Abstract: A device and a method are disclosed, for energetic calibration of a photon-counting X-ray radiation detector by way of X-ray fluorescence radiation. The device includes a plurality of specifically selected elements, of which each element, upon being irradiated with electrons or with high-energy radiation, emits photons of X-ray fluorescence radiation of at least one specific or characteristic energy. The photons of X-ray fluorescence radiation of the at least one specific or characteristic energy are then useable or are used for energetic calibration of the photon-counting X-ray radiation detector. A calibration apparatus and an X-ray apparatus are also disclosed, which include such a device.

Abstract: Method and apparatus are provided for use with a tomographic imaging device. A test object comprising a plurality of angled ramps may be provided to facilitate evaluating performance of the tomographic imaging device. A method for evaluating performance of a tomographic imaging device includes scanning the test object to produce a tomographic slice image and performing analysis on a waveform profile extracted from the image, to determine spatial performance of the tomographic imaging device. A tomographic imaging device may be provided comprising a scanning device and a data processing unit for performing a method of evaluating performance of the tomographic imaging device.

Abstract: A method of calibrating a mechanical model of behavior and movement of an interventional radiology table by moving the table over at least one degree of freedom, acquiring at least one set of images corresponding to different positions of the table and C-arm, obtaining at least one set of images of a test object from different positions, using the images of the test object to determine parameters of the mechanical model of table behavior and movement, and combining these parameters with data given by table movement sensors so as to deduce the true relative positions of the table with respect to the medical imaging system.

Abstract: The present invention is related to a water phantom for measuring and determining the dose distribution of radiation produced by a particle beam or photon radiation beam comprising: a water tank, the water tank having a lower base and side walls; supply means for supplying water to the water tank. The water tank comprises an intermediate base that forms, together with side walls and said lower base, a closed lower tank underneath said intermediate base and an upper tank above said intermediate base, the closed lower tank being connected to the supply means and allowing the flow of water toward said upper tank through a plurality of water admission passages defined in the intermediate base to provide an unturbulent water flow within said water tank 2.

Abstract: A method and system of determining a radial distance (R), an angular position (?), and an axial position (Z) of a marker identified in a sequence of projection images. A marker three-dimensional localization module (executable by the electronic processing unit) obtains a sequence of images based on image data generated by a scanner. Each image in the sequence of images represents an angle of rotation by the scanner and includes a marker point position. The behavior of first values and second values of the marker point positions are analyzed through the sequence of images to determine the radial distance of the marker, the angular position of the marker, and the axial position of the marker allowing for rapidly detecting and localizing external markers placed on a patient in projection images.

Abstract: When a gain correction is performed for the radiographed object image, the acquisition of the object image having a high grade quality and no artifact is realized. For that purpose, an image storing unit is provided for storing an image for correction radiographed based on conditions set with the table in a state in which no object exists to each operation modes of the plurality of operation modes; and an image processing unit is provided for performing a gain correction processing of the radiographed object image and performs the gain correction processing of the radiographed object image obtained based on the conditions set in the table of the operation mode selected by the selecting unit in a state in which the object exists using a corresponding image for correction extracted from the image storage unit based on the operation mode selected by the selecting unit.

Abstract: An image intensifier system has an image converter tube to convert incident x-ray radiation into visible light and a digital camera system optically downstream of the image converter tube. The camera system has an image sensor to convert the incident, visible light into digital images, and an electronic image processing unit is provided for post-processing of the digital images.

Abstract: An imaging system includes an x-ray source, a detector that receives x-rays emitted from the x-ray source, a DAS configured to count photon hits in the detector that occur at photon energies above at least a low keV threshold, a medium keV threshold, and a high keV threshold, and a computer operably coupled to the DAS. The computer is programmed to vary each of the medium keV threshold and the high keV threshold over a continuous keV range during data acquisition to define low, medium, and high keV bins that are based on the low, medium, and high keV thresholds, obtain photon counts in the low, medium, and high keV bins in a plurality of keV threshold combinations, calculate a noise variance as a function of at least one of the keV thresholds, and identify a noise minimum and low, medium, and high keV thresholds that correspond thereto.

