Abstract: A universal input device for interfacing a human operator with a slave machine such as a robot or the like includes a plurality of serially connected mechanical links extending from a base. A handgrip is connected to the mechanical links distal from the base such that a human operator may grasp the handgrip and control the position thereof relative to the base through the mechanical links. A plurality of rotary joints is arranged to connect the mechanical links together to provide at least three translational degrees of freedom and at least three rotational degrees of freedom of motion of the handgrip relative to the base. A cable and pulley assembly for each joint is connected to a corresponding motor for transmitting forces from the slave machine to the handgrip to provide kinesthetic feedback to the operator and for producing control signals that may be transmitted from the handgrip to the slave machine.

Abstract: A man-machine interface is disclosed which provides force and texture information to sensing body parts. The interface is comprised of a force actuating device that produces a force which is transmitted to a force applying device. The force applying device applies the generated force to a pressure sensing body part. A force sensor on the force applying device measures the actual force applied to the pressure sensing body part, while angle sensors measure the angles of relevant joint body parts. A computing device uses the joint body part position information to determine a desired force value to be applied to the pressure sensing body part. The computing device combines the joint body part position information with the force sensor information to calculate the force command which is sent to the force actuating device. In this manner, the computing device may control the actual force applied to a pressure sensing body part to a desired force which depends upon the positions of related joint body parts.

Abstract: A legged walking robot such as a two-legged walking robot, for example, has an articulated structure with at least two degrees of freedom, one of which is a degree of freedom for angularly moving a leg in a pitch direction about a first axis of a hip joint assembly, comprising an electric motor for angularly moving the leg in the pitch direction. The electric motor has an output shaft which is axially aligned with the first axis about which the leg is angularly movable in the pitch direction. The articulated structure also has a speed reducer having an input shaft which coaxial with the output shaft of the electric motor. The other degree of freedom is a degree of freedom for angularly moving the leg in a roll direction normal to the pitch direction.

Abstract: An actuator system provides force feedback to a dextrous master glove. A first, second and third digit support are connectable by hook and loop fasteners to the thumb, index and middle digits of the glove, respectively. First, second and third actuators comprising pneumatic cylinders extend between the first, second and third digit supports and an "L" shaped palm support mountable on the palm of the glove. Sensors mounted on the back of the glove provide electrical signals that are interpreted by a glove interface and forwarded to a host computer. The host computer computes the movement of the glove and provides feedback through a digital-to-analog circuit, and an actuator interface to the first, second and third actuators. Sphere joints connect the first, second and third actuators to the palm support. Each sphere joint includes an air passageway that communicates with the pneumatic force feedback cylinders in the actuators.

Abstract: Asymmetrical mechanical linkages for sidestick roll controllers located at the pilot and copilot stations of aircraft and other vehicles with fly-by-wire control systems. The asymmetrical character of the linkage reduces the level of exertion required to rotatably displace the sidestick in the outboard direction and, as an important consequence, significantly reduces pilot fatigue.

Abstract: In a human-in-the-loop robotic control loop, the constrained forces and moments at the gripper (also called hand or end effector) of the manipulator are measured by a force-mement sensor. The resulting force and moment signals are scaled and fed as input voltages to motors in a hand controller to provide torques which oppose deflection of the hand controller. Thus, the operator feels the opposing torques which are proportional to the magnitude of the constrained forces and moments. The force feedback loop may be opened to selectively provide a passive control loop. In either the active or passive mode, the hand controller position signals may be selectively mapped to either gripper position signals or gripper velocity signals in order to control movement of the gripper in the desired manner.

Abstract: A programmable variable degree of tactile feedback for the operation of a manipulator by a pair of motors, one connected to the load and one to the control. Computer controlled four quadrant regulators for each motor are used to drive the load motor shaft to the same position as the control motor shaft and to vary the feedback force on the control motor in proportion to selected forces developed during the manipulation process.

