central axis at the optical entrance intersects with the beam source. Each nanotube may have an interior diameter that varies along the length of the nanotube. to point the entrances of a bundle of nanotubes toward a point-shaped beam source, the bundle can be grown as an array of multilayer nanotubes from a spherical growth plate. The clear aperture of the bundle is enhanced by providing a smaller number of wall layers of each nanotube near the growth plate than at a distance from the growth plate.

Abstract: The present invention relates to X-rayimage acquisition technology in general. Employing phase-contrast imaging for X-rayimage acquisition may significantly enhance the visibility of structures in images acquired. However, phase-contrast information may only be obtainable in a small detector region with subsequent image acquisitions requiring individual phase stepping states to allow reconstruction of an X-ray image. Accordingly, a grating arrangement for phase-contrast imaging is provided which may allow on the fly phase stepping during a field of view scan. According to the present invention a grating arrangement (1) for phase-contrast imaging is provided, comprising a first grating element (8) and a second grating element (10). Each of the first grating element (8) and the second grating element (10) comprises a trench structure. The trench structure comprises at least one trench region (9) and at least one barrier region (3).

Abstract: The X-ray focusing device includes a point/parallel type multi-capillary X-ray lens (MCX) and a point/parallel type single capillary X-ray lens (SCX). MCX and SCX are positioned so that the end face of the parallel end of SCX is positioned closed to the focal point position on the converging end of MCX so that the optical axes of the two coincide. X-rays that are efficiently collected by MCX are emitted from the converging end and become incident to the end face of parallel end of SCX so that the X-rays are efficiently incorporated into SCX. The X-rays are then irradiated from the converging end of SCX onto focal point having a small diameter. This allows taking advantages of MCX and SCX while compensating for their disadvantages.

Abstract: An X-ray transmissive substrate is etched to form a plurality of grooves, a plurality of X-ray transmitting sections, and a plurality of supporting portions. The grooves, formed between the X-ray transmitting sections, extend in Y direction and are arranged in X direction orthogonal to the Y direction. In the grooves, the supporting portions protrude from sides of the X-ray transmitting sections in the X direction and are arranged alternately in the Y direction. The supporting portions support the X-ray transmitting sections when the grooves are filled with an X-ray absorbing material through electroplating. The supporting portions prevent the X-ray transmitting sections from falling over due to waves of a plating liquid and uneven growth of the X-ray absorbing material.

Abstract: A radiosurgery system is described that is configured to deliver a therapeutic dose of radiation to a target structure in a patient. In some embodiments, inflammatory ocular disorders are treated, specifically macular degeneration. In some embodiments, other disorders or tissues of a body are treated with the dose of radiation. In some embodiments, the target tissues are placed in a global coordinate system based on ocular imaging. In some embodiments, the target tissues inside the global coordinate system lead to direction of an automated positioning system that is directed based on the target tissues within the coordinate system. In some embodiments, a treatment plan is utilised in which beam energy and direction and duration of time for treatment is determined for a specific disease to be treated and/or structures to be avoided. In some embodiments, a fiducial marker is used to identify the location of the target tissues.

Abstract: An electromagnetic wave having a phase velocity and an amplitude is provided by an electromagnetic wave source to a traveling wave linear accelerator. The traveling wave linear accelerator generates a first output of electrons having a first energy by accelerating an electron beam using the electromagnetic wave. The first output of electrons can be contacted with a target to provide a first beam of x-rays. The electromagnetic wave can be modified by adjusting its amplitude and the phase velocity. The traveling wave linear accelerator then generates a second output of electrons having a second energy by accelerating an electron beam using the modified electromagnetic wave. The second output of electrons can be contacted with a target to provide a second beam of x-rays. A frequency controller can monitor the phase shift of the electromagnetic wave from the input to the output ends of the accelerator and can correct the phase shift of the electromagnetic wave based on the measured phase shift.

Abstract: A grating with a large aspect ratio is disclosed, in particular to be used as an X-ray optical grating in a CT system and in particular produced by a lithography method. In at least one embodiment, the grating includes a multiplicity of recurring alternating grating webs and grating gaps with a height, and a multiplicity of filler beams, respectively arranged in the grating gaps with a spacing from one another in the direction of the gaps, which beams connect respectively adjacent grating webs over their height. In at least one embodiment, the grating webs and the grating gaps run from a first to a second side of the grating, and a filler beam has a width in the direction of the gaps and this width is at most 10% of the spacing between two adjacent filler beams. In at least one embodiment, the spacings between respective adjacent filler beams in a grating gap do not vary by more than 10% in the entire grating.

Abstract: An apparatus for obtaining a long-length x-ray image of a subject, has an x-ray source and a first sensor that generates a first signal that indicates termination of x-ray emission from the x-ray source. A digital radiography detector is energizable to generate image data after receiving x-ray emission from the x-ray source. A detector transport apparatus is actuable in accordance with the first signal to translate the digital radiography detector from at least a first detector position to a second detector position for generating image data at each detector position. A processor in communication with the digital radiography detector obtains the image data of the subject that is generated from the detector.