Abstract: The techniques described herein provide for correcting projection data that comprises contamination due to source switching in a multi energy scanner. The correction is a multi-neighbor correction. That is, it uses data from at least two other views of an object (e.g., generally a previous view and a subsequent view) to correct a current view of the object. The multi-neighbor correction may use one or more correction factors to determine how much data from the other two views to use to correct the current view. The correction factor(s) are determined based upon a calibration that utilizes image space data and/or projection space data of a phantom. In this way, the correction factor(s) account for source leakage that occurs in multi energy scanners.

Abstract: These various embodiments serve to facilitate improving the accuracy of a computed tomography (CT) process. This can comprise operably coupling at least one calibration phantom to a CT scan table and then, during a CT scan of an object that is disposed on the scan table, also gathering calibration information using that calibration phantom(s). By one approach, this calibration phantom can comprise one or more annular-shaped members. When using a plurality of annular-shaped members, at least some of the annular-shaped members can be disposed concentrically with one another. By one approach, in lieu of the foregoing or in combination therewith, this calibration phantom can comprise one or more pins and/or spherically-shaped members (and/or other shapes of geometric interest). If desired, such spherically-shaped members can be combined with the aforementioned pins.

Abstract: A system and method for dual energy CT spectral imaging that provides for accurate blood vessel stenosis visualization and quantification is disclosed. The CT system includes an x-ray source configured to project x-rays toward a region-of-interest of a patient that includes a blood vessel in a stenosed condition and having a plaque material therein. The CT system also includes an x-ray detector to receive x-rays emitted by the x-ray source and attenuated by the region-of-interest, a data acquisition system (DAS) operably connected to the x-ray detector, and a computer programmed to obtain a first set of CT image data for the region-of-interest at a first chromatic energy level, obtain a second set of CT image data for the region-of-interest at a second chromatic energy level that is higher than the first chromatic energy level, and identify plaque material in the region-of-interest by analyzing the second set of CT image data.

Abstract: The present invention relates to calibration devices and to methods of using these devices.

Abstract: A radiation therapy system that includes a radiation source that moves about a path and directs a beam of radiation towards an object and a cone-beam computer tomography system. The cone-beam computer tomography system includes an x-ray source that emits an x-ray beam in a cone-beam form towards an object to be imaged and an amorphous silicon flat-panel imager receiving x-rays after they pass through the object, the imager providing an image of the object. A computer is connected to the radiation source and the cone beam computerized tomography system, wherein the computer receives the image of the object and based on the image sends a signal to the radiation source that controls the path of the radiation source.

Abstract: Offset correction based on offset correction data is performed on radiographic image data that have been read out from a radiation image detector, and the offset correction data are updated. In the offset correction method, correction data for low-frequency components and correction data for high-frequency components, as the offset correction data, are generated based on offset image data that have been read out from the radiation image detector while the radiation image detector is not irradiated with radiation. Further, the correction data for low-frequency components and the correction data for high-frequency components are separately updated.

Abstract: A method for calibration of a CT comprises sequentially positioning a phantom having a non-circular cross section and a length commensurate with the extent of a detector at a plurality of positions between an X ray source and the detector array or sequentially positioning a plurality of generally similar phantoms or sequentially positioning a same phantom at a plurality of positions between the X ray source and detector array of the CT scanner; acquiring calibration attenuation data for X rays that have been attenuated by traversing the phantom positioned at each of the plurality of positions; and calculating calibration corrections for CT scanner scan data from the calibration attenuation data.

Abstract: Devices and methods are disclosed which relate to the calibration and quality assurance of motion tracking enabled radiation therapy machines. A phantom, capable of mimicking human breathing through inflation and deflation of the lungs, houses an independently moving target (tumor) that detects the amount of radiation received from the radiation therapy machine. This amount can be compared with a desired amount to determine if adjustment or repositioning is necessary. The servo-mechanism(s) of the motion tracking enabled radiation therapy machine(s) are adjusted in comparison of detected versus programmed motion of the respiring phantom having incorporated independently moving target that incorporated radiation dose detector(s). In the invention, motion tracking and irradiation mechanisms of the radiation therapy machine are adjusted to calibrate with reference to performance specifications of the radiation therapy machine.

Abstract: The present application relates to an x-ray marker device comprising an arrangement of x-ray markers, wherein the arrangement defines straight lines which are referred to as device straight lines, wherein at least some of the device straight lines, which are referred to as pyramid straight lines, comprise portions which define edges of at least one pyramid.