Abstract: A teleoperation system includes a master station having a manually operable master link coupled to a master actuator which provides force resistance to operation and movement of the master link, and a slave station having a slave link moveable by a slave actuator in response to command signals.

Abstract: A force feeling type master/slave manipulator detects a positional difference, a speed difference, and a force difference between the master and slave machines. The position difference and force difference are combined in a weighted manner and the output is used to drive an actuator on the control lever of the master machine to provide a force feeling feedback effect. The position difference is also combined in a weighted manner with the speed difference and the speed of the working machine to provide a sum value. The load force is subtracted from the sum value and the result is used to provide a signal for driving the actuator of the working machine. As a result, stable operation of the control lever is provided, natural vibration of the working machine is reduced and the working machine is stabilized against large inertial loads.

Abstract: A hand controller (10) is provided with which an operator can simultaneously control several degrees of freedom of a mechanism, for example a slave arm (18), single handedly. An operator's handle (12) is connected by four links serially arranged between the handle and elements (50, 48, 46, 42) to a platform (32), these links permitting rotation about three axes (A, B, C) and linear displacement towards and away from the platform (axis Z). The platform is connected by three parallel non-telescopic legs (34) to a base (30) so that the platform (32) (and so the handle 12) can be moved in directions (X and Y) perpendicular to the Z axis. Force and torque feedback may be provided to all motions of the hand controller (10).

Abstract: An instruction system of a remote-control robot having a work manipulator. The system comprises an instruction manipulator for providing work instructions to the work manipulator; a solid geometrical model forming device for forming solid geometrical models of the work manipulator and work circumstances; a simulating device for operating the positions and attitude of the geometrical models according the information of motions of the instruction manipulator and information from various sensors of the work manipulator to simulate geometrical models, as well as driving the work manipulator according to the information from the instruction manipulator, etc.; and a graphic display for displaying motions of the geometrical models. The solid geometrical model forming device forms geometrical models of the work manipulator and work circumstances, the simulating device simulating actual working positions of the geometrical models, and the graphic display displaying the simulated geometrical models.

Abstract: Apparatus for controlling a manipulator employs a control device, first to third detectors, a producing device and a driving device. The first detector detects an operating force/torque generated by the control device and the second detector detects a deflecting amount of the control device from a reference position. The third detector detects an end force applied on an end portion of the manipulator and reaction signals are generated by the producing device. The reaction signal corresponds to a function of the deflecting amount and the end force. A force/torque corresponding to the difference between output signals from the first detector and the producing device are generated by the driving device and applied on the control device.

Abstract: A force feeling type master/slave manipulator comprises a detector for detecting a positional difference between master and slave machines, an actuator provided on the slave side and actuated so that the slave follows up the master on the basis of the above positional difference the manipulator, and a pressure sensor for detecting a pressure in a hydraulic cylinder in which an output signal of the pressure sensor is divided by any one of the shifting speed of a slave working machie, manipulating or operating speed of a master control lever, displacement in a spool of a flow control servo valve, speed difference between the master control lever and slave working machine and positional difference between the master control lever and slave working machine. The divided value signal is used to drive a torque actuator provided in a joint part of the control lever.

Abstract: A master controller for a mechanically dissimilar bilateral slave servo-manipulator is disclosed. The master controller includes a plurality of drive trains comprising a plurality of sheave arrangements and cables for controlling upper and lower degrees of master movement. The cables and sheaves of the master controller are arranged to effect kinematic duplication of the slave servo-manipulator, despite mechanical differences therebetween. A method for kinematically matching a master controller to a slave servo-manipulator is also disclosed.

Abstract: A system for remotely controlled performance of unmanned extravehicular activity in outer space, such as satellite maintenance and repair. The system comprises an orbitable space vehicle having a worksite accessible from the exterior of the vehicle and remotely controlled means associated with the space vehicle worksite for securing at the worksite the equipment in space upon which extravehicular activity is to be performed. At least one servo actuated manipulator slave subsystem is located adjacent to the worksite for performing work there. That slave subsystem is operatively interconnected to a remote manipulator master subsystem. A bilateral force reflective position control subsystem provides the hand of the operator of the master subsystem in a natural way with a sense of feel which is proportional to the loads applied by the operator through the slave subsystem and to loads imposed by the remote environment through the slave subsystem.

