Abstract: A hydrogen generating method includes generating hydrogen by dehydrogenation-reacting a chemical hydride of a solid state with an acid aqueous solution. The dehydrogenation-reaction is performed by reacting 1 mol of hydrogen atoms of the chemical hydride with an acid and water at a molar ratio of 0.5 to 2.

Abstract: A device for culturing anaerobic microorganisms is provided. The device comprises a body comprising a waterproof base, a waterproof coversheet attached to the base, and a growth compartment disposed between the base and the coversheet. The growth compartment has a perimeter and an opening that provides liquid access to the growth compartment. A portion of the perimeter is defined by a waterproof seal. The portion includes >50% of the perimeter. A dry cold water-soluble gelling agent is adhered to the base in the growth compartment. A dry first oxygen-scavenging reagent is disposed in the growth compartment.

Abstract: The present invention provides a safe, disposable and biodegradable chlorine dioxide micro generator that uses water soluble paper and hydrogel or compressed cellulose encased in filter paper pouch. The chemicals are kept in a stabilize form until activated by the addition of water. Multiple levels of protection against early exposure to water such as a foil pouch and an impermeable outer container allow for the safe transportation and storage in small, ready for deployment amounts of the chemicals. Water permeated the chemical pack housing and dissolves the paper walls of the chemical pouch housing and then the water facilitates the reaction between the acid and the sodium chlorite to form chlorine dioxide gas as will be described further hereunder. Absorbent and permeable materials packaged around the chemicals provide for the safe containment of the chlorine dioxide solution, and the expeditious aeration and release of the chlorine dioxide gas, once the chemical reaction has been completed.

Abstract: A solid hydrogen reaction system and method of liberating hydrogen gas includes the utilization of a reactor having a body that defines a reaction chamber, having a first narrow end and a second wider end such that the reactor has an increasing cross-sectional area from the first end toward the second end, for facilitating a reaction to liberate hydrogen gas stored in a hydrogen storage solid located within the reaction chamber.

Abstract: A gas turbine engine includes a first duct, a second duct, and a bladder. The bladder is disposed in the first duct and communicates with the second duct. A first gas flow is capable of passing through the first duct and a second gas flow is capable of passing through the second duct. The bladder is adapted to receive a bleed gas flow from the second duct and inflate within the first duct, thereby decreasing an area in the first duct through which the first gas flow is capable of traveling.

Abstract: A hydrogen generator and a method of producing hydrogen gas using stabilized aluminum hydroxide and water are disclosed. The hydrogen generator contains stabilized aluminum hydride, water, a base, and a reaction chamber within which at least a portion of the stabilized aluminum hydride reacts with at least a portion of the water to produce hydrogen gas. The water that reacts with the stabilized aluminum hydride is contained in a basic aqueous solution including at least a portion of the base. The base can be included with the water in the basic aqueous solution, stored in a reservoir separate from the stabilized aluminum hydroxide, or the base can be a solid contained in a mixture with the stabilized aluminum hydroxide and mix with water when added to the mixture to form the basic aqueous solution.

Abstract: The present invention discloses a fuel supply for a fuel cell, the fuel cell including a liquid storage area that includes a liquid reactant, a reaction area that includes a solid reactant, wherein the liquid reactant is pumped into the reaction area such that the liquid reactant reacts with the solid reactant to produce reaction components, a product collection area that receives the reaction components, a barrier, and a container with an interior volume that substantially encloses the reaction area, liquid storage area, product collection area. The barrier separates and defines several of the aforementioned areas, and moves to simultaneously increase the product collector area and decrease the liquid storage area as the liquid reactant is pumped from the liquid storage area and the reaction components are transferred into the product collection area.

Abstract: The present disclosure provides liquid/solid phase reactor systems that generate product gases. The present disclosure also provides for methods of generating gas using the systems of the present disclosure.

Abstract: A method and system are described for on-board treatment of an exhaust stream containing CO2 emitted by a hydrocarbon-fueled internal combustion engine (ICE) used to power a vehicle in order to reduce the amount of CO2 discharged into the atmosphere which include: a.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a process for the self-regulated production as a function of the demand, under submerged conditions, of a gas (G), said gas (G) being generated by a chemical reaction between a liquid (L) and a solid (S) (hydrogen generated by hydrolysis of a metal hydride, for example) and not being polluted between the generation thereof and the delivery thereof. The present invention also relates to a device suitable for the implementation of said process.

Abstract: Reactive diluent fluid (22) is introduced into a stream of synthesis gas (or “syngas”) produced in a heat-generating unit such as a partial oxidation (“POX”) reactor (12) to cool the syngas and form a mixture of cooled syngas and reactive diluent fluid. Carbon dioxide and/or carbon components and/or hydrogen in the mixture of cooled syngas and reactive diluent fluid is reacted (26) with at least a portion of the reactive diluent fluid in the mixture to produce carbon monoxide-enriched and/or solid carbon depleted syngas which is fed into a secondary reformer unit (30) such as an enhanced heat transfer reformer in a heat exchange reformer process. An advantage of the invention is that problems with the mechanical integrity of the secondary unit arising from the high temperature of the syngas from the heat-generating unit are avoided.

