Abstract: The optical fiber according to the present invention includes, in a cross section of the optical fiber, one core region (11) and a cladding region (12) that is arranged on an outer periphery of the core region. The cladding region is a medium that has a lower refractive index than that of the core region and also has a smaller refractive index wavelength dispersion than that of the core region. The optical fiber has a solid core and therefore, allows more reduction in the Rayleigh scattering loss compared to an optical fiber having a hollow core. In addition, since the optical fiber adopts, for the cladding region, a medium that has a smaller refractive index wavelength dispersion than that of the core region, it allows a reduction in the wavelength dispersion of neff.

Abstract: One described aspect is an optical fiber comprising: a fiber core that extends along a fiber axis, is configured to transmit a laser energy along the fiber axis, and terminates at a distal end; a first cladding that extends along the fiber axis, is adjacent to the fiber core, and terminates at a distal end; a coating that extends along the fiber axis and terminates at a distal end, wherein the coating is a gold coating; a second cladding that surrounds a portion of the gold coating along the fiber axis, and terminates at a distal end; an outer jacket that extends along the fiber axis and terminates at a distal end; and a fiber tip. Associated laser systems are also disclosed.

Abstract: A method for securing communication over an optical fiber, comprising: supplying an optically modulated version of a desired sequence of information that is intended to be transferred over a multicore optical fiber to a first core of the multicore optical fiber; and supplying an unmodulated optical chaff signal to a second core of the multicore optical fiber that is spatially distinct from the first core; wherein the fiber is adapted to transport the optical chaff signal from a first end thereof to a second end thereof unmodified in the second core; and wherein the fiber is adapted to transport the optically modulated version of a desired sequence of information from the first end of the fiber to the second end of the fiber unmodified in the first core and independent of the chaff signal in the second core unless there is a tap of the fiber.

Abstract: A multi-core fiber includes: a plurality of core portions each including a central core portion, an intermediate layer formed on an outer periphery of the central core portion, and a trench layer formed on an outer periphery of the intermediate layer; and a cladding portion formed on an outer periphery of the plurality of core portions, wherein in each of the plurality of core portions, ?1>?2>?3 and 0%>?3>?0.3% are satisfied, where ?1 is an average maximum relative refractive-index difference of the central core portion, ?2 is an average relative refractive-index difference of the intermediate layer, and ?3 is an average relative refractive-index difference of the trench layer, with respect to the cladding portion.

Abstract: Disclosed are a catheter which can perform both multi diagnosis and treatment, and a catheter system comprising same. A multi diagnosis and treatment catheter comprises: a triple-clad fiber; and a lens connected to one end of the triple-clad fiber. The triple-clad fiber comprises: a core guiding a first diagnostic light; a first cladding surrounding the core and guiding a second diagnostic light; a second cladding surrounding the first cladding; a third cladding surrounding the second cladding and guiding a therapeutic light; and a coating layer surrounding the third cladding.

Abstract: A hairpin welding method welds wire ends of at least two copper wires, arranged flush next to one another, to one another by a laser beam. The laser beam is generated with a beam cross section that impinges on the wire ends at an end side and has a round core region and a ring region surrounding the round core region. A ratio of an external diameter of the ring region to a diameter of the core region is between 7:1 and 2:1. A ratio of a laser power in the core region to a laser power in the ring region is between 10:90 and 70:30.

Abstract: A single-core polarization-maintaining dispersion compensation micro-structured optical fiber comprises a fiber core, a first layer of air holes surrounding the fiber core, the cladding defects on the x-axis, the cladding defects on the y-axis, and the cladding. The air holes in the fiber cross section are arranged in the equilateral triangle lattice. Three consecutive air holes are omitted to form a solid area. This solid area is the fiber core. There are two cladding defects along the x-axis. Their centers are respectively located at the two vertices of the hexagon on the x-axis, which is formed by the fourth air hole ring from the core exclusive the central air hole. Each cladding defect along the x-axis contains 7 air holes and goes through from the core by only 1 layer of air holes. There are also two cladding defects along the y-axis.

Abstract: The invention relates to an optical fiber signal direct guided optical module which comprises a connector, a control circuit board and a plastic optical fiber. The control circuit board is connected to the connector and is provided with a functional optical module. The plastic optical fiber is provided with an optical fiber end face corresponding to the functional optical module. The distance L between the end face of the optical fiber and the top face of the functional optical module is in range Of 50 ?m to 150 ?m. Optical signals emitted by the end face of the optical fiber can be directly received by the functional optical module, and optical signals emitted by the functional optical module can also directly penetrate through the end face of the optical fiber to be received by the plastic optical fiber.

