Abstract: A node comprising a packet network interface, an ethernet switch, an optical port, and a distribution engine. The packet network interface adapted to receive a packet having a destination address and a first bit and a second bit. The ethernet switch is adapted to receive and forward the packet into a virtual queue associated with a destination. The optical port has circuitry for transmitting to a plurality of circuits. The distribution engine has one or more processors configured to execute processor executable code to cause the distribution engine to (1) read a first bit and a second bit from the virtual queue, (2) provide the first bit and the second bit to the at least one optical port for transmission to a first predetermined group of the plurality of circuits.

Abstract: An OLT that receives a signal in which transmission signals having a plurality of transmission rates are time-division multiplexed, as a received signal, and performs data reproduction by selecting reproduction data to be reproduced, among oversampled signals obtained by oversampling the received signal. The OLT includes a data-signal-information acquisition unit that acquires a transmission rate of a received signal targeted for a process of the data reproduction, a sampling frequency control unit that determines a sampling frequency to be used for the oversampling based on the transmission rate, and a sampling-clock generation unit that generates a clock signal having the sampling frequency determined by the sampling-frequency control unit, and performs the oversampling based on the clock signal.

Abstract: A central office optical line terminal (S-OLT) and a local optical line terminal (L-OLT) are connected to through a transmission link form a transmission network. The S-OLT sends service data sent by a service network to the L-OLT through a transmission channel, receives the service data sent by the L-OLT from the transmission channel, and sends the service data to the service network. The L-OLT receives the service data sent by the S-OLT from the transmission channel and sends the service data to an optical network unit (ONU), and sends the service data sent by the ONU to the S-OLT through the transmission channel. Thus, the service data of the L-OLT is sent to the service network through the S-OLT, thereby solving a problem in the existing PON that the service data requires another transmission of the transmission network to reach the service network.

Abstract: In a communication system in which a station-side line terminal apparatus 1 and a user-side line terminal apparatus 10 perform communication via a plurality of redundant physical lines, the user-side line terminal apparatus 10 monitors an out-of-synchronization error and line abnormality of the physical lines and, when line abnormality is detected (P4), shifts from a registered state to a holdover state for deferring discarding of setting information such as link information. The user-side line terminal apparatus 10 suppresses detection of the out-of-synchronization error during a deferred period to prevent a communication link from being disconnected by the out-of-synchronization error and prevent initial setting from being required. The station-side line terminal apparatus 1 switches a line during the deferred period (P7) and, after transmitting a synchronization signal (P8) to synchronize with the user-side line terminal apparatus, resumes normal communication.

Abstract: Provided is an optical access system comprising: an optical line terminal connected to another network; a plurality of optical network units, each connected to a user terminal; and at least one of an optical switching unit and an optical splitter, which is installed between the optical line terminal and the plurality of optical network units. The optical line terminal allocates a length of time to a discovery phase for detecting the plurality of optical network units, and a length of time to data transmission phases for transferring data from the plurality of optical network units; and changes a ratio of the length of time of the discovery phase to the length of time of the data transmission phases so that the length of time of the discovery phase is shortened in the case where a number of the optical network units that are registered in the optical line terminal increase.

Abstract: A Layer 1 transport network, such as an Optical Transport Network (OTN), transports traffic in Layer 1 data transport units. Traffic received at a node of the transport network is mapped to Layer 1 data transport units according to destination such that each Layer 1 data transport unit carries traffic for a particular destination of the transport network. The Layer 1 transport network can carry a plurality of different traffic types and the node can map the received traffic to Layer 1 data transport units according to destination and traffic type. Identification information can be added to an overhead section associated with the Layer 1 data transport unit to indicate at least one of: traffic type and destination of the traffic carried within the data transport unit.

