Abstract: An apparatus for use with a combined CT-PET system wherein a CT source and detector are mounted to a front end of a CT support and the support forms a parking space about a translation axis, a PET detector is mounted to a rear end of the support and a collimator support extends from the PET detector at least part way into the parking space, a collimator is mounted to the collimator support for movement between first and second positions inside the PET detector and outside the PET detector and at least partially within the parking space, respectively, a radiation blocking shield is mounted to the PET detector opposite the CT support to block radiation from that direction from being detected by the PET detector.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for detecting radiation including x-ray, gamma ray, and particle radiation for radiographic imaging, and nuclear medicine and x-ray mammography in particular, and material composition analysis are described. A detection system employs fixed or configurable arrays of one or more detector modules comprising detector arrays which may be electronically manipulated through a computer system. The detection system, by providing the ability for electronic manipulation, permits adaptive imaging. Detector array configurations include familiar geometries, including slit, slot, plane, open box, and ring configurations, and customized configurations, including wearable detector arrays, that are customized to the shape of the patient. Conventional, such as attenuating, rigid geometry, and unconventional collimators, such as x-ray optic, configurable, Compton scatter modules, can be selectively employed with detector modules and radiation sources.

Abstract: A measurement apparatus has a first detector for measuring an intensity such that a sheet-shaped beam of synchrotron radiation is integrated over the entire range of the beam in the thickness direction thereof; a second detector for measuring the intensity of the beam at two points where positions along the direction are different; and a calculating device for calculating the magnitude of the beam in the direction on the basis of the detections by the first and second detectors.

Abstract: An illumination system comprises (a) a first optical element upon which a light beam impinges, where the first optical element has first raster elements that partition said light beam into light channels; (b) a second optical element that receives said light channels, where the second optical element has a second raster elements; (c) an object plane that receives said light channels via said second optical element; and (d) an exit pupil that is provided with an illumination via said object plane. The system is characterized by an assignment of a member of said first raster elements and a member of said second raster elements to each of said light channels to provide a continuous beam path from said first optical element to said object plane for each of said plurality of light channels. The assignment is changeable to provide an adjustment of said illumination in said exit pupil.

Abstract: A method of calibration and verification of radiotherapy systems deduced radiation beam fluence profiles from the radiation source from a complete model of an extended radiation phantom together with dose information from a portal imaging device. The improved beam fluence profile characterization made with an iterative modeling which includes scatter effects may be used to compute dose profiles in the extended phantom or a patient who has been previously characterized with a CT scan. Deviations from the expected beam fluence profile can be used to detect patient misregistration.

Abstract: An x-ray generation apparatus includes an x-ray reflecting mirror and x-ray generation part. The x-ray reflecting mirror is formed on an inner surface of a concave aspheric surface. The x-ray generation part receives at least one incident energy beam. The x-ray generation part is arranged near a focal point including a focal point of a paraboloid, and the x-ray reflecting mirror has at least one aperture formed in a position except for a part of the concave aspheric surface crossing an axis including the focal point of the concave aspheric surface, and an incident energy beam irradiates the x-ray generation part through the aperture.

Abstract: A miniaturized radiation device, having a support member in the form of a flexible sheet, and a circuit pattern of electrical contact pads and interconnecting conductor lines or leads provided on said support member. The pads are interconnected via said patterned lines. There is also a plurality of radiation chips electrically connected to selected ones of said pads. Preferably the device is wrapped around a core member, that may be a wire, such that the assembly is suitable for the insertion into a living body for the controlled administration of radiation at a therapy location.

Abstract: A radiation source comprising:

Abstract: A radiation imaging system comprises a movable radiation source adapted to be disposed in a plurality of respective radiation source positions; a radiation detector and a collimator assembly configured to displace a collimator in a plurality of respective collimator positions, each of the collimator positions being coordinated with at least one of the radiation source positions such that a radiation beam emanating from the radiation source is collimated to limit radiation incident on the detector to a predetermined exposure area. Another radiation imaging system comprises a movable radiation source; a radiation detector; and a collimator comprising an adjustable geometry aperture assembly configured such that an adjustment of the aperture geometry is synchronized with the movement of the radiation source and coordinated with the radiation source position so as to limit the incident radiation to a predetermined exposure area at the detector.

