Abstract: A post assembly has a longitudinal axis extending from a proximal end to a distal end and includes a hollow outer shell, an anchoring sub-assembly disposed at the proximal end for securing the post assembly to a surface, a core assembly disposed within the hollow outer shell. The core assembly includes a core tube, a rigid rod having a lower end mechanically coupled to the anchoring sub-assembly and extending along the longitudinal axis to an upper end, and an elastic member disposed around the upper end of the rigid rod, the elastic member configured to transfer forces incident on the hollow outer shell through the elastic member to the anchoring sub-assembly via the rigid rod.

Abstract: A traffic director includes a distal end and a proximal end, two or more sides extending upward from the proximal end at an angle toward the distal end, a proximal notch disposed near the proximal end between two adjacent sides, and the proximal notch forms a first flexion point of the traffic director. The traffic director can further include one or more recessed channels formed in at least one of the two or more sides. The one or more recessed channels forms a second flexion point of the traffic director. The traffic director can further include a removable indicator sleeve having an advertisement or directional indicator printed thereon.

Abstract: A temporary flexible pavement marker comprising a base, a stand and a protective shield wherein at least part of the stand is reflective and the protective shield is configured to prevent materials sprayed down upon the temporary flexible pavement marker from obscuring the reflective part of the stand may be employed in the construction or repair of roads. Since the protective shield prevents asphalt from obscuring the reflective part of the stand during spraying operations there is no need for removal of a protective layer from the markers after a spraying operation.

Abstract: A server device includes: a receiver configured to receive, from a management device installed in a parking zone, information about a vehicle, which enters the parking zone, obtained from an exterior of the vehicle and wireless identification information obtained from a mobile terminal in the vehicle; a controller configured to generate first encryption information corresponding to the vehicle, by using the information about the vehicle and the wireless identification information; and a transmitter configured to, when a parking area is assigned to the vehicle, transmit information about the parking area to the mobile terminal.

Abstract: An exemplary crash gate to guard against motor vehicles crossing a roadway in a direction from an attack side to a protected side including a buttress post assembly secured below ground in a first concrete foundation on a side of the roadway, the buttress post assembly having two buttress posts forming a barrier passage, a latch post assembly secured below the ground in a second concrete foundation on an opposite side of the roadway, the latch post assembly having two latch posts forming a latch gap, a barrier with a gate beam disposed in the barrier passage and extending from a buttress end to a latch end, and one of a vertical pin or a hook connected to the latch post assembly and positioned in the latch gap and the other one of the vertical pin or the hook located on the latch end, when the barrier is in a closed position the latch end is located in the latch gap and the vertical pin is positioned outside of the hook.

Abstract: A utility pole is resistant to breakage by providing a connection between an upper and a lower portion. In many embodiments, the upper portion with an arm supporting a utility line is able to deflect relative to a lower portion at the connection and then either be replaced or restored to the upright configuration.

Abstract: A bollard system having a main post; a post collar; a base plate; and an energy-absorbing element. The base plate has an arcuate outer wall and inwardly projecting mounting fastener notches around the bottom of the base plate. The post, the post collar and the base plate are shaped such that when the post is loaded above the base plate, an obliquely, downwardly directed sliding movement of the post and post collar relative to the base plate is obtained and is damped by the energy-absorbing element.

Abstract: A temporary flexible pavement marker comprising a base, a stand and a protective shield wherein at least part of the stand is reflective and the protective shield is configured to prevent materials sprayed down upon the temporary flexible pavement marker from obscuring the reflective part of the stand may be employed in the construction or repair of roads. Since the protective shield prevents asphalt from obscuring the reflective part of the stand during spraying operations there is no need for a technician to remove a protective layer from the markers after a spraying operation.

Abstract: A utility pole is resistant to breakage by providing a connection between an upper and a lower portion. In many embodiments, the upper portion with an arm supporting a utility line is able to deflect relative to a lower portion at the connection and then either be replaced or restored to the upright configuration.

Abstract: A guardrail system for use along a roadway. The system can include a longitudinal body having one or more longitudinal void spaces formed therein, at least one substantially vertical post connected at one or both ends of the body, and a longitudinal member disposed within any one of the longitudinal void spaces of the body having a crosswise ultimate tensile strength that is at least 20% greater than the crosswise ultimate tensile strength of the longitudinal body.