Abstract: Robot joint with an electric drive motor (30), a limit switch (36) for a safety shut off of the same, and a sensor (100) for the zero position-scanning of the joint. The limit switch (36) is actuated by annular segment like platform pieces (50) which are securable in different angle positions on a front face of the one robot part (12). For this purpose, a divided support ring (72,74) is provided which is securable in different angle positions independent from the platform pieces (50) and which has a side face (96,98) which influences the sensor (100).

Abstract: A hand-held controller for a robot end effector having force and position control is disclosed. A single tactile area of the operator's hand, such as one finger, responds to two distinct feedback "feels" which are created by movement of a single element in two degrees of freedom that are both pivotable and rotatable in nature. Rotation of the trigger contacting element about its longitudinal axis is responsive to and reflects the amount of grasp force exerted by the end effector. Deflection of a guard encasing that trigger around a pivot point is responsive to and reflects the amount of movement of the end effector. The operator controls the position and grasp force of an end effector by exerting pressure against the trigger guard and, in turn, can "feel" two distinct feedbacks at the control finger. The feedback is indicative of both the grasp force and position of the controlled end effector.

Abstract: An arrangement for a tactile sensing system involved in the determination of object shape, contour, orientation and detection of slip finding one use in real time control of robotically manipulated tools. The sensor uses contact between the object and a gripper upon which the sensor is disposed wherein the object surface forms one plate of the sensing electrode.

Abstract: Objects contacted by mechanical fingers cause shunts that are touched at a position to contact resistance strips. Sensing resistance remaining between the shunt contact and one end of the resistance strip indicates position of contact along the finger. Shapes and alignments of objects are sensed by comparing positional information along several fingers.

Abstract: A pressure sense recognition control system having at least one pressure sensor module for detecting the two-dimensional distribution of the component forces in the three directions in the rectangular coordinate system of a force applied to the pressure receiving surface of the pressure sensor modules. The pressure sensor module has at least one pressure sensor cell having a pressure sensing member made of single crystal silicon, and a plurality of diffusion type strain gauges provided on the surfaces of the pressure sensing member which are substantially perpendicular to the pressure receiving surface and for detecting the three component forces applied to the pressure surfaces in response to the changes of an output of a bridge composed of the strain gauges. These members are mounted on an object, the drive of which is to be controlled.

Abstract: An apparatus provides a swivelless connection of first and second fixed positions on respective first and second structures. The structures are relatively rotatable about a common axis, through a length of flexible conduit defined by first and second space portions thereof respectively connected to the first and second fixed positions and predetermined in accordance with the extent of relative rotation to be accommodated while continuously maintaining the connection.

Abstract: A system and method for monitoring position of a piston within a fluid-actuated cylinder by radiating microwave energy into the actuator cylinder and measuring axial position of the piston as a function of microwave resonances and the frequencies at which such resonances occur. Separate microwave transmitting and receiving antenna probes are mounted on one end cap of the actuator cylinder, which has a fixed diameter and an axial dimension which varies as a function of piston position. The transmitting probe is coupled to an oscillator which is controlled to sweep a predetermined frequency range for generating one or more TM.sub.01q resonant modes within the cylinder cavity. A threshold detector and a peak detector are coupled to the receiving probe for detecting occurrence of cavity resonances. Latches store oscillator control signals associated with occurrence of up to eight such resonance events, with the stored control signals thus being an indication of resonant frequencies.