Abstract: The invention relates to a method for calibrating a C-arm x-ray apparatus, comprising the following steps: a) the C-arm x-ray apparatus is moved to an initial position, in particular to an anterior-posterior position; b) a calibration image is produced; c) the position of the centre of projection in the radiation source of the C-arm x-ray apparatus is determined from the information of the calibration image and stored together with associated values for the orbital angle and the polar angle of the arm of the C-arm x-ray apparatus; d) the arm is moved to a number of calibration positions in a range of orbital angles and polar angles, and the relative position of the radiation source and the image intensifier of the C-arm x-ray apparatus is directly measured for each calibration position; e) the change in the position of the radiation source relative to the image intensifier of the C-arm x-ray apparatus is measured for each calibration position; f) the position of the centre of projection which applies to each

Abstract: Exemplary embodiments provide a radiographic array, flat detector panel and/or X-ray imaging apparatus including the same and/or methods for using the same or calibrating the same. Exemplary embodiments can reduce or address noise occurring in the optically sensitive pixels that is temporally not related to image data detected by the optically sensitive pixels or dark reference frames detected by the optically sensitive pixels. Exemplary embodiments can include a capacitive element in a calibration pixel coupled between a row conductive line and a column conductive line in an imaging array.

Abstract: Methods and systems are generally described for measuring a voltage used by an imaging system to generate radiation used in imaging. In embodiments, different datasets are acquired using different degrees of attenuation of the radiation. The differently attenuated datasets are processed to derive a ratio of the differential attenuation. The attenuation ratio is processed to derive a measure of the voltage used by the imaging system to generate the radiation used to acquire the different datasets.

Abstract: A metal volume source calibration phantom includes a container, a plurality kinds of metal plates stacked up inside the container, and at least one slab of radioactive source, each of which is disposed between the adjacent metal plates and includes a plurality of radionuclides. By means of inserting different numbers of the plurality kinds of metal plates inside the container, it is capable of obtaining the metal volume source calibration phantoms with different densities. In addition, a method for calibrating the metal volume source calibration phantom is also provided, which starts by the step of providing the metal calibration phantoms with different densities by inserting different numbers of a plurality kinds of metal plates and at least one slab of radioactive source into the container, and then detecting counting efficiency with respect to the metal volume calibration phantoms having different densities by a waste curie monitor so as to establish the correlation between density and counting efficiency.

Abstract: A method for measuring the thickness of a first absorbing material in the presence of a second absorbing material is provided. The method comprises the steps as follow. The thickness (tS) of the first absorbing material is fixed and the thickness of the second absorbing material is varied to obtain a calibration standard. The intensity of the transmissive energy passing through the calibration standard is detected by acquiring multiple pairs of image data comprising a foreground value (logn(Ic+s)) and a background value (logn(Ic)). The thickness (tSi) of the first absorbing material is changed and the above steps are repeated to obtain sets of image data. A fitting constant Id is determined to describe each set of the intensity data as ? s ? ? t S = log n ? ( I c + I d ) - log n ? ( I c + s + I d ) .

Abstract: A method for evaluating the spatial resolution of a volumetric medical imaging system comprises imaging an image phantom including a sphere surrounded by a uniform medium. The image phantom is imaged and the resulting volumetric data set is used to generate an edge response function in three dimensions. Differentiating the edge response function produces a plane spread function. The method simultaneously measures the spatial resolution in all directions, providing a bulk measurement resolution. Alternatively, the edge response function may be assembled in a manner so as to independently measure the axial and trans-axial resolution of the volumetric imaging system.

Abstract: Methods, devices, and kits for determining the magnification of an x-ray image of an object, or a portion of an object are described. An exemplary method comprises the steps of providing an object to be x-rayed, providing a first posterior x-ray marker having a pre-determined dimension, providing anteriorly to the object to be x-rayed, a second x-ray marker having predetermined dimensions, recording an x-ray image of the object, the first posterior x-ray marker, and second x-ray markers, and comparing a dimension of the first posterior x-ray marker recorded on the x-ray image, and a dimension of the second x-ray marker recorded on the image to a pre-determined value for the object x-rayed, to estimate a magnification of the x-ray image of the object.