Abstract: A channel-cut monochromator has at least two kinds of reflecting surface pairs processed on a common single crystal block. Each reflecting surface pair has a first and a second reflecting surfaces between which X-rays are reflected even-number times. The channel-cut monochromator can be rotated around an axis of rotation perpendicular to a reference plane so as to switch the reflecting surface pair which reflects X-rays. An X-ray beam incident on any reflecting surface pair or its extension line is tangent to a common imaginary circle whose center coincides with the axis of rotation. With this structure, the switchover of the reflecting surface pair is accomplished by only the rotation of the channel-cut monochromator around its axis of rotation, so that various X-ray beams reflected by various Miller indices can be taken out selectively. The channel-cut monochromator may have a direct path through which an X-ray beam passes in no contact with any reflecting surface.

Abstract: The invention relates to an X-ray examination apparatus which includes an X-ray source, an X-ray detector, absorption means arranged between the X-ray source and the X-ray detector, a control unit for adjusting the absorption degree of the absorption means, an image processing unit and a display unit. In order to perform an automatic adjustment of the absorption means, the absorption degree therein is optimized in dependence on user-specific parameters (r) and/or apparatus-specific parameters (s) and/or structure parameters (C) and/or parameters (r) classifying the subject matter of the image.

Abstract: An x-ray tube assembly (16) includes a vacuum envelope (52) and an x-ray permeable exit window (58). An anode (50) is positioned within the vacuum envelope (52) such that a near side is adjacent to the exit window (58) and a far side is opposite thereof. A cathode assembly (66) is also mounted within the vacuum envelope (52) which directs an electron beam (72) toward a focal spot or point (62) on the far side of the anode (50). The anode further includes a central cavity or indentation (70) which provides a location for mounting a set of radiation attenuating vanes (64) in addition to a shaped x-ray filter or compensator (68). Close placement of the vanes (64) and the filter (68) relative to the focal spot of the anode desirably reduce off focal radiation and allow beam shaping. An externally located collimator (18) further shapes the output x-ray beam.

Abstract: A synchronized moving radiation shield apparatus includes at least one shielding block disposed under a radiation pathway of a radiation therapy unit in such a manner that a radiation field is formed with the shielding block, wherein an affected portion of a person is exposed to radiation through the radiation field while radiation therapy of a portion, other than the affected portion, of the person, is shielded by the shielding block. The apparatus further includes a movable portion for movably holding the shielding block while not blocking the passing of radiation through the radiation field; drive means, connected to the movable portion, for moving the radiation field to a specific position; and control means for controlling the drive means in such a manner that the radiation field is movable in matching to a variation in position of the affected portion.

Abstract: An X-ray scatter reduction grid includes a first layer having a plurality of cells. The cells have a perimeter formed of an X-ray absorbing material. The shape of the perimeters can vary, but a polygonal shape is preferred. The grid can also include other layers, each with their own cells. The cells of the subsequent other layers are larger than and offset from the cells of the prior layer. The increased size of the cells allows a primary ray passing through the center of a first layer cell to also pass through the center of a subsequent layer cell. This allows for a maximum of primary ray passthrough and a maximum of scatter absorption.

Abstract: In a method for modulating a radiation dose from an x-ray tube, and in an x-ray tube-containing apparatus, the x-ray tube has at least one variable operating parameter which, when varied, modulates the radiation dose, with a modulation speed, for x-rays produced by the x-ray tube, and the x-ray tube is operated while varying this parameter through a parameter range to generate modulation speed data, representing modulation speeds of the x-ray tube respectively for different values of the operating parameter. When an examination subject is to be irradiated with an x-ray dose from the x-ray tube, an exposure effect associated with the exposure of the subject to the radiation dose is identified, this exposure effect being dependent on modulation of the radiation dose.

Abstract: The end of a nozzle of a laser-excited plasma light source is made of a specific material, such as silicon Si, the transmittance of which to EUV light is higher than those of heavy metals. Therefore, even if the temperature of the end of the nozzle is higher than the melting point of the specific material because of the high temperature of the plasma produced around the focal point, the end of the nozzle is therefore eroded, and sputtered particles of the material adhere to a light-collecting mirror provided near the nozzle, the degradation of the reflectance of the light-collecting mirror is mitigated compared to the transmittance of the sputtered particles (specific material) to EUV light is higher than those of heavy metals.