Abstract: The invention combines a plurality of ultrasonic ranging transducers (11) arrayed proximate the end (12) of a movable robot arm (13), all transducers (11) being mounted to a common base so as to be pivotally movable both horizontally and vertically relative to the robot arm (13) by stepping motors (17 and 20). By controlling the pivotal movements of the transducer array (10) by a microcomputer (22) so as to look in the direction of intended travel of the robot arm end (13), and as to the robot arm end (13) moves, unexpected objects in the path of the robot (14) or aberrant motion by the robot (14) become easily detected. Upon the sensing of an obstruction to the direction of motion of the robot arm (13), or aberrant motion thereof, a signal from the microcomputer (22) to the robot (14) controls will halt further operation until the obstruction is removed or the problem corrected.

Abstract: A control device provided between a master device having a given articulation configuration and a given degree of freedom and a slave manipulator having a given articulation configuration and a given degree of freedom, for causing faithful operation of the slave manipulator according to operation command signals from the master device, comprising: a first position coordinate converter for converting signals of position information concerning articulations of the master device into signals of position information concerning a hand of the master device in a common operating space coordinate system; a selector for selecting specific signals from the output signals of said first position coordinate converter; a second position coordinate converter for converting the signals supplied by said selector into signals of position information concerning the articulations of the slave manipulator; a first controller for giving drive force signals to actuators for the slave manipulator according to the differences between

Abstract: An apparatus and method is disclosed for providing tactile feedback information to the operator of a remotely operated manipulator assembly, such as a robot arm, by mechanically coupling a vibration sensitive transducer to said assembly and audibly reproducing the transducer output for operator listening. The use of an accelerometer as a vibration sensitive transducer is disclosed as well as techniques for cancelling environmental noise.

Abstract: Arrangements for detecting the presence of an opaque object in an area, such as a person in a robotic work cell. Multiple light sources, light reflecting surfaces, light boxes with hole patterns or fiber optic light sources are spaced around the perimeter of the area and imaged by a camera. The change of the camera signal from its normal condition is used to interrupt power to safeguard personnel and/or machinery.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a process for the continuous production of capacitors of the stacked type, wherein a stock or matrix capacitor in the form of a parallelepipedal bar is cut into elementary capacitors of which the lateral connections formed by the application of molten metal (Schoop process) are subsequently connected to electrical connecting wires. In accordance with the invention, the transfer from the cutting station to the soldering station for the connecting wires is performed by means of a gripper whose jaws are applied on the lateral connections formed by the application of molten metal and make it possible to inject an electrical checking signal between the plates of the capacitor during the transfer operation.

Abstract: A load plate is rigidly supported by a central pedestal strain gaged for bending about a central axis. In one embodiment, the pedestal is mounted to the center of a yoke bar supported by two legs strain gaged for comprehensive loads only the sum of which is indicative of the magnitude of the plate load. The legs are supported by base webs strain gaged for bending about a central axis orthogonal to the axis of pedestal bending. The output of the bending strain gages enables determination of the coordinates of the load location on the plate from the central axis axes.In a second embodiment, the pedestal is supported by a block rigidly attached to the end of a cantilevered member extending at right angles from the pedestal. The cantilever member is strain gaged at two longitudinal stations for reading the differential of the bending strain to thereby determine the shear loading, or plate tactile load.

Abstract: A hand controller or `cursor` for the actuation of slaved apparatus. The cursor includes a handle extending from a line attachment member comprised of four equally spaced legs. The ends of these legs define vertices of a regular tetrahedron. The cursor is supported within a subtending structure by a plurality of tension lines which may be connected to torque motors or to another controlled device. A control computer preferably interfaces the present controller with the slaved apparatus wherein signals representative of the several tension line lengths are translated by the computer into control signals actuating the slaved device. In addition, force transducers on the slaved mechanism generate signals representative of the forces encountered by the slaved device which, in turn, are translated by the computer into torque motor control signals thereby providing interactive cursor force-feedback.