Abstract: An optical transmitter apparatus comprises at least three input transmitters that each provide at an output an NRZ optical signal, at least two of the NRZ optical signals having substantially the same bit rate, each of the signals having a bit rate which is less than 100 Gbit/s and the sum of the bit rates of all of the at least three transmitters being equal to or greater than 100 Gbit/s, an NRZ to RZ converter associated with each transmitter which converts each NRZ signal into an optical RZ signal, an optical time division multiplexer which converts the RZ signals into at least two further signals, and a polarization multiplexer which processes the two further signals to provide two output signals of differing polarization.

Abstract: The present disclosure provides hybrid packet-optical private network systems and methods for a private and dedicated multi-point Ethernet Private Local Area Network (EPLAN). The network systems and methods include a Layer 1 infrastructure service with the inclusion of reserved, dedicated packet switch capacity upon which clients can build their personal, private packet networks. In the systems and methods described herein, packet networking methods are not used to partition the isolated LAN connectivity. Instead, dedicated Ethernet Private LANs (EPLs) are defined between dedicated virtual switching instances (VSIs) that are defined, as necessary, within larger packet-optical switches. Each VSI is partitioned from the remainder of its packet switch fabric as a dedicated, private resource for a specific EPLAN. A packet network is then built by the customer on top of the private EPLAN bandwidth and operated as an isolated, private network with no influence by other carrier's network resources.

Abstract: A grooming apparatus for an optical communication network is disclosed. The apparatus mainly includes a first photoelectric integration unit and an electrical-layer grooming unit. The first photoelectric integration unit includes a wavelength division multiplexing/demultiplexing unit and a photo-electric/electric-photo conversion unit. The wavelength division demultiplexing unit is configured to demultiplex a multi-wavelength optical signal into single-wavelength optical signals. The photo-electric conversion unit is configured to convert the single-wavelength optical signals to single-wavelength electrical signals. The electrical-layer grooming unit is configured to groom the single-wavelength electrical signals. The present invention overcomes the fatal defect of light dispersion, light power estimation, light power adjustment, OSNR limitation for a conventional OADM/ROADM system. Also, the flexibility of the electrical-layer grooming eliminates the wavelength broadcast and multicast issue.

Abstract: In asynchronous optical packet switches, scheduling packets from a buffer randomly will cause less efficient utilization of the buffer. Additionally, reordering of packets may cause problems for service quality demanding applications. According to the present invention a new electronic buffer scheduling algorithm is proposed and a switch utilizing this algorithm is disclosed. The algorithm is designed for utilizing the buffer resources efficiently, still avoiding serious packet reordering.

Abstract: The present disclosure provides systems and methods for real-time, in-service latency measurements over optical links that may be further integrated within various optical control planes. The present invention may utilize minimal unused overhead to calculate latency of an optical line through a transport network. The present invention utilizes timers at two end-point nodes associated with the optical line, and includes a mechanism to filter out frame skew between the nodes. Advantageously, the present invention provides a highly accurate latency measurement that may calculate latency on links as small as one meter, an in-service algorithm operable without network impact, and may be integrated with an optical control plane to automatically provide administrative weight variables associated with link costs.

Abstract: A timing interface module with daughter timing reference modules. The timing modules are provided in a rack platform to eliminate routing problems and which is compliant with all relevant industry standards. The timing reference module includes a face plate having first and second substantially rectangular openings, the face plate further comprising mounting slots for receiving mounting hardware therein and first and second timing modules, the first and second timing modules disposed within the first and second substantially rectangular openings. The first and second timing modules provide timing terminations for timing reference signals for network elements of a synchronized optical network.

Abstract: An example method includes receiving at a scheduling server status information concerning at least one transmit queue for a plurality of optical pass-through switches (OptSws). A schedule for transmissions to take place is determined based on the status information for the OptSws. A control message is forwarded to the plurality of OptSws in order that the schedule may be implemented. In an embodiment, a schedule is determined for a wavelength available to transmit a transmission by removing unsupportable transmissions from a candidate transmission list, determining a first transmission that is the one of the transmissions of the candidate transmission list which most preferably satisfies a given parameter, updating a usage list to reflect determination of the first transmission; and replacing the candidate transmission list with the residue set of the first transmission. The usage list reflects transmissions determined by the scheduler.