Abstract: An X-ray focusing apparatus comprises a waveguide (3) closely coupled to an X-ray focusing mirror (5). The mirror comprises an interior reflecting surface having a rotational axis of symmetry. The waveguide may comprise a tapered polycapillary lens.

Abstract: A grating that includes a multilayer structure that has alternating layers of materials, a plurality of grooves formed between a plurality of lands, wherein at least one structural parameter of the plurality of grooves and plurality of lands is formed randomly in the multilayer structure.

Abstract: An x-ray apparatus has an x-ray source and an x-ray receiver, the x-ray source being adjustable relative to a subject and emitting x-rays in the direction toward the x-ray receiver during the course of radiological exposures of the subject. The x-ray apparatus has an arrangement in the beam path of the x-rays for influencing the shape and/or the intensity profile of the x-ray beam, and this arrangement is dynamically adjustable during radiological exposures of the subject for influencing the shape and/or the intensity profile of the x-rays.

Abstract: An X-ray shielding mechanism to block off-axis X-rays for example, in an X-ray analytical instrument such as a fluorescent X-ray spectroscope is provided. X-rays are guided on-axis by elongated glass guide tubes and outer elongated metallic protective pipes are spatially positioned on the exterior of the glass guide tubes to block off-axis X-rays.

Abstract: A rotating table 2 that holds a flat neutron lens component 1 and rotates about an axis of rotation Z, a circular-disk type of metal-bonded grinding wheel 3 with tapering surface 3a on the outer periphery thereof, a grinding wheel driving device 4 drives and rotates the grinding wheel around the axis A thereof, an electrode 5 with a surface close to the single tapering surface or the plurality of tapering surfaces of the grinding wheel, a power source 6 that applies an electrolytic voltage between the grinding wheel and the electrode, and a grinding fluid feeder 8 that supplies a conducting grinding fluid between the grinding wheel and the electrode are provided.

Abstract: X-ray focusing instrument is provided with an annular analyzing element and a collimator. The analyzing element has an inner periphery. The analyzing element analyzes and reflects X-ray beams incident on the inner periphery. The collimator has a surface and total reflects X-ray beams on the surface to irradiate parallel beams toward a specimen. The collimator is placed within an internal space defined by the inner periphery of the analyzing element. The analyzing element and the collimator are arranged such that the axis of the analyzing element is substantially coincident with the axis of the collimator.

Abstract: The invention is an improved energy dispersive x-ray spectrometer comprising x-ray source (10), sample (12), optics (20) and detector (16). The improvement comprises the use of optics using the principle of total external reflection for delivering an increased flux of x-rays onto the detector. These flux concentrating optics are generally shaped as tubes having a figure of revolution as a longitudinal cross section such as a cone, parabola, hyperbola, ellipsoid and others. These optics may also be used as low energy pass filters by incorporating a stop (22) at or near the aperture of the optic. The reflecting surface of the flux concentrator optic may be selected from the group of metals and their alloys, the choice made to optimize the optic's performance.

Abstract: The invention concerns an illumination system, particularly for microlithography with wavelengths ≦193 nm, comprising a light source, a first optical component, a second optical component, an image plane and an exit pupil. The first optical component transforms the light source into a plurality of secondary light sources being imaged by the second optical component in said exit pupil. The first optical component comprises a first optical element having a plurality of first raster elements, which are imaged into said image plane producing a plurality of images being superimposed at least partially on a field in said image plane. The first raster elements deflect incoming ray bundles with first deflection angles, wherein at least two of the first deflection angles are different. The first raster elements are preferably rectangular, wherein the field is a segment of an annulus.