Abstract: There is provided a device for programming motions and operational forces or torques of a robot, and a device for carrying out the method. The device includes a handle grip-sensor unit which includes a known sensor of forces and/or torques of the type which defines a load pick-up plate connected via spokes to a peripheral ring and via upright supports to a rigid base part. The peripheral ring is connected to an inner wall of a hollow body whose outer wall is shaped to match the contours of the human hand. The base part is rigidly connected either to an inertial platform or to an end link of the robot. The output of the sensor is connected to link driving means of the robot via a data-processing unit which converts the output signals from the sensor into data corresponding to forces or torques applied by the operator to the handgrip-sensor unit.

Abstract: A movable part of a robot, such as the fingers of the robot hand, are provided with an array of tactile elements mounted on a substrate. Each element includes a magnetic dipole embedded in a compliant medium on one side of the substrate and a magnetic sensor on the other side of the substrate. The dipole and sensor are in parallel planes. A force or torque deforms the compliant medium and displaces the magnetic dipoles with respect to the sensor. The sensor detects the change in magnetic field and produces an electrical signal which is used to control the robot. Magnetoresistive sensors are preferred. To detect torque, each element illustratively includes four sensors arranged at 90.degree. to one another and a magnetic dipole oriented at 45.degree. to each sensor.

Abstract: Contact pressure between the surface of the sensor and the surface of a second object can be measured by a change in capacitance across compressible cells, which comprise the active elements of the sensor. The design allows for the accurate measurement of different pressures at different locations in the area of contact (spatial discrimination), and can be used over a wide range of pressure. As a passive device, it requires external modulation and detection.

Abstract: An assembly robot comprises a breastplate adapted to be attached to the chest of a human operator, an upper arm member connected to the breastplate and adapted to be attached to the upper arm of a human operator, a lower arm member attached to the upper arm member and adapted to be attached to the lower arm of a human operator, a hand member having finger and thumb units into which the hand, finger and thumb of the human operator can be inserted, and a support structure taking the form of a movable chair to which the breastplate is attached and on which the human operator may sit. The robot members, their length, the joints between members, and the axes of these joints correspond to those of a human arm, hand and fingers whereby the robot can make the same movements as the human operator. Each joint is associated with a sensor-motor device.

Abstract: Described is a robot having a proximity sensor which is based on the reentrant-loop magnetic effect. In one embodiment this sensor in a robot hand can detect the position and orientation of magnetized objects within about a 5 cm range, independently of the speed of approach.

Abstract: A remote handling manipulator having a slave arm and a manually operated controller with a grip mechanism, is provided with a force feedback system to impose a force resisting operation of the grip mechanism related to a load experienced by the slave arm. A jaw mechanism of the slave arm is operated by a pressurized fluid, and in the system the pressure of the fluid and the effort exerted by the grip mechanism are compared to produce an error signal used for regulating the force applied to the grip mechanism.

Abstract: A tactile sensing system is provided which consists of essentially four components including a touch surface having a plurality of mechanically and electrically isolated sensitive sites, transducer means associated with each of the sensitive sites for converting a mechanical response to an electrical signal, first signal processing means for scanning the signals produced by the transducer means and converting such signals to digital format, and second signal processing means including a computer for interpreting and displaying the data. The system of this invention is capable of providing high contrast, high normal load resolution, moderate spatial resolution and high sensitivity to determine such mechanical contact parameters as presence, pressure, pressure pattern, texture, hardness and topography of an object contacting the touch surface. In addition, separate means are included enabling the system to detect the location, magnitude and direction of shear forces applied to the touch surface.

Abstract: A load pressure feedback system having at least one control valve for controlling a manipulator comprising a load arm which is pivotally connected to a base member, and a control member having a manually movable control arm which is of the same configuration as but on a smaller scale than the load arm. The pivots or rotary mountings of the load arm and control arm are connected together and controlled by a load pressure feedback system comprising a valve having a hydraulic pilot control member. The load pressures at measuring locations of the apparatus are applied to the inlet of at least one throttle aperture and the level of the control pressures is determined by the cross-sectional areas of the throttle aperture and a screw-in control aperture in the valve. At least one control piston is subjected, on the one hand, to the load pressures and on the other hand to the control pressures.