Abstract: A method comprising the steps of receiving, with circuitry at a first node, a signal indicative of a request to set up an optical channel data unit label switched path between the first node and a second node in a network. Time slots for a plurality of types of signals to be transmitted from the first node to the second node are reserved, and a set up message is transmitted from the first node to the second node. The set up message identifies the plurality of signal types and the reserved time slots. The optical channel data unit label switched path is then provided between the first and second nodes.

Abstract: The present invention discloses a method for realizing cross-connect of optical channel data units (ODUk), which comprises: mapping the accessed services to the ODUk, and mapping the services mapped to the ODUk to the ODUk time slot frames according to the requirements of the time slot frames; mapping the ODUk time slot frames to the intermediate frame structures; performing the cross-connect for ODUk services in the intermediate frame structures. The present invention also discloses an apparatus for realizing cross-connect of ODUk. The present invention directly supports cross-connect of ODUk, so as to realize simple scheduling for the Optical Transport Network (OTN) services, and improve the resource utilization factor and the integration level.

Abstract: A passive optical network system (PON) has a plurality of OLTs and ONUs with different transmission rates. OLTs with different transmission rates share information of priority frames and destinations, and determine timing for frame transmission to ONUs so that the signal from each of the OLTs does not collide when multiplied in a splitter. OLTs transmit the data to the ONU as a burst signal to prevent the signals with different rates from colliding. ONU acquires the information of the following burst frames. ONU receives only the signal addressed to the own ONU or with the transmission rate of own ONU, therefore errors in ONUs can be avoided. OLT receives only the signal with the transmission rate of own OLT from ONUs based on the transmission timing from the ONUs shared by the line terminators, errors in OLTs can be avoided.

Abstract: The present invention provides a method, apparatus and system for transmitting and receiving a client signal. The method for transmitting a client signal includes, at the transmitting end, mapping a client signal to be transmitted to a corresponding low-order Optical Channel Data Unit (ODU) in a low-order ODU set, wherein low-order ODUs in the low-order ODU set having rates increased in order, and having rate correspondence relations with the client signals; mapping the low-order ODU to a timeslot of a high-order Optical Channel Payload Unit (OPU) in a high-order OPU set; and adding overheads to the high-order OPU to form an Optical Channel Transport Unit (OTU), and transferring the OTU to an Optical Transport Network (OTN) for transmission.

Abstract: An optical communications network node (10) comprising an optical transmitter module (16), an optical receiver module (12), an electrical cross-point switch (20) and control apparatus (24, 26). The optical transmitter module (16) comprises optical sources (18) each having a different operating wavelength and each being selectively assignable as an optical circuit switching channel source or an optical burst switching channel source. The optical receiver module (12) comprises a said plurality of optical detectors each operable at one of said operating wavelengths. The electrical cross-point switch (20) comprises switch paths (22) and is configurable to allocate a first set of switch paths for optical circuit switching and a second set of switch paths for optical burst switching.

Abstract: Provided is an apparatus for transferring optical data in an optical switching system using time synchronization. The apparatus performs time synchronization on optical data to input the optical data at regular intervals through fiber delay line for time synchronization respectively disposed on input ports. Therefore, the apparatus can efficiently reduce a data blocking rate in comparison with a conventional optical switching system using an asynchronous electric buffer without a synchronous process, and achieve the same performance as conventional asynchronous technology despite using fewer wavelength converters and buffers, thus reducing system cost. In addition, using dynamic time synchronization modules, the apparatus performs time synchronization for minute time variation due to an environment such as temperature.

Abstract: It is disclosed a method for data transmission in an optical transport network, comprising the steps of receiving client data from a client, mapping said client data into a frame structure (ODU-flex), mapping said frame structure (ODU-flex) into tributary slots (TS) of a data transport structure (HO-ODU), transmitting said data transport structure (HO-ODU), wherein said data transport structure (HO-ODU) contains a fixed number of tributary slots (TS), and wherein the size of said frame structure (ODU-flex) is selectable in granularity of said tributary slots (TS) of said data transport structure (HO-ODU).