Abstract: A phantom for simulation of perfusion, for use in dynamic flow imaging. The phantom includes a first compartment having a first inlet and a first outlet, and a second compartment having a second outlet. The first and the second compartments have fluid communication with each other, to simulate perfusion between the first and the second compartments. The first and the second outlets are separately controllable to adjust outflow of fluid from each compartment and to adjust fluid pressure in each compartment, thereby controlling rates of communication of fluids between the first and the second compartments.

Abstract: A 3D-image processing apparatus includes a storage unit which stores data of a first 3D image together with data of a second 3D image as a combining target with the first 3D image and data of a third 3D image relevant to the second 3D image, a misregistration calculating unit which calculates a misregistration between the first 3D image and the third 3D image, and an image combining unit which registers and combines the second 3D image with the first 3D image on the basis of the calculated misregistration.

Abstract: An x-ray inspection apparatus includes a sample image obtaining unit, an ideal curve generating unit, a curve adjustment unit, and a mass estimation unit as a function block generated by a control computer. The sample image obtaining unit obtains 10 x-ray transmission images of sample inspected products each of whose mass is known in advance. The ideal curve generating unit generates a table based on a formula that indicates a relationship between the brightness of an area included in the x-ray transmission images and the estimated mass of the area. The curve adjustment unit refers to the input actual mass of each x-ray transmission image and adjusts the table such that the estimated mass approximates the actual mass. The mass estimation unit determines the estimated mass per unit area based on the post-adjusted table and adds up these masses to determine the total estimated mass of the product.

Abstract: A physical phantom reference to control for variability of computed tomography measurement results duplicates the density curve of blood perfusion of contrast material in a healthy aorta or large artery to normalize observed changes in healthy arterial blood perfusion when calculating the reduction in tumor blood perfusion between two examination times. In one embodiment, a plurality of compartments with different concentrations of contrast material corresponding to a density curve of blood perfusion of a healthy tissue are positioned-in a screening field of a CT machine so the CT machine images the compartments when it images the healthy tissue. In another embodiment, a pipe containing fluid receives an injection of contrast material from the injector when the injector injects the contrast material into the patient, the pipe having sections of varying diameter so the sections together correspond to a blood perfusion curve of the contrast material in a healthy tissue.

Abstract: Fabricating a test blade including defects for calibrating a tomography installation for verifying similar blades. A three-dimensional blank is made by weaving fibers of synthetic material and elements of resin in the solid state are inserted into predetermined locations in said blank prior to coating it in resin.

Abstract: A helical scanning operation is performed while a bed is moved, so that data by one-time rotation is collected while positional relationships between a detecting system and a phantom relatively are changed. Further, data obtained by scanning an air region and data obtained by scanning a water region are discriminated on the basis of positional information obtained by positioning scanning or the difference between the air and the water in X-ray absorptance, and correction data is created on the basis of the discrimination.

Abstract: The present invention is directed to a portable inspection system for generating an image representation of target objects using a radiation source. A detector array having a first configuration and a second configuration is connected to a housing and at least one source of radiation. The radiation source is capable of being transported to a site by a vehicle and of being positioned separate from the housing. The radiation source is housed in a radiation source box and movable within the radiation source box using an actuator. The actuator is operably connected to the radiation source and provides a translational energy that moves the radiation source between an operational position and a stowed position.

Abstract: The invention provides a test device for assessing the detection capability of an X-ray system with a medium and/or large tunnel size. The device comprises a support and at least one test module mounted on the support. The device may optionally also comprise a stand which holds the support at a predetermined angle to the horizontal. The test module, or at least one of the test modules, is capable of being used in a test for an aspect of the detection capability.

Abstract: It is possible that at a predetermined position of the imaging components of a radiographic imaging system the object is not fully viewed. The object can be a calibration phantom, which means that it is not possible to directly determine an imaging rule with the aid of the calibration phantom at this position of the imaging components. According to the invention, an imaging of the calibration phantom at a different position takes place and an imaging rule for this position is determined. This is then converted, provided a movement parameter is known which describes the movement from the position with the record of the calibration phantom to a different position. The imaging rule obtained in this way can be further improved, e.g. with the aid of a recording of the calibration phantom from the position in question, including if the calibration phantom is not completely imaged.