Abstract: The present invention generally relates to the field of curable resin compositions for cold flexible applications which are prepared from at least one monofunctional monomer and at least one urethane (meth)acrylate and which exhibit high performing coating properties over a broad range of service temperatures including temperatures in very cold conditions, methods for making these curable compositions and their uses.

Abstract: The present invention provides a large-effective-mode-area low-loss optical fiber with optimized cladding components, which comprises a core layer and a cladding comprising, from the inside to the outside, a first sinking layer, a second sinking layer, an optional third sinking layer, and an outer cladding. In the present invention, phosphorus and aluminum are co-doped in the optical fiber cladding, to form a tetrahedron [AlPO4] in glass, thus optimizing the viscosity of the cladding while effectively reducing the refractive index of the cladding, without causing increased hydrogen loss. The process is simple, and highly repeatable.

Abstract: An optical fiber includes: a core portion made of glass; and a cladding portion made of glass, having a refractive index lower than the refractive index of the core portion, and positioned on an outer periphery of the core portion. Further, the cladding portion has an outer diameter smaller than 100 ?m, and the core portion has a relative refractive-index difference of 0.32% to 0.40% with respect to the cladding portion.

Abstract: A terminated hollow-core optical fiber includes a capillary, a hollow-core optical fiber including a structured cladding, and an endcap. A first end of the hollow-core optical fiber terminates inside the capillary a non-zero distance away from a first end face of the capillary. The hollow-core optical fiber is adhered to the capillary at a second end face of the capillary where the hollow-core optical fiber extends out of the capillary. The endcap is fused to the first end face of the capillary. The endcap has a larger diameter than the first end of the hollow-core optical fiber. This termination scheme does not require fusing the hollow-core fiber itself to the endcap or any other part. Therefore, this termination scheme is applicable to hollow-core fibers with a structured cladding that cannot tolerate the temperatures associated with fusing the hollow-core fiber to another part.

Abstract: A system (e.g., an optical amplifier) comprising gain fibers (e.g., Bismuth-doped optical fiber) for amplifying optical signals. The optical signals have an operating center wavelength (?0) that is centered between approximately 1260 nanometers (˜1260 nm) and ˜1360 nm (which is in the O-Band). The gain fibers are optically coupled to pump sources, with the number of pump sources being less than or equal to the number of gain fibers. The pump sources are (optionally) shared among the gain fibers, thereby providing more efficient use of resources.

Abstract: The present disclosure provides an optical fibre. The optical fibre includes a glass core, a glass cladding, a primary coating layer, and a secondary coating layer. The glass cladding surrounds the glass core. In addition, the primary coating layer sandwiched between the glass cladding and the secondary coating layer. Further, the secondary coating layer surrounds the primary coating layer. The primary coating layer has diameter of up to is in the range of 130 to 155 micrometers. Furthermore, the secondary coating layer has diameter in a range of about 160 micrometers to 180 micrometers. Moreover, diameter of the optical fibre is about 190 micrometers.

Abstract: The disclosure relates to an optical connection device reducing a connection loss between an SCF and an MCF. The optical connection device includes plural relay fibers and a capillary having third and fourth end faces. Each relay fiber includes a first core of ?1, a second core of ?2, and a cladding of ?3. The capillary includes a tapered portion with an outer diameter ratio R of the fourth end face to the third end face of 0.2 or less. In each relay fiber, a value of Formula (V2?V1)/R falls within a range from 156% ?m2 to 177% ?m2, V1 (% ?m2) is given by (?·r1b2)×(?1??2) by using a radius r1b (?m) of the first core, and V2 (% ?m2) is given by (?·r2b2)×(?1??2) by using a radius r2b (?m) of the second core.

Abstract: Aspects of the present disclosure describe systems, methods, and structures for the machine learning based regression of complex coefficients of a linear combination of spatial modes from a multimode optical fiber.

Abstract: An optoelectrical guide/conductor system is provided that includes an optoelectrical guide/conductor arrangement and an at least regionally electrically conductive adapter sleeve. The arrangement has an optical waveguide with an outer, organic sheath layer and a conductive layer. The conductive layer is a single layer or a sequence of layers, which is directly or indirectly on the outer sheath layer. The sleeve mechanically embraces the arrangement and electrically contacts the conductive layer such that the adapter sleeve is insertable into a connection mount, arranged e.g. on a handpiece, for transmitting optical and/or electrical signals through the conductive layer.

