Abstract: A developing device is provided. The developing device includes a developer carrier, a regulator, a first developer storing chamber, a plurality of conveyers disposed within the first developer storing chamber, a second developer storing chamber in communication with the first developer storing chamber, and a supply member disposed within the second developer storing chamber. The developer carrier carries developer on its surface and supplies developer to a latent image carrier carrying a latent image. The regulator regulates the thickness of developer on the surface of the developer carrier. The first developer storing chamber stores developer separated from the developer carrier by the regulator and is to be supplied with fresh developer. Each of the plurality of conveyers coveys developer in a different conveyance direction. The second developer storing chamber is to be supplied with developer from the first developer storing chamber. The supply member supplies developer to the developer carrier.

Abstract: An intermediate transfer belt including a base layer, and an elastic layer on the base layer containing spherical particles on a surface thereof and containing an elastic layer ingredient, wherein the elastic layer contains a fatty acid in an amount of 0.001 parts by mass to 0.040 parts by mass relative to 100 parts by mass of the elastic layer ingredient.

Abstract: A developing device includes a developer bearing member which bears a two-component developer including a toner and carrier, a magnet member disposed inside the developer bearing member, and a developer regulating member which regulates a layer thickness of the developer borne on the developer bearing member. The developer regulating member is made of magnetic material and is fixed at both end portions in a longitudinal direction. Grooves are formed on a surface of the developer bearing member, and a developer conveying force of the grooves at a central portion of the developer bearing member in the longitudinal direction is larger than a developer conveying force of the grooves at an end portion of the developer bearing member in the longitudinal direction.

Abstract: A developing roller, including: a shaft containing a metal; an elastic layer on a circumference of the shaft; and a surface layer on a circumferential surface of the elastic layer, wherein the surface layer contains: a polyurethane which is a reaction product between a fluoroethylene vinyl ether copolymer and an isocyanurate form of an isocyanate; and particles having an average primary particle diameter of 5 nm to 30 nm, and wherein the polyurethane has a peak intensity ratio of a NCO group to a hydroxyl group of 5.6 to 8.8 in an infrared absorption spectrum obtained by an attenuated total reflection method.

Abstract: A process cartridge for an image forming apparatus includes a developing roller, including a shaft member and an elastic layer therearound, for developing operation while contacting an image bearing member with a peripheral speed difference; a toner supplying roller contactable to the developing roller; a regulating member, contactable to the developing roller, wherein a length of the regulating member is shorter than that of the developing roller; and a cleaning blade, contactable to the image bearing member. The developing roller has a region capable of carrying the toner regulated by the regulating member and a region, outside thereof, both of which regions are contactable to the image bearing member, wherein the cleaning blade extends over the regions when the cleaning blade is contacted to the image bearing member.

Abstract: An insulating silicone rubber composition superior in reliability is provided that has excellent antistatic property while being free from bleeding, blooming, and discoloration. The insulating silicone rubber contains silicone rubber, ionic liquid having an alkoxysilyl group, and preferably a crosslinking agent. The content of the ionic liquid is preferably within a range from 0.001 to 5 parts by mass with respect to 100 parts by mass of the total amount of the silicone rubber and the crosslinking agent.

Abstract: A toner carrier includes a metal core, a barrel formed on an outer circumference of the metal core and including at least an elastic layer, and a coating formed on outer circumferences of both ends of the barrel. The coating has a thickness and a width of an outer circumference of the coating is different from a width of an inner circumference of the coating. The width is from an end surface of the barrel along an axis of the barrel, and the width of the outer circumference is larger than the width of the inner circumference so that the end surface of the coating is reversely inclined.

Abstract: A developing roller that is capable of carrying toner on a surface thereof, and that supplies the toner carried on the surface to a surface of a photosensitive drum when a voltage is applied thereto, includes: a rubber layer; and a surface layer that covers the rubber layer, contains alumina, and has a higher volume resistivity than the rubber layer.

Abstract: A developing roller that is capable of carrying toner on a surface thereof, and that supplies the toner carried on the surface to a surface of a photosensitive drum when a voltage is applied thereto, includes: an elastic layer; and a surface layer that covers the elastic layer and contains aluminum oxide, wherein the aluminum oxide of the surface layer contains tetracoordinated aluminum atoms and hexacoordinated aluminum atoms existing in a higher proportion than the tetracoordinated aluminum atoms.