Abstract: A radiation applicator system is structured to be mounted to a radiation source for producing a predefined dose of radiation for treating a localized volume of tissue, such as the tissue surrounding the site of an excised tumor. The applicator system includes an applicator and, in some embodiments, an adapter. The adapter is formed for fixedly securing the applicator to a radiation source, such as the x-ray source of a radiosurgery system which produces a predefined radiation dose profile with respect to a predefined location along its radiation producing probe. The applicator includes a shank and an applicator head, wherein the head is located at a distal end of the applicator shank. A proximate end of the applicator shank couples to the adapter. A distal end of the shank includes the applicator head, which defines a concave treatment surface for engaging and, preferably, supporting the area to be treated with a predefined does of radiation.

Abstract: A fast, economical, and compact x-ray beam chopper with a small mass and a small moment of inertia whose rotation can be synchronized and phase locked to an electronic signal from an x-ray source and be monitored by a light beam is disclosed. X-ray bursts shorter than 2.5 microseconds have been produced with a jitter time of less than 3 ns.

Abstract: A scattered ray absorption grid enhancing a scattered ray absorption property without increasing costs is provided. A grid portion of the scattered ray absorption grid is constituted by use of plate members obtained in such a manner that a powder containing tungsten 50% by weight or more is hardened with a binder so that the powder has a spatial filling rate of 40% or more.

Abstract: An electromagnetic reflector having a multilayer structure where the electromagnetic reflector is configured to reflect multiple electromagnetic frequencies.

Abstract: The invention concerns an illumination system for wavelengths (193 nm, particularly for EUV lithography with at least one light source, which has an illumination A in one surface; at least one device for producing secondary light sources; at least one mirror or lens device, comprising at least one mirror or one lens, which is (are) divided into raster elements; one or more optical elements, which are arranged between the mirror or lens device that comprises at least one mirror or one lens, which is (are) divided into raster elements, and the reticle plane, wherein the optical elements image the secondary light sources in the exit pupil of the illumination system.

Abstract: A parallel nanotomography imaging system is provided having an x-ray source, which is preferably a laser-based x-ray source that generates x-rays that are collected using a collector optic and are received in a composite objective assembly. The composite objective assembly includes plural micro-objectives, each imaging the target. The x-ray image is received by an x-ray image formation and acquisition apparatus, and processed and/or displayed.

Abstract: A system is provided for measuring the polarity and intensity of extreme ultraviolet, soft x-ray, and x-ray radiation. The system comprises a reflective surface, a capillary array, and a detector. The reflective surface is adapted to reflect radiation from a source on to a receiving end of the capillary array. The reflective surface may have a variety of shapes, such as a curved, parabolic shape or a flat shape, for reflecting the radiation in a desired manner. The capillary array may also have a variety of shapes for directing the radiation to the detector, such as a curved shape or a conical shape. The capillaries in the capillary arrays may have an inner diameter that decreases from the receiving end of the array to the emitting end of the array. This increases the flux density of the radiation emitted by the capillary array and helps the detector measure weak radiation.

Abstract: Apparatus for analysing a sample comprises:

Abstract: A method of manufacturing X-ray lenses which transmit X-rays which has a first step of providing a layer of liquid on the flat surface of a first substrate, a second step of arranging numerous pipe-shaped lens components in a row following an axis which extends parallel to the flat surface in the layer of liquid, and a third step of holding the pipe-shaped lens components between the surface of a second substrate having a flat surface and the flat surface of the first substrate, and filling the liquid in spaces formed by the exterior surface of the pipe-shaped lens components and the flat surface of the first substrate or the flat surface of the second substrate. The pipe-shaped lens components can be carbon nanotubes, and the liquid can be a mixture of a solvent and a lubricant such as silicon grease which has had its viscosity reduced.

Abstract: A collimator 100 for use in a radiation imaging system 10, and a method for making such collimators, are provided, wherein the collimator 100 is capable of collimating radiation in two orthogonal planes. The collimator in one embodiment includes a block 101 of radiation absorbing material having a plurality of focally aligned channels 102 extending therethrough; in a second embodiment, the collimator includes first and second collimation 204, 212 sections having a respective first plurality of focally aligned plate sets 201 and a respective second plurality of focally aligned plate sets 203 disposed orthogonally to the first plurality of plate sets. The method for making the collimator includes generating a CAD drawing, generating from the CAD drawing one or more stereo-lithographic files, and using the stereo-lithographic files to control an electro-deposition machining machine which creates the channels in the block.