Abstract: A dosimeter comprising an ionizing radiation detector array is used to generally encompass a three dimensional geometric shape such as that employed as a phantom in radiation dosimetry measurements. The ionizing radiation detector array may include passive or active detectors. The active detectors in the array may comprise diodes, ionization chambers, luminescent sensors or amorphous silicon. The three dimensional geometric shape may comprise a shape defined by a closed directrix, wherein each of a plurality of detectors within the ionizing detector array is within an envelope defined by a generatrix of the directrix. The closed directrix may be an open or closed cylinder, or a structure having a cross section described by a polygon. The plurality of detectors may only be positioned on or at least proximate the envelope.

Abstract: Methods, computer-readable mediums, and systems are provided. In one embodiment, a method detects at least one faulty X-ray detector signal and adjusts a conveyor speed and/or a gantry speed in accordance with the detection to increase information for image reconstruction. In another embodiment, a method detects a high volume time. Upon detection of the high volume time conveyor speed and gantry speed is increased during the high volume time. After expiration of the high volume time, the conveyor speed and gantry speed is reduced. In yet other embodiments, the computer-readable mediums and systems are also provided which perform similar features recited by the above methods.

Abstract: A radiation detector device is disclosed and includes a scintillation device having a scintillator crystal. The radiation detector device also includes a photosensor. Further, the radiation detector device includes an optical interface coupled between the scintillation device and the photosensor. The optical interface is electrically conductive.

Abstract: An imaging target, suited for use in multi-modal imaging systems, includes test patterns for testing quality of both focus and co-registration for multiple magnifications and multiple modalities of operation of a multimodal imaging system.

Abstract: A calibration device (140) for calibrating an X-ray image apparatus includes a receiving unit (200) for receiving an image captured by a detection unit (108) of the X-ray image apparatus (100) under reference conditions, an analyzing unit (201) for analyzing the captured image to derive gain correction information, and a calibration unit (202) for providing calibrating information for calibrating the X-ray image apparatus (100) based on the derived gain correction information disregarding gain correction of a heel effect.

Abstract: A radiographic system which detects a radiation image transmitted through a subject with a radiation image detector and generates a phase contrast image of the subject, includes: a calculation section that calculates a distribution of refraction angles of radiation incident on the radiation image detector and generates the phase contrast image on the basis of the distribution of refraction angles; and a storage section that stores a correction coefficient of each pixel for making sensitivities of pixels equal. The calculation section performs sensitivity correction on a refraction angle of radiation incident on each pixel of the radiation image detector, which is calculated by imaging the subject, using the correction coefficient of the pixel stored in the storage section and generates the phase contrast image of the subject on the basis of the distribution of corrected refraction angles.

Abstract: An X-ray imaging system includes an X-ray source, first and second absorption gratings, and an FPD. The first absorption grating passes X-ray emitted from the X-ray source to form a G1 image. The second absorption grating modulates intensity of the G1 image at each of relative positions to form two or more fringe images. The relative positions differ in phase with respect to a period pattern of the G1 image. The FPD detects two or more frames of image data of the fringe images. A defective pixel detector reads two or more frames of image data stored in a memory and obtains a characteristic value of an intensity modulated signal on a pixel-by-pixel basis based on the read image data. The defective pixel detector detects a defective pixel based on the characteristic value obtained.

Abstract: Disclosed are a method and a device for real-time mark for a high-energy X-ray dual-energy imaging container inspection system in the radiation imaging field.

Abstract: A radiation therapy system that includes a radiation source that moves about a path and directs a beam of radiation towards an object and a cone-beam computer tomography system. The cone-beam computer tomography system includes an x-ray source that emits an x-ray beam in a cone-beam form towards an object to be imaged and an amorphous silicon flat-panel imager receiving x-rays after they pass through the object, the imager providing an image of the object. A computer is connected to the radiation source and the cone beam computerized tomography system, wherein the computer receives the image of the object and based on the image sends a signal to the radiation source that controls the path of the radiation source.

Abstract: A method is disclosed for determining a configuration for a computer tomograph for the purpose of error diagnosis, a module, a computer tomograph and a system of appropriate design. The computer tomograph includes a multiplicity of detector modules. In at least one embodiment, a respective detector module is designed to have an identification device which is intended to provide a signature, the signature being uniquely associated with the respective module. The detector module transmits the measurement data it captures and its signature. The digital, electronic signature allows remote maintenance of the computer tomograph.