Abstract: A developing roller includes a core metal and an elastic layer formed on an outer circumference of the core metal. An outermost surface of the developing roller is roughened. A difference between a maximum value and a minimum value of an indentation power of the outermost surface is 10% to 21%, wherein the indentation power is measured by a micro-indentation test at 120 locations spaced 3 degrees apart on a circumference of the developing roller, which is at a center of the developing roller with respect to a longitudinal direction. A developing device and an image forming apparatus each include the developing roller.

Abstract: A developing roller to bear toner thereon is provided. The developing roller includes a cylindrical electroconductive substrate; an electroconductive elastic layer located on a peripheral surface of the cylindrical electroconductive substrate; and a toner bearing layer located on a peripheral surface of the electroconductive elastic layer. The toner bearing layer includes a polyurethane resin, which is a reaction product of at least an isocyanate compound having an isocyanurate structure and a polyol at a NCO/OH molar ratio of from 90 to 110. The toner bearing layer has a water contact angle of from 135° to 155°, and a static friction coefficient of from 0.10 to 0.15.

Abstract: Provided is a developing roller in which printing quality, in particular, one-dot level fine line printing quality is improved by securing a high resistance value and high surface potential on the surface layer. The elastic roller comprises successively on the outer periphery of a shaft 1 an elastic layer 2, an intermediate layer 3, and a surface layer 4. The surface layer 4 contains a urethane (meth)acrylate oligomer obtained by allowing polybutadiene polyol or hydrogenated polybutadiene polyol, polyisocyanate, and (meth)acrylate having a hydroxyl group to react.

Abstract: A doctor blade assembly for the developer unit of an electrophotographic imaging system. The doctor blade assembly includes a blade member having a first longitudinal edge for contacting a developer roll of an imaging system; a bracket member operatively connected to the blade member; and at least one bias member having a first end portion along a first longitudinal end portion of the bracket member and a second end portion contacting a distal portion of the blade member so as to present a force thereon. The force presented by the bias member serves as a counterforce to at least partly offset a force presented on the doctor blade and developer roll by a seal member of the developer unit.

Abstract: Provided are a developing roller having an elastic layer formed on an outer circumferential face of a shaft and a coating layer formed on an outer circumferential face of the elastic layer, wherein the coating layer is composed of first coating layers that are formed at respective edges across the elastic layer, and a second coating layer formed between the first coating layers, and wherein the first coating layers contain a resin obtained through a reaction of a polyol with a silane-coupling agent, fluororesin particles, and an electric conductivity agent; and the second coating layer contains a urethane resin, an ionic liquid, an electric conductivity agent, and filler particles; and a development apparatus and an image-forming device having the developing roller. The provided are capable of keeping the image quality high and of arresting leakage of the toner satisfactorily.

Abstract: The semiconductive roller according to the present invention includes a nonporous roller body made of a rubber composition containing styrene-butadiene rubber and epichlorohydrin rubber as rubber components.

Abstract: An image forming apparatus uses a developer containing toner particles. The image forming apparatus includes a toner-particle bearing member for bearing the toner particles. Each toner particle includes a toner core containing a binder resin and a shell layer coating a surface of the toner core. The toner-particle bearing member includes a substrate and a surface layer coating a surface of the substrate. The surface layer and the shell layer are each formed from a resin containing a thermosetting resin.

Abstract: A development device includes a developer bearer to carry developer thereon and receive a development bias and a developer regulator to adjust an amount of developer carried on the developer bearer. Multiple recesses recessed from a reference surface area are formed in a surface of the developer bearer, the developer bearer includes a conductive base in which the recesses are formed, and the conductive base in the reference surface area is coated with an insulative surface layer.

Abstract: A developing device includes a toner bearer including a surface in which multiple recesses having a cross-sectional void rate of 50% or smaller are formed, a toner supply member to supply toner to the toner bearer, and a developer regulator disposed facing or in contact with the toner bearer and including a bent tip portion. The toner bearer has a surface roughness Ra within a range from 1.0 ?m to 2.0 ?m, and a surface area ratio within a range from 2.0 to 4.0. The developing device uses polymerized toner having a weight average particle diameter of 8.0 ?m or smaller and an average circularity of 0.98 or greater.