Abstract: A signage panel system comprises a panel element and a base element. The panel element has at least one tab formed on an edge and the tab including a slot formed therein. The base element including at least one channel formed therein wherein the channel is configured to receive the tab of the panel element when the panel element engages with the base element. A planar slide lock element fits into the tab slot of the panel element and slides in the tab slot. The channel has a wide section and a narrow section adjacent the wide section, the tab configured for engaging the channel with the slide lock element positioned in the wide section of the channel. The slide lock element sliding in the tab slot and in the channel to engage the narrow section and secure the panel element with the base element.

Abstract: A concrete forming tube formed from a thermoplastic material and having a first end, a second end, and a substantially uniform circumference from the first end to the second end.

Abstract: A crash cushion includes a plurality of resilient, self-restoring tubes each having a center axis and an interior surface. At least some of the tubes are positioned such that respective ones of the center axes are spaced apart in a longitudinal direction. The center axis of at least one tube is substantially perpendicular to a longitudinal axis extending in the longitudinal direction, with the tube defining a diametral plane intersecting and oriented substantially perpendicular to the longitudinal axis. The center axis of the tube lies in the diametral plane. One or more segments are positioned in the tube, with the segments, or portions thereof, disposed on opposite sides of the interior surface of the tube. Each of the segments or portions is symmetrically secured to the tube relative to the diametral plane, with the tube being substantially open between the opposing segments. Various methods of using and assembling the crash cushion are also provided.

Abstract: A vehicle barrier apparatus includes a vertical barrier component connected to a stabilizer beam and capable of selective deployment by a rapid deployment assembly. One end of the stabilizer beam is rotatably connected to the vertical barrier component. Movement of a locking block in the stabilizer beam using a locking handle connected to a locking shaft allows a tensioning cable and tensioning spring assembly to raise the vertical barrier component. Straps extending around both the vertical barrier component and the stabilizer beam prevent over-extension and provide additional resistance to vehicle impact. The locking handles and shafts of multiple vehicle barrier apparatuses may be connected in series, allowing a user to actuate a single locking handle to simultaneously deploy multiple vertical barrier components.

Abstract: A pavement marker includes a plastic base having an exposed upper surface, a reflector supported by the plastic base, and a metal rub rail coupled to the plastic base. The rub rail has an exposed rub surface positioned above the exposed upper surface of the plastic base. Methods of making and installing a pavement marker are also provided.

Abstract: A delineator system includes an anchor having an end portion and a post extending along a longitudinal direction and having an end portion overlapping with the end portion of the anchor. The overlapping end portions are coupled together with an engagement member. A protective collar is moveable relative to the post and the anchor along the longitudinal direction from a non-installed position to an installed position. The protective collar is disposed over and covers the overlapping end portions and the engagement member when in the installed position. Methods of manufacturing and installing a post, and other delineator systems and delineator posts are also provided.

Abstract: A method of marking a curved median with a passive elongated flexible roadway marking device entails bending the device to conform to the curved bullnose shape of a roadway median, adhesively attaching the device to the surface of the median and then mechanically fastening the device to the median. Bending notches with stress relief vertices may be provided in a flange of the spline to facilitate concave bending of that flange. Attachment holes may be provided in flanges of the spline, in an alternating arrangement. Spaced apart retro-reflective tape strips are applied to the curved outer surface of the protrusion.

Abstract: A bollard covering formed from a body, a body connector, a first center, a second center, a bottom, and a top is disclosed. The body connector and bottom further comprise post guide surfaces. In order to secure the bollard covering to the post, one or more holes are provided within the bottom, threaded to accommodate a set screw, or the like. Bollard covering elements are joined by welding, bonding, or mechanical fastening. Bollard coverings may be formed from standard inventory elements in order to create a standard inventory or a customized bollard covering product that may be economically configured on an individual bollard covering basis, or on small or large scale runs, with as much variation in optional components, features, and conveniences as may be required by the marketplace.

Abstract: A collapsible runway side barrier for preventing foreign object debris (FOD) from entering a runway and taxiway is disclosed. The barrier may have an aerodynamic profile, one side of the bather profile may be convex and the other side of the barrier profile may be concave. The side barrier may further have ground attachment elements and may be constructed to collapse if the landing wheels of an aircraft impact the barrier.