Abstract: A method of making an optical fibre preform comprising providing a hollow outer tube of glass, providing a hollow primary capillary tube of glass with an outer diameter smaller than an inner diameter of the outer tube, positioning the primary capillary tube inside the outer tube such that an outer surface of the primary capillary tube lies against an inner surface of the outer tube along a contact line parallel to the longitudinal axes of the primary capillary tube and the outer tube, and bonding the primary capillary tube into its position inside the outer tube by directing a laser beam onto a surface of the outer tube or the primary capillary at one or more locations aligned with the contact line.

Abstract: An optical transmitter for transmitting a vector of information symbols over an optical fiber transmission channel made of a multi-core fiber, optical signals carrying the vector of information symbols propagating along the multi-core fiber according to two or more cores, wherein the optical transmitter includes a precoder configured to determine a precoding matrix depending on one or more fiber parameters associated with the multi-core fiber and to precode the vector of information symbols by multiplying the vector of information symbols by the precoding matrix.

Abstract: An optical fiber includes: a central core portion; an intermediate layer configured to surround an outer periphery of the central core portion; a trench layer configured to surround an outer periphery of the intermediate layer; and a cladding portion configured to surround an outer periphery of the trench layer. The central core portion is made of silica based glass that does not contain germanium (Ge). ?1>?2>?3 and ?Clad>?3, where ?1 represents an average maximum relative refractive-index difference of the central core portion relative to pure quartz glass, ?2 represents an average relative refractive-index difference of the intermediate layer relative to the pure quartz glass, ?3 represents an average relative refractive-index difference of the trench layer relative to the pure quartz glass, and ?Clad represents an average relative refractive-index difference of the cladding portion relative to the pure quartz glass. ?1 is equal to or larger than 0.05%.

Abstract: Disclosed herein are methods, apparatus, and systems for providing an optical beam delivery system, comprising an optical fiber including a first length of fiber comprising a first RIP formed to enable, at least in part, modification of one or more beam characteristics of an optical beam by a perturbation assembly arranged to modify the one or more beam characteristics, the perturbation assembly coupled to the first length of fiber or integral with the first length of fiber, or a combination thereof and a second length of fiber coupled to the first length of fiber and having a second RIP formed to preserve at least a portion of the one or more beam characteristics of the optical beam modified by the perturbation assembly within one or more first confinement regions.

Abstract: An optical fiber includes: a core made of silica based glass; a cladding made of silica based glass, the cladding having a refractive index that is lower than a maximum refractive index of the core; and a coating including a primary coating layer, and a secondary coating layer. An outer diameter of the cladding is less than 100 ?m. A thickness of the primary coating layer is larger than or equal to 15 ?m. A mode field diameter at a wavelength of 1310 nm is larger than or equal to 8.6 ?m and smaller than or equal to 9.2 ?m. An effective cutoff wavelength is smaller than or equal to 1260 ?m. A bending loss at a wavelength of 1550 nm when bending is made at a diameter of 60 mm is smaller than or equal to 0.1 dB/100 turn.

Abstract: An example of an optical fiber includes an attenuating cladding disposed around a first waveguide (e.g., a core) and a waveguide (e.g., a waveguide cladding) disposed around the attenuating cladding. An attenuating cladding may be a doped layer that may be doped with, for example, a dopant comprising metal. A first waveguide and a second waveguide may each transmit light for a distinct sample characterization technique. An example of an optical fiber includes a core, a first intermediate cladding disposed around the core, an attenuating cladding disposed around the first intermediate cladding, an attenuating cladding disposed around the first intermediate cladding, a second intermediate cladding disposed around the attenuating cladding, a waveguide cladding disposed around the second intermediate cladding, and outer cladding disposed around the waveguide cladding, and an outer coating around the outer cladding. An optical fiber may be formed using a rod-in-tube process.

Abstract: An optical fiber includes a glass portion, a primary coating layer, and a secondary coating layer. In the optical fiber, a value of microbend loss characteristic factor F?BL_G?? is 6.1 ([GPa?1·?m?2.5/rad8]·10?12) or less when represented by F?BL_G??=F?BL_G×F?BL_??, where F?BL_G is geometry microbend loss characteristic and F?BL_?? is optical microbend loss characteristic.