Abstract: An integrated X-ray source is provided. The integrated X-ray source includes a target for emitting X-rays upon being struck by one or more excitation beams, and one or more total internal reflection multilayer optic devices in physical contact with the target to transmit at least a portion of the X rays through total internal reflection to produce X-ray beams, wherein the optic device comprises an input face for receiving the X rays and an output face through which the X-ray beams exit the integrated X-ray source.

Abstract: An apparatus for engagement with a LINAC head of a LINAC machine, the LINAC machine generating radiation for intensity modulated radiation therapy of a cancer patient. The apparatus is a member incorporating separately a beam shaping material and a beam sculpting material. The member typically includes a tray and the tray is designed to fit into or adjacent the head of a LINAC machine. When radiation passes through the tray mounted member, it will be modulated and shaped to conform to the tumor of the cancer patient, which patient is radiated by the modified radiation beam.

Abstract: An X-ray imaging apparatus suppresses X-ray irradiation outside an X-ray detection unit. An X-ray imaging apparatus according to this invention includes an X-ray irradiation unit which irradiates an object with X-rays, an X-ray detection unit movably provided with an imaging unit, a first irradiation field prediction unit which calculates an irradiation field by using the relative positional relationship between generation unit and imaging unit and aperture value of a collimator, a second irradiation field prediction unit which calculates an irradiation field based on the dose of X-rays generated by the generation unit and the X-ray dose distribution detected by the imaging unit, and a predicted irradiation field decision unit which decides, as a predicted irradiation field, a region including one or both of irradiation fields respectively calculated by the first and second irradiation field prediction units.

Abstract: An X-ray optical configuration for irradiation of a sample (1) with an X-ray beam having a line-shaped cross-section, wherein the configuration contains an X-ray source (2) and a beam-conditioning X-ray optics, is characterized in that the X-ray source (2) comprises a brilliant point source (4) and the X-ray optics comprises an X-ray optical element (3) which conditions X-ray light emitted by the point source in such a fashion that the X-ray beam is rendered parallel in one direction perpendicular to the beam propagation direction and remains divergent in a direction which is perpendicular thereto and also to the beam propagation direction. An X-ray optical element of this type enables use of both point-shaped and line-shaped beam geometries without complicated and time-consuming conversion work.

Abstract: A radiation phase contrast imaging apparatus, including a radiation emission unit having a plurality of electron sources for emitting electron beams, and a target for emitting radiation through collision of electron beam emitted from each electron source, a first grating in which grating structures for diffracting radiation are disposed periodically, a second grating in which grating structures for transmitting and shielding radiation are disposed periodically, and a radiation image detector for detecting radiation transmitted through the second grating, in which the first and second gratings are disposed in an optical axis direction of the radiation so as to be able to substantially superimpose each image of the first grating formed based on radiation corresponding to each electron source on a surface of the second grating, and the radiation corresponding to each electron source forms each phase image of the same subject on the radiation image detector.

Abstract: In a method for the production of x-ray-optical gratings composed of a first material forming of periodically arranged grating webs and grating openings, a second material is applied by electroplating to fill the grid openings. The electroplating is continued until a cohesive layer of the second material with uniform height is created over the grating webs with this layer having a large absorption coefficient, the absorption properties of the grating structure of the grating are homogenized, so an improvement of the measurement signals that are generated with this grating is improved. Moreover, the mechanical stability of gratings produced in such a manner is improved.

Abstract: An imaging apparatus includes, a diffraction grating that diffracts an electromagnetic wave emitted from an electromagnetic wave source, a shield grating including a shield portion that prevents transmission of the electromagnetic wave and a plurality of transmission portions that allows the electromagnetic wave to transmit therethrough, and a detector that detects the electromagnetic wave transmitted through the transmission portions of the shield grating. The diffraction grating forms an interference pattern in a grid pattern by diffracting the electromagnetic wave; the shield grating has the plurality of transmission portions arranged two-dimensionally; and a ratio of an area of the transmission portion to the area of a unit pattern composed of a portion of the shield portion and one transmission portion of the plurality of transmission portions is larger than 0.25.

Abstract: A charged particle beam decelerating device includes a high-frequency cavity 34 provided on an orbit of a charged particle beam 1, and a phase synchronizing device 40 for synchronizing the charged particle beam 1 in the high-frequency cavity with a phase of a high-frequency electric field 4. By moving the high-frequency cavity 34 or changing an orbit length of the charged particle beam 1, the charged particle beam in the high-frequency cavity is synchronized with a phase of the high-frequency electric field 4.

Abstract: A gold colloidal solution is applied by dripping to a radio-transparent substrate having grooves with a high aspect ratio. The applied gold colloidal solution flows into the groove by capillarity, and is retained in the bottom of the groove. The radio-transparent substrate is heated from beneath by a laser beam at a part of the groove to which the gold colloidal solution has been applied, so the gold colloidal solution is vaporized and dried. Thus, gold colloidal particles remaining in the groove form a seed layer for electrolytic plating.