Abstract: A method of manufacturing X-ray lenses which transmit X-rays which has a first step of providing a layer of liquid on the flat surface of a first substrate, a second step of arranging numerous pipe-shaped lens components in a row following an axis which extends parallel to the flat surface in the layer of liquid, and a third step of holding the pipe-shaped lens components between the surface of a second substrate having a flat surface and the flat surface of the first substrate, and filling the liquid in spaces formed by the exterior surface of the pipe-shaped lens components and the flat surface of the first substrate or the flat surface of the second substrate. The pipe-shaped lens components can be carbon nanotubes, and the liquid can be a mixture of a solvent and a lubricant such as silicon grease which has had its viscosity reduced.

Abstract: A collimator 100 for use in a radiation imaging system 10, and a method for making such collimators, are provided, wherein the collimator 100 is capable of collimating radiation in two orthogonal planes. The collimator in one embodiment includes a block 101 of radiation absorbing material having a plurality of focally aligned channels 102 extending therethrough; in a second embodiment, the collimator includes first and second collimation 204, 212 sections having a respective first plurality of focally aligned plate sets 201 and a respective second plurality of focally aligned plate sets 203 disposed orthogonally to the first plurality of plate sets. The method for making the collimator includes generating a CAD drawing, generating from the CAD drawing one or more stereo-lithographic files, and using the stereo-lithographic files to control an electro-deposition machining machine which creates the channels in the block.

Abstract: A scattered ray absorption grid enhancing a scattered ray absorption property without increasing costs is provided. A grid portion of the scattered ray absorption grid is constituted by use of plate members obtained in such a manner that a powder containing tungsten 50% by weight or more is hardened with a binder so that the powder has a spatial filling rate of 40% or more.

Abstract: In an X-ray exposure method of this invention, an X-ray mask unit in which a patterned X-ray absorber is formed on a membrane is supported. This patterned X-ray absorber contains one of an element having a density/atomic weight of 0.085 [g/cm3] or more and an L-shell absorption edge at a wavelength of 0.75 to 1.6 nm and an element having a density/atomic weight of 0.04 [g/cm3] or more and an M-shell absorption edge at a wavelength of 0.75 to 1.6 nm. Synchrotron radiation having maximum light intensity at a wavelength of 0.6 to 1 nm is applied onto the X-ray mask unit. This improves the exposure accuracy in X-ray exposure.

Abstract: A microfocus x-ray system for producing a quasi-parallel x-ray beam is disclosed which includes an x-ray source, a polycapillary optic and a monochromator. The x-ray system achieves a high rate of x-ray flux, and the angular divergence of the x-ray beam has been reduced. The x-ray system is particularly well suited for use on small macromolecular crystals.

Abstract: An x-ray optical assembly for increasing the intensity of a formed x-ray beam. The optical assembly includes a capillary type optical device and an x-ray reflective mirror device configured and aligned to provide a desirable x-ray crystallography beam. An x-ray beam from an x-ray source enters the individual capillaries of the capillary optical device, where the exit beam intensity is increased. The beam exits the capillary optical device at a particular convergent or divergent angle, and is directed into the mirror device. The mirror device either focuses or collimates the beam to have a small convergent or divergent angle suitable for the sample being analyzed. The mirror device can be any suitable device known in the art, such as a grazing incidence flat mirror device, a grazing incidence bent mirror device, a grazing incidence shaped mirror device or a graded multilayer mirror device.

Abstract: The invention concerns an optical device for radiation with a wavelength ≦160 nm, preferably EUV radiation with

Abstract: A medical examination system, particularly a magnetic resonance system, has a host computer unit, a control computer unit and an image computer unit. The control computer unit is realized in the form of at least one insert card that is arranged in a commercially obtainable personal computer that contains the host computer unit.

Abstract: Apparatus and methods are disclosed for producing a flux of X-rays, from a plasma, wherein the flux remains rotationally symmetrical about a propagation axis over a period of use, even if the plasma produce flying debris. The plasma can be generated by a laser-plasma source or a discharge-plasma source, for example. The X-rays produced by the plasma are directed by an optical element to a downstream location. To such end, the optical element is located where it is subject to deposition and accumulation of flying debris from the plasma. The optical element has an axis of rotational symmetry. A rotational actuator is situated relative to the optical element and is configured to rotate the optical element about the axis of rotational symmetry during use. Hence, if deposits of flying debris form on the optical element, the deposits will be rotationally symmetrical and thus have an identical affect on the X-ray flux at any angle about the axis of rotational symmetry.