Abstract: A robot forearm has a pivotally mounted proximal end, a distal portion axially rotatable with respect to the remainder of the forearm, and a wrist connected to the distal portion and being angularly tiltable with respect thereto. A gear on the distal end of a first output shaft rotatably mounted in the remaining portion of the forearm drives a tilt gear assembly mounted in the distal portion of the forearm to tilt the wrist. A second output shaft concentric with the first shaft is connected to the distal portion of the forearm for imparting rotation thereto. Motors mounted in the forearm are coupled to the ouput shafts through concentric input shafts and harmonic speed reducing drives. The drives are axially spaced and concentric and are coupled to the output shafts by flexible cup-like members. Encoders connected to the second output shaft and the tilt gear assembly encode the position of those elements and produce corresponding feedback signals which are used to control the motors.

Abstract: A force return servosystem between a master actuator and a slave actuator connected by transmission lines, which introduce a delay, .tau..At the master actuator, the servocontrol is realized by means of two devices supplying force signals, where the smaller is applied to the master actuator, but having the polarity of the signal supplied by a first servocontrol device. The latter compares, in a known manner the position signal .theta.(t) of the master actuator with the delay position signal .theta.'(t-.tau.) of the slave actuator, whereas a second servocontrol device compares the delayed position signal .theta.(t-2.tau.) with signal .theta.'(t-.tau.).The invention may be used in manipulators, the control of the flying of a missile and any other control requiring the proportioning of the force controlling a movement of a machine.

Abstract: A releasable tool mount is provided for protecting tools carried by a manipulator from damage by excessive forces acting upon the tools irrespective of the direction of the force. The tool mount comprises a tool mounting plate, a housing for receiving the plate, support pins peripherally disposed upon the plate, receptacle placed within the housing for receiving the support pins and preload devices for exerting forces along the long axis of the support pins to maintain their engagement with the receptacle. Relative forces between the housing and the plate, sufficient to overcome the preload force, effect dislodgment of the pins from their associated receptacles. Fluidic sensing means are provided for detecting dislodgement of any pin from its receptacle.

Abstract: A split-ball type wrist and manipulator assembly (FIG. 6) includes a first ball portion 2, a second ball portion 4 rotatable independently and relative to the first ball portion, and end effector 52 rotatably carried by the second ball portion 4, the first ball portion 2 being controlled in its rotation by the hollow outer shaft 38, the second ball portion 4 being controlled in its rotation by rotation of an inner shaft 39 coupled to the second ball portion by the hollow, flexible coupling 45, and the end effector rotation being controlled by the innermost hollow shaft 42 rotation connected to the end effector by the inner flexible coupling 53, and with power line means 58 for controlling tool operation extending totally internally of the wrist and arm to the source of power.

Abstract: A robotic height sensor employs the defocussing of a spot of light to detect the motion of a probe contacting a reference object. The defocussing changes the electrical output of a photodetector which output is used to control a height drive mechanism. In a preferred embodiment of the invention, an intentional weakened portion of a shaft is provided for permitting limited lateral freedom of the shaft to accommodate minor irregularities in a workpiece.

Abstract: This invention provides a process and apparatus comprising at least one unit to grip a microcomponent arranged at the top opening of a stack of microcomponents inside the magazine according to which the presence of said microcomponent is checked by the gripping members and the electrical efficiency thereof is then tested. The apparatus comprises various units, each of which comprises at least one gripping member to selectively draw and deliver a single microcomponent; a control member to operate said gripping means; a sensor to sense the presence of the microcomponent if positioned in the gripping member which, in case, also carries on measures to check the efficiency thereof. Then, if required, the absence or the presence of a faulty microcomponent is signalled.