Abstract: Fiber bending mechanisms vary beam characteristics by deflecting or bending one or more fibers, by urging portions of one or more fibers toward a fiber shaping surface having a selectable curvature, or by selecting a fiber length that is to be urged toward the fiber shaping surface. In some examples, a fiber is secured to a flexible plate to conform to a variable curvature of the flexible plate. In other examples, a variable length of a fiber is pulled or pushed toward a fiber shaping surface, and the length of the fiber or a curvature of the flexible plate provide modification of fiber beam characteristics.

Abstract: An optical fiber includes: a core made of silica-based glass; a cladding configured to cover an outer circumference of the core and made of silica-based glass having a refractive index smaller than a maximum refractive index of the core; and a coating configured to cover an outer circumference of the cladding. The cladding has an outer diameter of 120 ?m or smaller, a mode field diameter at a wavelength of 1310 nm is 8.6 ?m to 9.2 ?m, an effective cut-off wavelength is 1260 ?m or smaller, and a bending loss at a wavelength of 1550 nm in a case of bending at a diameter of 20 mm is 0.75 dB/turn or smaller.

Abstract: The disclosure provides optical fibers that exhibit low macrobend loss at 1550 nm at bend diameters between 10 mm and 40 mm. The relative refractive index profile of the fibers includes a trench cladding region with small depth, large width and a trench volume configured to minimize macrobend loss at large and small bend diameters. The optical fiber includes an outer cladding region that surrounds and is directly adjacent to the trench cladding region and an optional offset cladding region between the trench cladding region and the core region. In some embodiments, the trench cladding region has a relative refractive index that decreases monotonically from the inner radius to the outer radius. The monotonic decrease in relative refractive index may have a constant slope. The low macrobend loss at large and small diameters makes the optical fibers well suited for space-constrained deployment environments, such as data centers.

Abstract: A bare optical fiber manufacturing method includes applying an ultraviolet curable resin applied around an optical fiber; and irradiating the ultraviolet curable resin with ultraviolet light emitted from semiconductor ultraviolet light emitting elements, by use of an ultraviolet irradiation device having plural ultraviolet irradiation units each having plural positions where the ultraviolet light is emitted toward the ultraviolet curable resin, the plural positions being arranged on the same circle, the plural ultraviolet irradiation units being arranged in a traveling direction of the optical fiber such that the optical fiber passes centers of the circles, at least two of the plural ultraviolet irradiation units being differently arranged with respect to circumferential direction angles thereof around an axis that is the traveling direction of the optical fiber.

Abstract: The present disclosure relates to an optical fiber or the like that can be adapted to an optical transceiver for a short wavelength band of 850 nm or more and 1060 nm or less while maintaining compatibility with an SMF of the related art. An optical fiber of one embodiment includes a core, a cladding, and a resin coating, and has a mode field diameter of 8.2 ?m or more and 9.6 ?m or less at a wavelength of 1310 nm, a cable cutoff wavelength of an LP11 mode of 1060 nm or more and 1260 nm or less, and a cable cutoff wavelength of an LP02 mode of 1060 nm or less.

Abstract: An optical amplifier uses, in a gain medium, a multicore optical fiber having a plurality of cores, and comprises: an input-light power monitor that monitors the optical power of input light to the plurality of cores of the multicore optical fiber; an output-light power monitor that monitors the optical power of medium-passed output light from the plurality of cores that has passed through the multicore optical fiber; a crosstalk monitor that monitors the amount of inter-core crosstalk among the plurality of cores; and a controller that controls the pump-light power of pump light superimposed on the input light to the plurality of cores on the basis of the monitored optical power of input light, the monitored optical power of output light, and the monitored amount of inter-core crosstalk.

Abstract: Spliced multi-clad optical fibers with a cladding light stripper (CLS) encapsulating the splice. The splice may facilitate conversion between two optical fibers having different architectures, such as different core and/or cladding dimensions. The CLS may comprise a first length of fiber on a first side of the splice, and a second length of fiber on a second side of the splice, encapsulating the splice within the lengths of the CLS. The splice may abut one or more of the lengths of the CLS, or may be separated from one or more lengths of the CLS by an intermediate length of a first and/or second fiber joined by the splice.

Abstract: A composite optical fiber is provided for permitting sensing of multiple parameters. The optical fiber is for incorporation into a sensing system, the optical fiber comprising: a single mode optical fiber core, a multimode optical fiber core, and an optical fiber cladding layer surrounding the single mode optical fiber core and the multimode optical fiber core. The optical fiber provided preferably enables multiple sensing and/or measurements to take place at a single location and at a single time.