Abstract: A developing device including a toner holding member that faces but is not in contact with an image carrier carrying a latent image and that rotates while holding a nonmagnetic toner, a charging member that charges the toner, and a developing electric field forming unit that forms a developing electric field at least including a direct current component to cause the charged toner to fly and adhere to the latent image to develop the latent image. When the developing electric field is applied such that the toner is caused to fly toward the image carrier by the direct current component of the developing electric field, maintaining a non-electrostatic adhesion of the toner to the toner holding member to be about 2 nN or more under a low-temperature low-humidity environment of a temperature of 10° C. and a relative humidity of 15%. The toner holding member's surface has a specific surface roughness specified by a specific oil retention volume.

Abstract: An image forming apparatus suppressing jitter from occurring includes an image carrier, and a developer carrier supplying a developer to the image carrier, wherein the developer carrier includes an elastic layer having a thickness of 2.5 mm or less and having an MD-1 hardness of 40 degrees or more.

Abstract: An intermediate transfer member that includes a crosslinked poly(ether ether ketone) polymer, an optional conductive component, an optional polymer, and an optional release additive.

Abstract: A developing device includes a developing roller including a base and a surface layer formed on the base, the surface layer including a polyurethane resin having a fluorine group and a polyfunctional isocyanurate structure, a toner storage chamber being partially in contact with the developing roller and to support the developing roller, and a sealing member provided at opposed ends of an end portion of the toner storage chamber in a rotating axis direction of the developing roller, and to seal in toner moving to the end portion of the toner storage chamber, the sealing member before use having a coefficient of static friction in a range of from 0.08 to 0.19.

Abstract: Provided is a developing device, including: a toner having an average circularity of from 0.880 to 0.960; and a developing roller configured to rotate while carrying the toner, wherein the developing roller has on a surface thereof, a plurality of streaky grooves each formed in a circumferential direction, and a plurality of steps each formed in a direction of a rotation axis.

Abstract: A developer supplying member is provided for supplying developer to a developer supporting member. The developer supplying member includes a foamed member having a discrete foam cell structure and being formed of a silicone rubber as a main component thereof. The foamed member constitutes a surface of the developer supplying member. The foamed member includes a foam cell wall dividing foam cells thereof and being exposed on the surface of the developer supplying member. The foam cell wall has a ten-point average surface roughness between 45.2 ?m and 65.3 ?m.

Abstract: A developing roller is provided which is capable of forming a toner layer having the most uniform possible thickness on an outer peripheral surface of a roller body thereof. The roller body (2) of the developing roller (1) is formed from a rubber composition comprising: a base rubber which is a mixture comprising NBR and/or SBR, CR and an epichlorohydrin rubber; and not less than 2.5 parts by mass and not greater than 15 parts by mass of a tackiness imparting agent based on 100 parts by mass of the base rubber.

Abstract: A toner carrier includes a metal core, a barrel formed on an outer circumference of the metal core and including at least an elastic layer, and a coating formed on outer circumferences of both ends of the barrel. The coating has a thickness and a width of an outer circumference of the coating is different from a width of an inner circumference of the coating. The width is from an end surface of the barrel along an axis of the barrel, and the width of the outer circumference is larger than the width of the inner circumference so that the end surface of the coating is reversely inclined.

Abstract: First and second dielectric portions and colored particles have ? polarity, and a regulating portion and an externally added particles have + polarity; concerning triboelectric series, (?)<second dielectric portion<first dielectric portion<regulating portion (+) and (?) colored particles<second dielectric portion<first dielectric portion<externally added particles (+); and concerning work functions, the difference between the colored particles and the second dielectric portion<the difference between the second dielectric portion and the externally added particles, the difference between the colored particles and the first dielectric portion<the difference between the first dielectric portion and the externally added particles, and the difference between the colored particles and the regulating portion>the difference between the regulating portion and the externally added particles.