Abstract: A handling equipment comprising a telescopic supporting assembly carrying a motorized orientation support for at least one articulated slave arm is disclosed. The orientation support includes a body pivotally mounted around a vertical axis at the end of the supporting assembly and at least one supporting member pivotally mounted around a horizontal axis on the body. A fixing device is provided between each slave arm and each supporting member to allow remote locking and unlocking of the slave arms. The supporting assembly bears at least one television camera for observing the free end of each slave arm.

Abstract: A weld gun mounted on the end of the manipulator arm of a programmable manipulator is repositioned with respect to the initially taught path in accordance with variations in the dimensions of successive workpieces on which a series of spot welds are to be made.A sensing means carried by the weld gun is employed to measure the position of the welding tips relative to the edge of the flanges which are to be welded. The output of this sensing means is employed to reposition the weld gun prior to the next weld. Repositioning may be accomplished by moving the weld gun bodily with respect to the end of the manipulator arm while the manipulator arm remains stationary at the taught position, or by modifying the command signal for the appropriate axis so that the manipulator arm is itself moved to a different position than the initially taught position.

Abstract: A prehension unit suitable for use as a finger in a manipulator hand has a supporting body, a contact element carried by the supporting body through a resilient material and defining with the body a closed space. Optical sensors cooperate with a locally light reflecting surface of the contact element. Each sensor comprises an optical fiber for transmitting light from a remote transducer to an end portion terminating in the supporting body in front of the contact element surface and an optical fiber for collecting the light reflected by the surface and conveying it to a remote light sensitive transducer. The movements of the locally reflecting surface, due to axial, radial and/or angular movements of the contact element which results in a change of the amount of reflected light collected by the second fiber may be detected. The manipulator apparatus may be provided with motors for restoring the unit to a position for which no force is exerted by an object to be seized on the contact element.

Abstract: Apparatus for recording tactile sensations comprises a sensing or "receptor" glove used to effect a tactile exploration of an object whose "feel" is to be recorded. The glove typically includes a mosaic of pressure and temperature sensors in an "artificial skin", which is applied to the object during the tactile exploration, and is connected to further sensors for sensing the motivity parameters of the movable parts, e.g. fingers and wrist, during the exploration. The pressure and temperature sensors are preferably formed by localized diffusions of electrically conductive material into a sheet of a flexible insulating material. The electrical signals produced by the sensors are recorded, and are then used, with or without further processing, to operate apparatus for reproducing tactile sensations.

Abstract: A servo system is presented for controlling the angular attitude of machine units pivotally mounted on an outlying boom frame. Said system is applicable to rock drilling machines, breakers, loading scoops and forks, working platforms, manipulator booms, and the like. The system includes a directional control valve for governing the positioning motor of the machine unit. Under full working pressure the directional valve in itself provides automatic attitude control of the machine unit. To this end the directional valve is provided with a feedback position, in which the pressure fluid communications to the positioning motor are cut off and furthermore has a syngonous (uniangular) relationship on the one hand to the actual angle value of the machine unit with one of its valve elements and on the other to a selective set angle value with its other valve element.

Abstract: A servo amplification system is created particularly for heavy construction equipment, but has a general utility that is much broader. The system utilizes a hydraulic analog system with a separate subsystem for each dimension of motion. The operator moves the operative element, such as the backhoe bucket, of the analog replica which ordinarily would be situated in the cab of the backhoe or other piece of equipment. A small hydraulic cylinder operative in response to movement at each articulated connection of the backhoe operates a pilot valve which controls a pilot piston mechanically linked to the drive valve of the drive cylinder of the corresponding articulation in the actual backhoe. A feedback system comprising a mechanical link from the actual drive piston to a feedback cylinder and piston delivers hydraulic fluid back to the inlets of the pilot valve in such a way as to cancel the pilot orders from the initial control cylinder.

Abstract: A calibration fixture is disclosed for calibrating the link position transducer output signals of a teaching robot and a work robot such that when the links thereof occupy the same identical spatial position and orientation, the magnitudes of the corresponding link position transducer outputs of the work and teaching robots will be the same.