Abstract: A multi-core optical fiber includes: four cores arranged in a lattice shape along a longitudinal direction, each of the four cores having a step-index type refractive index distribution with a radius a; and a cladding region having a lower refractive index than that of each core and a diameter of 125±1 ?m and provided on an outer peripheral portion of each core, where an absolute value of a relative refractive index difference between each core and the cladding region is ?. The four cores are arranged so that a relationship between a minimum distance from the center of each core to an outer periphery of the cladding region, a minimum value ? of spacing between the cores, and the MFD satisfies a formula, and the radius a of each core and the relative refractive index difference ? between the core and the cladding region are set.

Abstract: Systems and methods are provided for a mechanical actuator based on a fiber optic platform. A material that is configured to be activated by light may be incorporated into an optical fiber that serves as both an actuator and a power delivery network. This platform is adaptable to different materials, types of motions, and length scales and allows for precise delivery of photons to the material.

Abstract: This disclosure presents a docking station into which a test card can be inserted for rapid analyte detection and reporting. This docking station has portable capability and can include wire or wireless transmission to a local server or cloud-based server. A test card that has a test structure located on the test structure that includes a modified waveguide can be inserted into the and a docking station that includes a laser and interferometer provides for accurate and rapid detection of a test sample.

Abstract: An object of the present disclosure is to realize water immersion detection that does not require a replacement module, and does not cause any optical loss. The present disclosure relates to a device configured to measure guided acoustic wave Brillouin scattering in a measurement target optical fiber, and detect water immersion of the measurement target optical fiber based on a characteristic around a peak of the guided acoustic wave Brillouin scattering.

Abstract: The optical fibers disclosed is a single mode optical fiber comprising a core region and a cladding region surrounding and directly adjacent to the core region. The core region can have a radius r1 in a range from 3 ?m to 7 ?m and a relative refractive index profile ?1 having a maximum relative refractive index ?1max in the range from 0.25% to 0.50%. The cladding region can include a first outer cladding region and a second outer cladding region surrounding and directly adjacent to the first outer cladding region. The first outer cladding region can have a radius r4a. The second outer cladding region can have a radius r4b less than or equal to 45 ?m and comprising silica based glass doped with titania.

Abstract: In various embodiments, laser emissions are steered into different regions of an optical fiber, and/or into different optical fibers, in a temporal pattern such that an output has different spatial output profiles. The temporal pattern has a frequency sufficient such that a workpiece is processed by an effective output shape combining the different spatial output profiles.

Abstract: An optical fiber includes: a central core portion; an intermediate layer; a trench layer; and a cladding portion. Further, ?1>?2>?3 and 0>?3 are satisfied, where ?1 is a relative refractive-index difference of the central core portion, ?2 is a relative refractive-index difference of the intermediate layer, and ?3 is a relative refractive-index difference of the trench layer with respect to the cladding portion, respectively, and (c?b) is smaller than 4.5 ?m when ?1 is equal to or larger than 0.36% and equal to or smaller than 0.40%, ?2 is equal to or larger than ?0.05% and equal to or smaller than 0.05%, |?3| is equal to or smaller than 0.25%, ?1×|?3| is equal to or smaller than 0.08%2, an inner diameter of the trench layer is 2b, and an outer diameter of the trench layer is 2c.

Abstract: The present disclosure provides a universal optical fiber (100). The universal optical fiber (100) includes a core (102) extended from a central longitudinal axis (110) to a first radius r1. In addition, the universal optical fiber (100) includes a buffer clad (104) region extending from the first radius r1 to a second radius r2. Further, the universal optical fiber (100) includes a trench region (106) extending from the second radius r2 to a third radius r3. Furthermore, the universal optical fiber (100) includes a cladding (108) extending from the third radius to a fourth radius r4. Moreover, the core (102), the buffer clad region (104), the trench region (106) and the cladding (108) are concentrically arranged.

Abstract: An optical fiber includes: a core portion made of glass; and a cladding portion made of glass, having a refractive index lower than the refractive index of the core portion, and positioned on an outer periphery of the core portion. Further, the cladding portion has an outer diameter smaller than 100 ?m, and the core portion has a relative refractive-index difference of 0.32% to 0.40% with respect to the cladding portion.

Abstract: A shaped tube (50,51) for use as a component in the fabrication of an antiresonant hollow core optical fibre, the shaped tube having a side wall with a transverse cross-sectional shape comprising a number of major curved portions (52) alternating with the same number of minor substantially straight portions (54), each curved portion (52) having an inwardly curving shape, and each straight portion (54) being equidistant from a central longitudinal axis of the shaped tube (50,51).