Abstract: There is provided an image capturing control apparatus including: a communication unit which communicates with a radiographic imaging apparatus which captures a radiographic image represented by irradiated radiation and generates image information indicating the captured radiographic image; a radiation irradiating unit which is provided with a radiation source for generating the radiation and irradiates the radiation from the radiation source; a storage unit which stores correction information for correcting the radiographic image generated by the radiographic imaging apparatus; and a controller which controls an alarm unit to issue an alarm in a case where the radiation source provided to the radiation irradiating unit or a part which influences irradiation by the radiation source is replaced.

Abstract: A method and a system for calibrating an X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) measurement are described. The method includes using an X-ray beam to generate an XPS signal from a sample and normalizing the XPS signal with a measured or estimated flux of the X-ray beam. The system includes an X-ray source for generating an X-ray beam and a sample holder for positioning a sample in a pathway of the X-ray beam. A detector is included for collecting an XPS signal generated by bombarding the sample with the X-ray beam. Also included are a flux detector for determining a measured or estimated flux of the X-ray beam and a computing system for normalizing the XPS signal with the measured or estimated flux of the X-ray beam.

Abstract: A method for performing security screening at a checkpoint is provided. The method includes providing an X-ray imaging system having a scanning area and providing a supporting device for supporting articles to be scanned in the scanning area, wherein the supporting device has at least two reference areas manifesting respective X-ray signatures when exposed to X-rays, the X-ray signatures being distinguishable from one another. The method further includes placing an article to be scanned on the supporting device, introducing the article to be scanned in the scanning area while the article is supported by the supporting device and using the X-ray imaging system for deriving the X-ray signatures of the reference areas and for obtaining an X-ray image of the article while the supporting device is in the scanning area.

Abstract: An X-ray device for irradiating a beam of X-rays on an object to capture an X-ray image of the object is smaller in size and weight than conventional ones. The X-ray device includes an X-ray tube for generating the beam of X-rays and irradiating the beam of X-rays on the object, a shutter arranged around an X-ray irradiation axis for regulating an X-ray irradiation region on which the beam of X-rays is irradiated through the object, and a visual indicator unit arranged on the shutter for movement together with the shutter, the visual indicator unit being designed to visually indicate the X-ray irradiation region. In the X-ray device, the X-ray irradiation region is visually indicated by laser light without having to use a lamp otherwise provided between the X-ray tube and the shutter.

Abstract: A calibration source (20) for a gamma-ray spectrometer (40) is provided. The calibration source comprises a radioactive material (30) comprising a radioactive isotope having a decay transition associated with emission of a radiation particle and a gamma-ray having a known energy, e.g. Na-22, and a solid-state detector (26A, 26B), e.g. a PIN photodiode, arranged to receive radiation particles emitted from the radioactive material. A gating circuit (32) is coupled to the solid-state detector and is operable to generate a gating signal in response to detection of a radiation particle in the solid-state detector. The gating signal may thus be used as an indicator that an energy deposit in a nearby gamma-ray spectrometer is associated with a decay transition in the radioactive isotope. Since these energy deposits are of a known energy, they can be used as reference points to calibrate the spectrometer response. Thus with calibration sources according to embodiments of the invention, spectral stabilization (i.e.

Abstract: An apparatus and a method for guiding the placement of an object to a desired location based on an image generated by an image intensifier where the apparatus includes a first coupling mechanism that is configured to be releasably attachable to one of the transmitter and receiver of the image intensifier and a second coupling mechanism that is coupled to the first coupling mechanism and includes an object holding mechanism, the object holding mechanism is configured to releasably hold the object and where at least a portion of the second coupling mechanism is visible in the image generated by the image intensifier when the apparatus is attached to the image intensifier.

Abstract: A tray for holding an article while the article is being subjected to penetrating radiation is provided. The tray has a surface on which the article can be placed while subjected to penetrating radiation. The surface has at least two areas, namely a first area and a second area, the first and second areas characterized by first and second signatures, respectively when exposed to penetrating radiation, wherein the first signature is different from the second signature. The second area corresponds to a reference material having a reference signature. The tray is placed on the conveyor belt of a scanning apparatus while the article rests on the surface of the tray so that the conveyor belt may advance the tray through the screening area of the apparatus. A method and system for performing security screening and using the tray are also provided.