Abstract: When X-rays are projected to an X-ray sensor through a grid, a pitch of the grid has a relationship such that a length of multiplying an odd number to a half pitch of a projection image is equal to a pitch of detection pixels of the X-ray sensor. X-rays passing through a sample to be measured via the grid are detected by the X-ray sensor. Levels of the detected X-ray detection signals are inputted into an operation process portion and subjected to an equalizing process for every even number detection pixel group continuously lined up in a pitch direction of the grid, i.e. with a combination of a high value and a low value of the levels of the X-ray detection signals, as a unit. As a result, irregularities of the levels of the X-ray detection signals can be corrected, and moires generated on an output screen of an image display portion can be removed.

Abstract: A channel-cut monochromator has at least two kinds of reflecting surface pairs processed on a common single crystal block. Each reflecting surface pair has a first and a second reflecting surfaces between which X-rays are reflected even-number times. The channel-cut monochromator can be rotated around an axis of rotation perpendicular to a reference plane so as to switch the reflecting surface pair which reflects X-rays. An X-ray beam incident on any reflecting surface pair or its extension line is tangent to a common imaginary circle whose center coincides with the axis of rotation. With this structure, the switchover of the reflecting surface pair is accomplished by only the rotation of the channel-cut monochromator around its axis of rotation, so that various X-ray beams reflected by various Miller indices can be taken out selectively. The channel-cut monochromator may have a direct path through which an X-ray beam passes in no contact with any reflecting surface.

Abstract: The invention relates to an X-ray examination apparatus which includes an X-ray source, an X-ray detector, absorption means arranged between the X-ray source and the X-ray detector, a control unit for adjusting the absorption degree of the absorption means, an image processing unit and a display unit. In order to perform an automatic adjustment of the absorption means, the absorption degree therein is optimized in dependence on user-specific parameters (r) and/or apparatus-specific parameters (s) and/or structure parameters (C) and/or parameters (r) classifying the subject matter of the image.

Abstract: An x-ray analysis system including a focusing optic for focusing an x-ray beam to a focal point, a first slit optically coupled to the focusing optic, a second slit optically coupled to the first slit, and an x-ray detector, where the focal point is located in front of the detector.

Abstract: Disclosed is a tomographic apparatus (100; 200; 300) wherein a camera (10) is provided with a converging collimator (120; 220; 320), and wherein a planar radiation beam makes a scanning movement to move an elongate illumination pattern (125; 225; 325) over the camera (10). In a first embodiment the collimator (120) is a fan beam collimator, and the radiation source (150) is a line-shaped radiation source which is rotatable about its longitudinal axis. In a second embodiment the collimator (220) is a fan beam collimator, and the radiation source (250) is a point-shaped radiation source which is movable along the convergence line (221) of the collimator (220). In a third embodiment the collimator (320) is a cone beam collimator, and the radiation source (350) is a point-shaped radiation source which is rotatable about an axis of rotation (357) which intersects the convergence point (321) of the collimator (320).

Abstract: A reflective lens with at least one curved surface formed of polycrystalline material. In an example embodiment a lens structure includes a substrate having a surface of predetermined curvature and a film formed along a surface of the substrate with multiple individual members each having at least one similar orientation relative to the portion of the substrate surface adjacent the member such that collectively the members provide predictable angles for diffraction of x-rays generated from a common source.

Abstract: An optically curved device is presented for use in focusing or imaging x-rays from a divergent source. The device includes a plurality of curved atomic reflection planes, at least some of which are separated by a spacing d which varies in at least one direction across the optically curved device. A doubly curved optical surface is disposed over the plurality of curved reflection planes. The spacing d varies continuously in the at least one direction for enhanced matching of incident angles of x-rays from a divergent source impinging on the optical surface with the Bragg angles on at least some points of the optical surface. The doubly curved optical surface can have an elliptic, parabolic, spheric or aspheric profile.