Abstract: A bollard comprises an elongate outer tubular cover, an elongate inner tubular core located within the outer tubular cover, a damper located at a lower end of the inner tubular core, and a washer arranged to locate the damper against the inner tubular core. The outer tubular cover and the inner tubular core are both substantially circular in horizontal cross-section and the outer tubular cover and the inner tubular core are not connected together. The bollard further comprises one or more bolts, each bolt passing through the washer, damper and inner tubular core and into the ground.

Abstract: A barrier apparatus (1) comprising a first support means (2a) and a separate second support means (2b), a flexible coupling means (20) attached to the first support means defining a through-opening (21A), a bridging member (4) supporting said flexible coupling means, wherein the bridging member is attached movably to the first support means to be movable to and from a position which places said through-opening in alignment with the second support means, and the second support means includes an obstruction part (11) adapted to extend through said through-opening when said through-opening is placed in said alignment with the second support means thereby to obstruct removal of said through-opening from said alignment with the second support means to provide a barrier comprising said flexible coupling means which extends between the first support means and the second support means.

Abstract: A bollard covering formed from a body, a body connector, a first center, a second center, a bottom, and a top is disclosed. The body connector and bottom further comprise post guide surfaces. In order to secure the bollard covering to the post, one or more holes are provided within the bottom, threaded to accommodate a set screw, or the like. Bollard covering elements are joined by welding, bonding, or mechanical fastening. Bollard coverings may be formed from standard inventory elements in order to create a standard inventory or a customized bollard covering product that may be economically configured on an individual bollard covering basis, or on small or large scale runs, with as much variation in optional components, features, and conveniences as may be required by the marketplace.

Abstract: An apparatus for measuring speed of movement of an object deforming lines of Earth's magnetic field includes a first and second magnetometer disposed on either side of a traffic roadway for the object and substantially perpendicular to the object. The magnetometers are configured for measuring deformation of Earth's magnetic field by the object travelling over the roadway. The apparatus also includes a processing unit configured for extracting, from each of the magnetometers, a measurement value corresponding to a quotient defined by a distance of the object with respect to the magnetometer divided by a speed of movement of the object, and for calculating a speed of the object from the measurement values and a geometrical disposition of the magnetometers with respect to one another and with respect to the traffic roadway.

Abstract: A form-fitting connection between two components (5 and 14) has a break-away function in one direction. At least one connection element, designed as a shear bolt (6), is formfittingly connected to the first component (5) to be connected. The end of the shear bolt (6) is formfittingly and functionally connected to a second component (14) via an attached component (17) that is resilient in the direction of the formfitting connection.

Abstract: A road safety barrier having a plurality of ropes supported by posts rigidly mounted on or in the ground is described. Each rope is held in tension against the posts and supported in a notch or groove in a side of the posts. The ropes are released from a post and the post is not pulled from the ground when a vertical force is exerted on the rope. The ropes when weaved are tensioned against the posts and this gives use to a combined frictional resistance to displacement of the ropes relative to each post along the length of the safety barrier. The structure of at least some of the posts and/or their mounting with respect to the ground defines a minimum bending yield strength in a direction along the length of the barrier. This minimum bending yield strength is greater than the bending moment resulting from the combined frictional resistance forces acting on the post.

Abstract: A method of producing a frangible post includes the step of forming a region of weakness by compressing a portion of at least one surface and/or edge of the post.

Abstract: A crash cushion includes a plurality of resilient, self-restoring tubes each having a center axis and an interior surface. At least some of the tubes are positioned such that respective ones of the center axes are spaced apart in a longitudinal direction. The center axis of at least one tube is substantially perpendicular to a longitudinal axis extending in the longitudinal direction, with the tube defining a diametral plane intersecting and oriented substantially perpendicular to the longitudinal axis. The center axis of the tube lies in the diametral plane. One or more segments are positioned in the tube, with the segments, or portions thereof, disposed on opposite sides of the interior surface of the tube. Each of the segments or portions is symmetrically secured to the tube relative to the diametral plane, with the tube being substantially open between the opposing segments. Various methods of using and assembling the crash cushion are also provided.