Abstract: Optical routers are currently unable to do packet switching except by translating the data to electronic data and then back, which is very inefficient. The present invention solves this problem by optically marking and detecting the packet headers or parts of them, translating at most only the headers or parts of them to electronics for making packet switching decisions, and keeping the rest of the packets in optical delay lines, and solving response-time problems. Another optimization described in this invention is improving routing efficiency and bandwidth utilization by grouping together identical data packets from the same source going to the same general area with a multiple list of targets connected to each copy of the data and sent together to the general target area. Another important optimization is a new architecture and principles for routing based on physical geographical IP addresses.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for adjusting timeslot fragments of multiple links in an Automatically Switched Optical Network (ASON). The method includes the steps of: obtaining link information of multiple links necessary for timeslot fragment adjustment, calculating adjusted link information of each link according to the link information, and adjusting a timeslot allocation of each link according to the adjusted link information.

Abstract: A passive optical network communication system transmits an optical time-division multiplexed signal from a central office through a passive optical coupler to a number of subscribers, and transmits optical encoded signals from the subscribers through the passive optical coupler to the central office. Optical encoded signals from different subscribers are separated by a decoding process performed at the central office. All operations can be synchronized with a clock signal which is generated at the central office and recovered from the optical time-division multiplexed signal by the subscribers' equipment. The communication range can be extended inexpensively by using a single high-power light source at the central office while using relatively low-power light sources at the subscribers' equipment.

Abstract: A crossconnect for asynchronous OTN signals operates synchronously internally at an internal clock rate. Received OTN signals are synchronized to an internal frame format by stuffing. The synchronized signals are parallelized and switched with a switching matrix comprising synchronously operating integrated circuits that operate at the internal clock rate. At the output, the synchronized signals are again destuffed and are transmitted again at the original bit rate.

Abstract: A system including first and second sending nodes, a horizontal optical data link (ODL) having optical signals propagating in opposite directions in first and second waveguide segments, a vertical ODL having optical signals propagating in the same direction throughout third and fourth waveguide segments, a first optical output switch operatively connecting the first sending node and the first waveguide segment and configured to switch first data item onto the first waveguide segment during a first timeslot, a second optical output switch operatively connecting the second sending node and the second waveguide segment and configured to switch second data item onto the second waveguide segment during a second timeslot, and an optical coupler pair operatively connecting the first and second waveguide segments to the third and fourth waveguide segments, respectively, and redirecting the first and the second data items from the horizontal to the vertical ODL.

Abstract: Methods and apparatus for implementing synchronous Optical Time Division Multiplexing are presented. Namely, a method of upconverting and combining N input NRZ optical data signals, each having an approximately equal pulse width and period, into one time-division multiplexed output signal, as well as a method for the inverse, i.e., down converting the N demultiplexed component signals are presented. Apparatus to implement these functionalities is also presented.

Abstract: Filter implementation using Hermitian conjugates and time division multiplexing (TDM) is disclosed to more efficiently compensate for chromatic dispersion of optical signals transmitted over a fiber optic medium. Embodiments for an input, filter, and output sections of a Digital Signal Processor (DSP) are described. The disclosed methods, and corresponding apparatus and systems enables a substantial reduction in the complexity of the hardware needed to implement CD compensation in the DSP. According to another embodiment, Inverse-Fourier transform circuits receive TDM data from the filter section and assemble the TDM data format back to a non-TDM format.

Abstract: The present invention includes novel techniques, apparatus, and systems for optical WDM communications. Tunable lasers are employed to generate respective subcarrier frequencies which represent subchannels of an ITU channel to which client signals can be mapped. In one embodiment, subchannels are polarization interleaved to reduce crosstalk. In another embodiment, polarization multiplexing is used to increase the spectral density. Client circuits can be divided and combined with one another before being mapped, independent of one another, to individual subchannels within and across ITU channels. A crosspoint switch can be used to control the client to subchannel mapping, thereby enabling subchannel protection switching and hitless wavelength switching.