Abstract: A developing device includes a developing agent bearing member and a regulating member. The developing agent bearing member bears on a surface thereof a developing agent including colored particles and additive particles disposed on the surface of the colored particles. The surface of the developing agent bearing member includes first and second dielectric portions. The regulating member regulates the thickness of a layer of developing agent borne by the developing agent bearing member. In triboelectric series, the first dielectric portion is between the regulating member and the additive particles, the additive particles are between the first dielectric portion and the second dielectric portion, and the second dielectric portion is between the additive particles and the colored particles. The difference between the work functions of the colored particles and second dielectric portion is smaller than that between the second dielectric portion and additive particles.

Abstract: In a developing assembly, the surface of a developer bearing member on which a developer is borne is provided with a first dielectric portion and a second dielectric portion. A regulating portion that regulates the layer thickness of the developer borne on the developer bearing member, the first dielectric portion, and the second dielectric portion each have a charge polarity opposite to the charge polarity of the developer. In a triboelectric series, one of the first dielectric portion and the second dielectric portion is positioned between the developer and the other dielectric portion, and the other dielectric portion is positioned between the one of the dielectric portions and the regulating portion.

Abstract: A developing device includes a developer bearing member that bears a developer on its surface to supply the developer to an image bearing member having a first dielectric portion and a second dielectric portion in its surface, a regulating member that regulates a thickness of a layer of the developer carried by the developer bearing member, and a flexible sheet-like charging auxiliary member disposed so as to be in contact with the developer bearing member at a position downstream of a contact portion between the developer bearing member and the image bearing member and upstream of a contact portion between the developer bearing member and the regulating member in a rotational direction of the developer bearing member, where the charging auxiliary member charges the developer carried by the developer bearing member. In a triboelectric series, the charging auxiliary member is positioned between the first and second dielectric portions.

Abstract: A development device includes a developer bearer to carry by rotation developer to a development range facing a latent image bearer and a developer regulator to adjust an amount of developer transported to the development range by the developer bearer. The developer bearer includes a developer carrying range having surface unevenness; and a surface of the developer bearer is coated with a coating material including a resin material and particles to roughen the surface.

Abstract: A development device includes a developer bearer to carry by rotation developer to a development range facing a latent image bearer, and a developer regulator to adjust an amount of developer transported to the development range by the developer bearer. Multiple projections are formed in a surface of the developer bearer, and, in a direction in which the developer bearer rotates, a downstream end of each of the multiple projections is higher than an upstream end of the projection.

Abstract: A toner hearing member includes: an electric conductive support; an insulating layer provided on the electric conductive support; a plurality of electrodes located on the insulating layer so that each electrode is separated from one another with a certain space; and a surface layer covering the insulating layer and the electrodes, wherein the surface layer contains a crosslink reaction product of a fluororesin, or a crosslink reaction product of a (meth)acrylate compound, or both thereof.

Abstract: A developing device includes a developer supporting member having an elastic layer and a surface layer covering the elastic layer for supporting developer; and a developer layer regulating member arranged to abut against the surface layer for regulating a layer thickness of the developer on the surface layer. The surface layer contains at least carbon black. The developer supporting member is configured so that the following equation (1) is satisfied when the surface layer has a dynamic friction coefficient ? between 0.4 and 0.9 (0.4???0.9) and a ten-point average roughness Rz (?m) between 2 ?m and 6 ?m (2?Rz?6): 2?C?0.5×Rz+3??(1) where C is a content of the carbon black (weight parts relative to the surface layer of 100).

Abstract: Provided is a developing roll for use in an electrophotographic machine capable of preventing an ion conductive agent from blooming and retaining long-term charge decay characteristics. The roll (1) includes a shaft (2), an elastomeric layer (3) and a surface layer (4), wherein the surface layer contains a composition containing an (A) ingredient defining a binder resin having a functional group reactive with an alkoxy silyl group in a (B) ingredient, and the (B) ingredient defining an ion conductive agent containing a cation having a chemical structure represented by R1-N+-R2-Si(OR3)3, where R1: a cyclic organic group or a linear organic group, R2: a group containing at least (CH2)n, n representing an integer number, and R3: an alkyl group, wherein the cation is bound with the (A) ingredient, and wherein the (B) ingredient is 0.10 to 3 parts by mass with respect to 100 parts by mass of the (A) ingredient.