Abstract: An impact absorption apparatus includes a force transfer member including a base and a sidewall extending from the base, the base including an opening, a shock absorber disposed within the force transfer member and resting on the base, the shock absorber including a through hole, a plate disposed within the force transfer member and resting on the shock absorber, the plate including a through hole, and a fastener that extends through the base opening, the shock absorber through hole, and the plate through hole, the fastener including an end protruding from the base opening, the fastener end configured to secure the force transfer member to a support surface. The force transfer member is configured so that when an impact force is applied to the force transfer member, the force is transferred from force transfer member to the shock absorber.

Abstract: A support post structure includes: a ground plate mounted on a support post anchor driven into the ground or a concrete base; a support post; a universal joint for tiltably supporting a lower end of the post; a lower support plate placed on an upper end of the post; a spring; an upper support plate; a bolt inserted through the lower support plate, the spring, and the upper support plate; a nut threaded into the bolt; and a rope hanging between a mooring part of the bolt and a predetermined position near the lower end of the post. The support post is brought to a standing state when the rope is tightened by the nut and is tiltable in all directions when a guard fence receives a falling rock or the like, autonomously restoring to the initial standing state when the rock is removed.

Abstract: A channelizer post suitable for delineating traffic lanes, identifying road gore zones, road verges, and pedestrian areas, and the like, is disclosed. While replaceable, the post is normally permanently installed. The post has spring-back capabilities, such that after the post is hit by an object such as a vehicle, the post springs back to a normal vertical position. The post includes a capped tube, preferably formed of an engineered plastic, such as UV stabilized thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU) and a base also preferably formed of an engineered plastic, such as a UV-stable high-impact thermoplastic alloy. The plastics are such that they are weldable together when the post is formed. The cap includes a plurality of holes that allow air to escape from the capped tube when the post is hit by an object and air to reenter the capped tube when the post springs back to its normal vertical position.

Abstract: A rescue locator signal is provided that includes a central member with a first arm extending therefrom in a first direction. A second arm extends from the central member in a second direction that is completely opposite to the first direction, and a third arm extends from the central member in a third direction. A fourth arm extends from the central member in a fourth direction that is completely opposite to the third direction. A plurality of reflective members are located on upper surfaces of the first arm, second arm, third arm, and fourth arm.

Abstract: In an embodiment, a road barrier energy absorption unit can comprise: a vehicle crush section configured to absorb impact energy when impacted with greater than or equal to 5 kN force; a post channel configured to receive a road barrier post; and a guardrail attachment. The energy absorption unit can be disposed over the post and a guardrail can attach to the energy absorption unit. In an embodiment, a road barrier energy absorber system comprises: posts; road barrier energy absorption unit; and a guardrail extending between the energy absorber units. Each post is disposed in one of the energy absorber units. The energy absorber units comprise a vehicle crush section configured to absorb impact energy when impacted with greater than or equal to 5 kN force. In an embodiment, a guardrail can comprise: an outer wall and stiffening elements, wherein the guardrail comprises a plastic.

Abstract: A collapsible barricade apparatus enables users to selectively barricade space for preventing vehicular traffic to pass therethrough. The barricade apparatus comprises an A-shaped member, a support assembly, and a series of anchor assemblies. The A-shaped member comprises laterally opposed upright sections and inwardly extending, coaxial A-crossbar portions. The A-crossbar portions each comprise an inward terminus. The support assembly comprises two T-shaped sections, one upper and one lower. The T-shaped sections each comprise a shaft end and a T-crossbar end. The shaft ends of the upper and lower section being telescopically cooperable with one another. The T-crossbar end of the upper section is cooperable with the inward termini for coaxially aligning and rotatably connecting the upper section to the inwardly extending A-crossbar portions. The anchor assemblies rotatably anchor the feet of the A-shaped member and the lower section of the support assembly to a primary support surface.

Abstract: A terminal post for a barrier includes an upright portion having an aperture positioned, so that in use: the aperture is located in a region of the upright portion above a ground engaging portion of the upright portion; and wherein located on one side of the aperture is a transverse reinforcing member which includes a slot for receiving a cable. At least one groove, or pair of notches is provided located beneath the aperture, and form(s) a predetermined fail line, along which the post will deform, upon receiving a substantially inline impact, which causes the transverse member to move to release the cable, and wherein the aperture is dimensioned to allow the terminal end of the cable formally retained by the slot to pass therethrough.