Abstract: The optical fibers disclosed is a single mode optical fiber having a core region and a cladding region surrounding and directly adjacent to the core region. The core region can have a radius r1 in a range from 3.0 microns to 6.0 microns and a core volume V1 less than 6.0%-micron2. The cladding region can include a first outer cladding region and a second outer cladding region surrounding and directly adjacent to the first outer cladding region. The first outer cladding region can have a radius r4a, the second outer cladding region can have a radius r4b less than or equal to 65 microns and comprising silica based glass doped with titania. The disclosed single mode optical fiber can have a fiber cutoff wavelength ?CF less than 1530 nm.

Abstract: Some embodiments may include a packaged laser diode assembly, comprising: a length of optical fiber having a core and a polymer buffer in direct contact with the core, the length of optical fiber having a first section and a second section, the first section of the length of optical fiber including a tip of an input end of the optical fiber, wherein the polymer buffer covers only the second section of the first and second sections; one or more laser diodes to generate laser light; means for directing a beam derived from the laser light into the input end of the length of optical fiber; a light stripper attached to the core in the first section of the length of optical fiber. Other embodiments may be disclosed and/or claimed.

Abstract: A polarization-maintaining multi-core fiber includes a plurality of fiber core areas and a main outer cladding. The fiber core areas include one central fiber core area, and two or more than two outer fiber core areas equidistantly and uniformly arranged around the central fiber core area that is a polarization-maintaining fiber core area. Each outer fiber core area includes a fiber core and an inner cladding surrounding a core layer. A portion outside the fiber core areas is the main outer cladding. The fiber can greatly enhance spectral efficiency of an optical transmission system, and improve fiber communication capacity. The arrangement of the polarization-maintaining fiber core area provides a waveguide structure with a function of maintaining polarized light, which can be used for transmission of local light.

Abstract: The present disclosure provides a matrix material for a rollable optical fibre ribbon. The rollable optical fibre ribbon includes a plurality of optical fibres and the matrix material. In addition, each of the plurality of optical fibres is placed parallel to other optical fibres of the plurality of optical fibres. Further, the matrix material joins the plurality of optical fibres. Furthermore, the matrix material has different glass transition temperature at different pressures.

Abstract: A multicore optical fiber comprises a common cladding and a plurality of core portions disposed in the common cladding. Each of the core portions includes a central axis, a core region extending from the central axis to a radius r1, the core region comprising a relative refractive index ?1, an inner cladding region extending from the radius r1 to a radius r2, the inner cladding region comprising a relative refractive index ?2, and a depressed cladding extending from the radius r2 to a radius r3, the depressed cladding region comprising a relative refractive index ?3 and a minimum relative refractive index ?3 min. The relative refractive indexes may satisfy ?1>?2>?3 min. The mode field diameter of each core portion may greater than or equal to 8.2 ?m and less than or equal to 9.5 ?m.

Abstract: The present disclosure provides an optical fibre. The optical fibre includes a core, an inner cladding, a first trench region, an intermediate cladding, a second trench region, and an outer cladding. The core has a first radius. The inner cladding is defined by the first radius and a second radius of the optical fibre. The first trench region is defined by the second radius and a third radius. The first trench region. The intermediate cladding is defined by the third radius and a fourth radius. The second trench region is defined by the fourth radius and a fifth radius. The outer cladding is defined by the fifth radius and a sixth radius.

Abstract: The present disclosure provides an optical fibre (100). The optical fibre (100) includes a glass core (102), a trench region (106) and a cladding (108). The trench region (106) has a trench curve parameter ?trench in range of 5 to 8. The optical fibre (100) has a mode field diameter in range of 8.7 micrometers to 9.7 micrometers at wavelength of 1310 nanometer.

Abstract: An optical system measures one or more physiological parameters with a wearable device that includes a light emitting diode (LED) source including a driver and a plurality of semiconductor sources that generate an output optical light. One or more lenses deliver a lens output light to tissue of a user. A detection system receives at least a portion of the lens output light reflected from the tissue and generates an output signal having a signal-to-noise ratio. The detection system comprises a plurality of spatially separated detectors and an analog to digital converter. The detection system increases the signal-to-noised ratio by comparing a first signal with the LEDs off to a second signal with the LEDs on. An imaging system including a Bragg reflector is pulsed and has a near infrared wavelength. A beam splitter splits the light into a sample arm and a reference arm to measure time-of-flight.