Abstract: Provided is the following developer carrying member. The member has high charge-providing performance even under a high-temperature, high-humidity environment, and its surface layer hardly peels off its elastic layer even after long-term standing under the high-temperature, high-humidity environment. The developer carrying member comprises a mandrel, an elastic layer including a silicone rubber, and a surface layer covering a surface of the elastic layer, and the surface layer comprises a binder resin, and a copolymer having structural units of formula (1) and formula (2). R1 represents an alkyl group having 10-18 carbon atoms, R2 represents a methyl group or a hydrogen atom, R3 represents an alkylene group having 1-4 carbon atoms, X? represents a chloride ion, a bromide ion, or a p-toluenesulfonic acid ion, R4 represents a methyl group or a hydrogen atom, and R5 represents an alkylene group having 1-4 carbon atoms.

Abstract: A roller includes a cylindrical body having openings on both ends thereof and a press-fit member fitted in at least one of the openings of the cylindrical body with an outer circumferential face thereof in contact with an inner face of the cylindrical body. The outer circumferential face of the press-fit member is grooved obliquely to an axis of the cylindrical body, and the inner face of the cylindrical body is smooth at least in a portion that contacts the outer circumferential face of the press-fit member.

Abstract: In an image forming apparatus, a control circuit rotationally drives a development roller at a predetermined rotation speed during a development process, in which the development roller has depression portions and land portions on a circumferential surface. The depression portions and the land portions are oblique grooves in the surface. While the development roller is rotationally driven, the control circuit controls the predetermined rotation speed such that a crossing angle approximates 90°. The crossing angle is formed by a screen line in the electrostatic latent image on the circumferential surface of the latent image support and an area where the land portion of the development roller substantially passes over the circumferential surface of the latent image support.

Abstract: A development device includes a developer carrier configured to supply developer on a latent image formed on a latent image carrier to visualize the latent image. Wherein the developer carrier includes: an elastic layer formed on an outer circumferential surface of a conductive support body, the elastic layer including urethane rubber; and a top layer formed by treating a surface of the elastic layer with treatment solution that includes urethane polymer, silicone-based additive and conductive agent. The top layer includes convex parts that include the urethane rubber and concave parts in which the silicone-based additive and the conductive agent are laminated.

Abstract: A developing roller, including: a shaft containing a metal; an elastic layer on a circumference of the shaft; and a surface layer on a circumferential surface of the elastic layer, wherein the surface layer contains: a polyurethane which is a reaction product between a fluoroethylene vinyl ether copolymer and an isocyanurate form of an isocyanate; and particles having an average primary particle diameter of 5 nm to 30 nm, and wherein the polyurethane has a peak intensity ratio of a NCO group to a hydroxyl group of 5.6 to 8.8 in an infrared absorption spectrum obtained by an attenuated total reflection method.

Abstract: A high quality developing member that is excellent in deformation recovery property under a high temperature and that also satisfies filming resistance under a low temperature is provided. The developing member of the present invention includes a mandrel, an elastic layer formed on the outer periphery surface of the mandrel, and a surface layer covering the outer periphery surface of the elastic layer, wherein the surface layer contains a first resin and a second resin, the first resin has a particular structure between adjacent two urethane linkages, and the second resin is a resin having a particular structure and having a glass transition point Tg of 20° C. or higher and 120° C. or lower.

Abstract: Provided are a developing unit alleviating fogging occurrence and an electrophotographic image forming apparatus providing images over long periods. The developing unit includes at least a toner of (1) and a developing roller of (2). (1) When a displacement amount when a load is applied at Y° C. and 9.8×10?5 N/sec to 2.94×10?4 N is X2(Y), a displacement amount when the toner is left to stand for 0.1 second is X3(Y), a displacement amount when the load is reduced at 9.8×10?5 N/sec to 0N is X4(Y), and percentage of (X3(Y)?X4(Y)) to X3(Y) is Z(Y), 40?Z(25)?80 and 10?Z(50)?55 are satisfied; when a gradient from the origin to the maximum load in the load-displacement curve at 25° C. is R(25), 0.49×10?3?R(25)?1.70×10?3 is satisfied; the toner has glass transition temperature TgA (40° C.-60° C.) and maximum endothermic peak temperature P1 (70° C.-110° C.), 15° C.?(P1?TgA)?70° C. is satisfied.