Abstract: A resilient inflatable delineator pole. The delineator pole can include an elongated body enclosing an interior chamber, a flap disposed at a bottom end of the body and having an aperture defined therein, a retention structure for retaining a lower portion of the body within a granular medium, at least one valve disposed on the elongated body and in communication with the interior chamber, and a protective sleeve enclosing a portion of the elongated body.

Abstract: In one embodiment, a safety trailer has semi-tractor hitches at both ends and a safety wall that is fixed to one side of the trailer. That side, however, can be changed to the right or left side of the road, depending on the end to which the truck attaches. A caboose can be attached at the end of the trailer opposite the tractor to provide additional lighting and impact protection. Optionally, the trailer can be equipped with overhead protection, lighting, ventilation, onboard hydraulics, compressors, generators and other equipment, as well as related fuel, water, storage and restroom facilities and other amenities.

Abstract: Systems and methods described herein provide for a flush-mounted vehicle control barrier having a shallow foundation. According to one aspect of the disclosure provided herein, a vehicle control barrier includes a sub-frame, a wedge plate, and an actuator mechanism that is coupled to the sub-frame and disposed within an interior space of the sub-frame.

Abstract: A passive elongated flexible roadway marking device attaches and conforms to a curved roadway median. The device includes an integrally formed plastic extruded spline and a protrusion having a D-shaped profile. Notches with stress relief vertices are provided in a flange of the spline to facilitate bending. Attachment holes are provided in each flange of the spline, in an alternating arrangement. Spaced apart retro-reflective tape strips are applied to the curved outer surface of the protrusion. A pressure sensitive adhesive on the bottom of the spline facilitate installation. A coupling connects several units.

Abstract: An energy absorbing system with one or more energy absorbing assemblies is provided to reduce or eliminate severity of a collision between a moving vehicle and a roadside hazard. The energy absorbing system may be installed adjacent various roadside hazards or may be installed on highway service equipment. One end of the system may face oncoming traffic. A collision by a motor vehicle with a sled assembly may result in shredding or rupturing of portions of an energy absorbing element to dissipate energy from the vehicle collision.

Abstract: A trailer-mounted crash impact attenuator is attachable to a host vehicle, which comprises an anti-rotational attachment system having an internal support tube and a plurality of external support tubes. The internal support tube has a connector on its front end for attachment to a suitable receptacle on the host vehicle, and the plurality of external support tubes each have an anti-rotation support pad on their front ends. At least one of the internal support tube and the plurality of external support tubes is comprised of a telescoping construction. A backup frame is disposed on a rear end of the attachment system, and a crash attenuator unit is disposed on an axle and pair of wheels for mobility. When the crash attenuator is impacted by an errant vehicle, the anti-rotational attachment system is actuated to prevent the trailer mounted crash impact attenuator from rotating relative to the host vehicle.

Abstract: The system for remote control of retractable, ground-based vehicle barriers increases control of the emergency lane of the road by mounting ground signboards in the emergency lane to prevent any vehicle to pass through this lane and so the police vehicle or the ambulance can easily and quickly approach the site of accident through the emergency lane. The signboards include a U-shaped frame permanently mounted in the emergency lane and a panel pivotally attached to the frame. Servo motors are provided to rotate the panels between a vertical position providing a barrier to traffic and a horizontal position permitting an emergency response vehicle to travel through the emergency lane. The emergency response vehicle is provided with a remote control unit having a short-range transmitter that transmits a trigger signal that is received by a unit at the barrier sign to activate a motor controller to lower the sign.

Abstract: A flexible slalom ski course pole has a fixed base to be driven into the snow and a flexible post extending above the snow. The base and post are connected by an intermediate hinge located a short distance above the snow so the post can bend relative the base and later move back into its initial vertical position, when impacted by a skier during a race. The hinge is associated with a protective sleeve which is provided in addition to or as a part of the hinge, and is disposed around the post adjacent the snow. The sleeve and post have first and second colors which are distinct so their contrast allows the skier to easily recognize the pole and the point it is inserted in the snow, and the gate judges to accurately appreciate proper passage of the skier around the pole.