Abstract: There is provided an optical transmission device which includes a determiner, a convertor, and a switch. The determiner determines whether a frame includes a fixed stuff byte area or not when the frame is received from a first network, where the frame includes a payload area for storing client data and the fixed stuff byte area is for storing fixed data. When the determiner determines that the frame includes the fixed stuff byte area, a convertor to convert a fixed stuff byte area into the payload area and a switch switches a clock frequency from a first clock frequency used in the first network to a second clock frequency used in a second network when the frame including the converted fixed stuff byte area is output to the second network on the basis of the clock frequency as a reference.

Abstract: The present invention provides an optical time multiplexed space switch including a pulsed laser source, and means for producing from the laser source a plurality of wavelengths of pulsed radiation including means for providing permutable multi-wavelength pulse sequences from said multi-wavelength source and means for translating the input data pulses into the multi-wavelength pulse sequence. Each data pulse is subsequently guided through a wavelength selective structure, which may contain delay lines. In the case of time-slot interchange, the pulses are recombined in an interchanged sequence. In the case of tributary space switching different wavelength pulses are switched to generally different outputs and combine with pulses originating from different inputs.

Abstract: A method is disclosed for replacing legacy interfaces of add drop ring optical networks using STS-3 granularity with an optical hub using STS-1 granularity. In order to avoid locking up ports on the optical hub with dedicated STS-3 packages, a signal broadcast feature of the optical hub, originally provided for remote provisioning, may be adapted to allow a single port to broadcast a signal on multiple and contiguous timeslots to the legacy networks expecting STS-3 granularity.

Abstract: An optical transmission device includes an input interface unit, a cross-connecting unit, and an output interface unit, and a bandwidth switching control unit, and switches bandwidths allocated to paths in a transmission channel that connects to an adjoining optical transmission device synchronously with the adjoining optical transmission device. When the bandwidths are not continuous in the transmission channel, the bandwidth switching control unit controls the input interface unit, the cross-connecting unit and the output interface unit to rearrange the non-continuous bandwidths into continuous ones.

Abstract: A modular optical switch includes a set of optical switch modules connected in a mesh, a master controller for the whole optical node and a switch-module controller for each of the optical switch modules. The optical switch modules receive optical signals from, and transmit optical signals to, edge nodes based on connection requests received from the edge nodes. The master controller acts to select a path, using a simple or compound time-slot matching process, through the mesh of switch modules for each optical signal related to a connection request. Advantageously, the optical switch modules are fast switching, enabling the use of time-sharing schemes such as TDM, and the modular optical core node is made practical by efficient path selection at the master controller. A hybrid modular switch may include both optical and electronic switch modules, a master controller, and a switch-module controller for each of the switch modules.

Abstract: The polarization direction of an optical signal is changed by a polarization controller so as to be orthogonal to a main axis of a polarizer. A control pulse generator generates control pulses from control beam with a wavelength which is different from the wavelength of the optical signal. The optical signal and the control pulse are input to a nonlinear optical fiber. In the nonlinear optical fiber, the optical signal, during a time period in which the optical signal and the control pulse coincide, is amplified with optical parametric amplification around a polarization direction of the control pulse. The optical signal, during the time period in which the optical signal and the control pulse coincide, passes through the polarizer.

Abstract: A photonic network packet routing method includes the steps of optically encoding destination address information attached to an IP packet using light attributes, discriminating the encoded address information of the IP packet by optical correlation processing, switching to an output path for the IP packet based on a result of the discrimination, and outputting the IP packet labeled with prescribed address information on the output path selected by the switching step.