Abstract: A development roll for electrophotographic equipment includes a shaft body and a rubber elastic layer disposed on the outer circumference of the shaft body. The rubber elastic layer is composed of a crosslinked body of a composition containing a liquid or millable silicone rubber, a crosslinking agent, an electronically conductive agent, and an ionic liquid. The composition contains the ionic liquid in the amount in the range of 0.1 to 5.1 parts by mass relative to 100 parts by mass of the total amount of the liquid or millable silicone rubber and the crosslinking agent.

Abstract: A method of preparing the surface of a roller comprising adding a coating comprising isocyanate to a ground surface of the roller. A roller comprising a ground surface, the ground surface having unreacted hydroxyl (—OH) groups on the surface of the roller and a layer of isocyanate layered over the unreacted hydroxyl (—OH) groups on the surface of the roller, the isocyanate forming a urethane bond on the surface of the roller.

Abstract: A developing roller configured to carry developer and extending in an axial direction includes: a hollow cylindrical rubber portion; and a shaft. The hollow cylindrical rubber portion has axial end faces. The shaft extends through the hollow cylindrical rubber portion and has a shaft portion positioned inward of the axial end faces of the hollow cylindrical rubber portion in the axial direction. The shaft portion has an axially middle portion and axial end portions positioned outward of the axially middle portion in the axial direction. The axially middle portion has an outer diameter smaller than that of each of the axial end portions.

Abstract: A high quality electrophotographic member that is excellent in deformation recovery property under high-temperature and high-humidity and that also satisfies filming resistance under low-temperature and low-humidity is provided. The electrophotographic member includes a substrate, an elastic layer, and a surface layer containing a urethane resin, wherein the urethane resin has a partial structure having at least one structure selected from the group consisting of structures of structural formulae (1) to (7) between adjacent two urethane linkages, and the urethane resin further has a partial structure derived from a reaction of a compound represented by a structural formula (8) with a polyisocyanate.

Abstract: A developing device includes a toner bearer including a surface in which multiple recesses having a cross-sectional void rate of 50% or smaller are formed, a toner supply member to supply toner to the toner bearer, and a developer regulator disposed facing or in contact with the toner bearer and including a bent tip portion. The toner bearer has a surface roughness Ra within a range from 1.0 ?m to 2.0 ?m, and a surface area ratio within a range from 2.0 to 4.0. The developing device uses polymerized toner having a weight average particle diameter of 8.0 ?m or smaller and an average circularity of 0.98 or greater.

Abstract: The image forming apparatus is an image forming apparatus including an image bearing member, a developing device, a transfer device, and a cleaning device. The developing device includes a toner bearing member having a surface subjected to alumite treatment. Toner that is used in the image forming apparatus is magnetic mono-component developer including magnetic toner particles containing at least binder resin and iron-containing magnetic powder, and an external additive to be externally added to the magnetic toner particles. The external additive is formed from inorganic fine particles which have been subjected to surface treatment with a tin-containing compound and an antimony-containing compound. In the image forming apparatus, the ratio of antimony to iron of the toner that has been removed by the cleaning device is double or more the ratio of antimony to iron of the toner before being conveyed by the toner bearing member.

Abstract: A developer roller is spaced apart by a developing gap from a photosensitive medium and supplies toner to an electrostatic latent image formed on the photosensitive medium to develop the electrostatic latent image. The developer roller includes a core and at least one material layer formed on an outer circumference of the core. A ten-point average roughness of an outermost layer in the material layer is 5-15% of the developing gap.

Abstract: An electrophotographic member having a high conductivity and having high adhesiveness to other layer, and a process cartridge and an electrophotographic apparatus using the electrophotographic member as a developer carrying member are provided. The electrophotographic member is an electrophotographic member including an electro-conductive mandrel and an electro-conductive layer, wherein the electro-conductive layer has a resin having a structure represented by the following structural formula (1), and an anion.