Abstract: A hurricane and tornado surface wind pattern disrupter and vehicle barrier has carbon steel plates, each mounting plural used tires. Tires are connected to opposite sides of the mounting plates with bolts, washers and nuts. The bolts extend through sidewalls of the tires or through gripper strips in slots in the plates. Ends of gripper strips hold the tire walls against the plates. Clamps connected to the bolts engage inner walls of the tires and hold the tires against the plates. Lateral edges of the plates are positioned inward from the tires. Downward extensions of the mounting plates are connected to fixed reinforced structures. When the plates are connected to tops of lane dividing jersey wall sections, the plates and tires assemblies form a continuously interrupted wall or ribbon for interference with strong surface wind patterns and for disruption and diminution of the wind forces.

Abstract: An security barrier underground footing (12), and a security barrier post (10) are provided. The footing (12) comprises a substantially vertical shaft (16) having a back plate (14) and a foot plate (18) both arranged substantially perpendicular to the shaft (16) and extending to at least one side thereof. In use, the footing (12) is at least partially buried. The back plate (14) is attached to the rear facing side of the shaft (16) away from which an impact will occur and is located at a position that, in use, is flush with or slightly below a surface in which the footing (12) is buried, and the foot plate (18) is towards the lower end of the shaft (16), at a position spaced from the back plate (16).

Abstract: An impact absorbing sign post with quick change-out capability and method is provided. The impact absorbing sign post includes an upper sign post for carrying a sign, an intermediate cylindrical hollow bollard post carrying the upper sign post and a lower hollow bollard post mounted immovably in the ground supporting the intermediate cylindrical hollow bollard post. A easily removable pivot base flexible joint member with a dome portion is mounted between the intermediate cylindrical hollow bollard post and the lower hollow bollard post. A quick change-out spring kit is housed substantially with the lower hollow bollard post in includes a coil spring that is compressed by a tension means such as a cable or chain. When the sign post is impacted by a vehicle and the spring kit is damaged a replacement quick change-out spring kit may be easily installed after removal of the original spring kit without the necessity of removing the lower hollow bollard post from the ground.

Abstract: An area delineating device is disclosed for creating a temporary border or barrier between two or more points. The delineating device has a base, a hollow vertical member, and an exit opening in the vertical member. A series of flaps, preferably rubber, are located on the bottom of the base and facilitate access to the base cavity in which is housed a reel of disposable partitioning material, such as caution tape or police tape. The disposable partitioning material threads up from the base cavity, through the base channel and into the vertical cavity. The disposable partition material then exits the vertical cavity via the exit opening at the top of the delineating device. A series of lineal windows can be present in the vertical member.

Abstract: Crash attenuator guardrail apparatus includes an impact head and a backstop having a cable and guardrails supported by guardrail supports located between the impact head and the backstop. Frictional forces are applied to the cable to control and resist movement of the impact head toward the backstop and provide lateral resistance.

Abstract: A nonlethal barrier system includes a first base having a frame, a shaft and a brake. The brake includes a stationary magnet physically coupled to the frame such that the shaft passes through the stationary magnet. Further, the brake includes an adjustable magnet that creates a magnetic field with the stationary magnet, where the strength of the magnetic field is alterable by rotating the adjustable magnet. A slab physically coupled to the shaft is disposed in the magnetic field. A net is furled around the shaft of the first base such that when an external force is applied to the net, the shaft of the first base rotates and unfurls at least a portion of the net. The slab applies a resistance, based on the strength of the magnetic field, to the shaft of the first base to control the rate at which the net unfurls from the shaft.

Abstract: A bollard assembly includes a bollard, and a load transfer member disposed in the bollard, and a shock absorber disposed within the load transfer member. A fastener extends through the load transfer member and shock absorber, and secures the bollard, load transfer member and shock absorber to a ground surface. The load transfer member adjoins the bollard so as to be disposed between the shock absorber and the bollard, and the load transfer member is configured so that when an impact force is applied to the bollard, the force is transferred from the bollard to the shock absorber via the load transfer member. The deflection is absorbed by the shock absorber so that the anchor remains undeformed and the ground remains undamaged. Moreover, due to the resilience of the shock absorber, the bollard and load transfer member are returned to a normal, upright orientation upon withdrawal of the impact load.

Abstract: Systems and methods described herein provide for a flush-mounted vehicle control barrier having a shallow foundation. According to one aspect of the disclosure provided herein, a vehicle control barrier includes a sub-frame, a wedge plate, and an actuator mechanism that is coupled to the sub-frame and disposed within an interior space of the sub-frame.