Abstract: A method of extracting a predetermined channel from an OTDM signal includes the steps of combining at the inlet of an SOA the OTDM signal and an impulsive signal with impulses temporally synchronized with the channel to be extracted to produce in the SOA FWM, XGM and XPM effects which shift to a length c the channel chosen for extraction with c outside the length d of the OTDM signal with the other channels outlet from the SOA and filtering the SOA outlet to extract components with c d that represent respectively the desired channel and the cleaned OTDM signal. A multiplexer in accordance with the method includes an inlet (14) of an OTDM signal sent to an SOA (24) together with an appropriate impulsive signal. The SOA outlet is filtered by filters (28, 29) to obtain the signal of the extracted channel (16) and the cleaned OTDM signal (15).

Abstract: An optical transmitter apparatus capable of a transmission rate of at least 100 gbit/second comprises at least three input transmitters that each provide at an output an NRZ optical signal, at least two of the NRZ optical signals having substantially the same bit rate, each of the signals having a bit rate which is less than 100 Gbit/s and the sum of the bit rates of all of the at least three transmitters being at least equal to 100 Gbit/s, an NRZ to RZ converter associated with each transmitter which converts each NRZ signal into an optical RZ signal with the signal remaining in the optical domain during conversion, the optical RZ signal having the same bit rate as the corresponding NRZ signal, an optical time division multiplexer which converts the RZ signals into at least two further signals, one of the further signals being formed by bitwise interleaving the bits of the at least two of the RZ signals which have the same bit rate, and a polarisation multiplexer which processes the two further signals to pr

Abstract: In a conventional network for transmitting an optical burst signal, it is impossible to effectively swap labels, reproduce a payload signal, and switch and transmit the signals.

Abstract: A bidirectional optical network, in which an incoming/downstream modulated optical signal(s) of a particular wavelength may carry content from a headend to a subscriber. An incoming/downstream unmodulated continuous wave optical signal(s) from the headend is time-shifted (i.e., time delayed with respect to just received incoming/downstream optical signal(s)), collected, modulated and sent back as return/upstream optical signal(s) from the subscriber to the headend. The return/upstream optical signal(s) may have the same wavelength or a slightly shifted wavelength relative to incoming/downstream optical signal(s). Wavelength, bandwidth, subscriber priority and service (content) provider may be fixed, dynamically, or statistically assigned. A modulated marker optical signal(s) is sent along with a modulated data optical signal simultaneously in a different plane. The modulated data optical signal(s) can therefore be securely delivered to a subscriber(s) according to the marker identification.

Abstract: An optical transmission device includes an input interface unit, a cross-connecting unit, and an output interface unit, and a bandwidth switching control unit, and switches bandwidths allocated to paths in a transmission channel that connects to an adjoining optical transmission device synchronously with the adjoining optical transmission device. When the bandwidths are not continuous in the transmission channel, the bandwidth switching control unit controls the input interface unit, the cross-connecting unit and the output interface unit to rearrange the non-continuous bandwidths into continuous ones.

Abstract: There is described a transmission in a burst switching network, whereby data packets are collected to form a burst which is provided with a header. A loop-free common control channel is provided in the optical burst switching network to which all network nodes have access. Headers are transmitted by the loop-free control channel such that a header is distributed virtually in parallel to all network nodes and processed virtually in parallel in the network nodes.

Abstract: An apparatus includes a time-domain wavelength-interleaved optical network that connects a plurality of edge nodes. Each of the edge nodes is configured to receive optical communications from others of the edge nodes on an associated wavelength-channel. The number of edge nodes is larger than the number of the wavelength-channels.

Abstract: A method of time slot partitioning and overhead processing of an optical channel payload unit in OTN comprises: A. determining the number of time slots to be partitioned and mapping modes for the OPU based on properties of service signals; B. assigning reserved values of payload structure identification bytes in OPU overhead based on the partitioning of the time slots; and C. assigning values for reserved bits 1 to 6 of adjustment control bytes to represent a multiframe in the optical channel payload unit overhead. The present invention partitions the payload area of the OPU only by redefining overhead bytes in the original specification and increasing relevant portion of time slot partitioning in order to increase effectiveness of bandwidth at lower expense and flexibility of the mapping modes such that the existing network has good compatibility without being changed greatly.

Abstract: A single wavelength bi-directional RoF link apparatus for signal transmission in a TDD wireless system includes a main donor for receiving an RF signal of downstream data from an upper layer, electrooptic converting the received RF signal to an optical signal, and transmitting the converted optical signal via an optical fiber in response to a TDD switching signal received from the upper layer, or receiving an optical signal of upstream data via the optical fiber, opto-electric converting the received optical signal to an RF signal in response to the TDD switching signal received from the upper layer, and transmitting the converted optical signal to the main donor; and a remote for receiving the optical signal of the downstream data via the optical fiber from the main donor, opto-electric converting the received optical signal to an RF signal, and emitting the converted RF signal to a terminal via an antenna in response to a TDD switching signal generated by a switch timing signal generation circuit, or receiv

Abstract: An optical access system capable of avoiding cutoffs or interruption in the periodically transmitted signals that occur during the ranging time is provided. A first method to avoid signal cutoffs is to stop periodic transmit signals at the transmitter during the ranging period, and transmit all the periodic transmit signals together when the ranging ends, and buffer the signals at the receiver to prepare for ranging. A second method is to fix definite periods ahead of time for performing ranging, then cluster the multiple periodic transmit signals together in sets at the transmitter and send them, and then disassemble those sets back into signals at the receiver. The transmitting and receiving is then controlled so that the transmit periods do not overlap with the ranging periods. In this way an optical access system is provided that can send and receive signals requiring periodic transmissions without interruption even during ranging operation.

Abstract: An optical pulse generating device includes a continuous light input unit to which continuous light is input; a pulse input unit to which control pulse light that includes periodic pulses of light is input; and a generating unit that generates pulse light from the continuous light by clipping the continuous light according to a variation of emission intensity of the control pulse light.

Abstract: An optical burst switching network is provided that includes an edge node transmitting burst data including a plurality of packets; and a core node optically switching received burst data or converting the received burst data into an electric signal and electrically switching the converted burst data.

Abstract: An address recognition apparatus may include a first normalizing unit, a second normalizing unit and an address determination unit. The first normalizing unit normalizes a first electric signal and generates a first normalized signal, wherein the first electric signal is associated with a first divided set of optical packet signals. The second normalizing unit normalizes a second electric signal and generates a second normalized signal, wherein the second electric signal is associated with a second divided set of optical packet signals. The address determination unit refers to the first and second normalized signals and determines whether a destination address of a set of optical packet signals is identical to or different from an address allocated to a self-station associated with the address recognition apparatus, wherein the set of optical packet signals has been divided into the first and second divided sets of optical packet signals.

Abstract: A high capacity distributed switching system comprises electronic edge nodes connected to a balanced bufferless switch which may be electronic or optical. The balanced bufferless switch comprises a balanced connector and a switch fabric. The balanced connector comprises an array of temporally cyclic rotator units having graduated rotation shifts and each having a prime number of output ports. The switch fabric may be a mesh interconnection of switch modules. Due to the use of the balanced connector, establishing a path through the switch fabric requires at most a second-order time-slot matching process for a high proportion of connection requests with a much reduced need for a third-order time-slot matching process required in a conventional mesh structure.

Abstract: An optical transmission system for performing frequency synchronization even with a client signal with low frequency accuracy, and for transmitting thereof by accommodating/multiplexing without causing a bit slip. A new overhead is added to the entire client signal, and the signal including the new overhead being stuffed is transmitted in conjunction with a plurality of stuffing bits as an optical signal wherein a data storing bit for a negative stuffing, a stuffing information notification bit, and a stuff bits inserting bit for a positive stuffing in the payload are defined in plurality as stuffing bits for adjusting clock frequencies of the client signal in this new overhead.