Abstract: A method of converting C2 and/or higher alkanes to olefins by contacting a feedstock containing C2 and/or higher alkanes with a first surface of a metal composite membrane of a sintered homogenous mixture of an Al oxide or stabilized or partially stabilized Zr oxide ceramic powder and a metal powder of one or more of Pd, Nb, V, Zr, Ta and/or alloys or mixtures thereof. The alkanes dehydrogenate to olefins by contact with the first surface with substantially only atomic hydrogen from the dehydrogenation of the alkanes passing through the metal composite membrane. Apparatus for effecting the conversion and separation is also disclosed.

Abstract: A contaminate control device for filtering contaminates from a gas such as air is provided. The device includes a housing having a first inlet and a first outlet. An axial flow filter is fluidly coupled between the first inlet and the first outlet, the axial flow filter has a second inlet and a second outlet. A second filter disposed about the axial flow filter and is fluidly coupled between the first inlet and the first outlet, the second filter having a third inlet on an inner diameter and a third outlet disposed on an outer diameter. A flow restrictor is fluidly coupled between the second inlet and the first inlet.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for pyrolytic destruction of polymer products including whole vehicle vulcanised rubber tires is disclosed. The apparatus 111 has a reaction chamber 153 into which a tire can be placed, and immersed for pyrolytic decomposition in a molten alloy of zinc with a minor proportion of aluminium. The apparatus 111 has a heated reservoir 155 in which the alloy is maintained in a molten state, and from where it can be transferred to the reaction chamber 153 to immerse the tire. Fluid hydrocarbon byproducts are drawn off for condensation and recovery, and solid zinc sulphides are also recovered. Where steel belted tires are processed, carbon and steel residues are also recovered.

Abstract: A two-part system, method and device for producing a gaseous or aqueous chlorine dioxide solution is disclosed. The system includes a two part system where part one utilizes sodium chlorite in a dry chemical form (e.g., granulated, powder, and/or flake) securely contained within a device. Part two is a liquid acid solution that, when placed in contact with part one, will activate part one to produce chlorine dioxide gas or aqueous chlorine dioxide when water is added after part one is activated when exposed to part two which is a premade liquid acid solution.

Abstract: A hydrogen gas generating apparatus for providing hydrogen gas to a fuel cell stack is provided. The apparatus includes an expandable reaction chamber containing a solid reactant component and a collapsible receptacle containing a liquid reactant component with a housing. The reaction chamber includes an expandable reactant zone defined by a moveable partition that retains the reactants and reaction products within the reaction chamber. The apparatus also includes a liquid transport control system and a fluid path for transporting the liquid reactant component from the collapsible receptacle to the reactant zone in the reaction chamber, where the liquid and solid reactant components react to generate hydrogen gas. The receptacle collapses with a corresponding expansion of the reaction chamber as liquid reactant component is used, and the reactant zone expands within the reaction chamber in response to pressure from the increasing volume of reaction products on the moveable partition.

Abstract: Processes for using a combination of carbon dioxide and oxygen in the dehydrogenation of hydrocarbons are provided. A hydrocarbon feedstock, carbon dioxide and oxygen are fed to an oxidative dehydrogenation reactor system containing one or more catalysts that promote dehydrogenation of the hydrocarbon feedstock to produce a dehydrogenated hydrocarbon product. The processes of the present invention may be used, for example, to produce styrene monomer by dehydrogenation of ethylbenzene using carbon dioxide and oxygen as oxidants.

Abstract: A urea reactor tray having a base plate; and a number or quantity of hollow cup-shaped members, which project vertically from the base plate along respective substantially parallel axes perpendicular to the base plate, and have respective substantially concave inner cavities communicating with respective openings formed in the base plate; the tray having a number or quantity of first cup-shaped members, each of which extends axially between an open top end having the opening, and a closed bottom end, and has a lateral wall with through holes substantially crosswise to the axis, and a bottom wall which closes the closed bottom end and has no holes.

Abstract: A hydrogen separation membrane comprising a palladium alloy that includes at least palladium, an added metal A, and an added metal B, the added metal A and the added metal B being two different metals other than palladium, each of the added metal A and the added metal B forming a complete solid solution with palladium, and the added metal A and the added metal B having a triple point in an equilibrium diagram and not forming an intermetallic compound. The hydrogen separation membrane exhibits excellent hydrogen permeability and durability.

Abstract: An apparatus for providing activated carbon that has a reactor vessel for containing carbon based feedstock and a processor that encloses the reactor vessel. An insulating barrier is disposed between the reactor vessel and the processor for defining generally vertical outer and inner pathways that are communicably interconnected. The reactor vessel has a gas receiving intake port in communication with the inner pathway. First and second inlet conduits are formed through the processor and into the reactor for respectively introducing a first ignition gas into the reactor to ignite the feedstock and a second gas into the first pathway. The second gas circulates through the outer and inner pathways and enters the reactor vessel through the gas receiving intake port. The exhaust gas is circulated through a catalyst chamber/cartridge/bed. At least one exhaust port discharges gas from the vessel exteriorly of the processor.

Abstract: A solid reactant sheet, a solid reactant stack, and a fuel cartridge are provided. The solid reactant sheet comprises an adhesive film and a plurality of solid reaction particles. The adhesive film has a first surface, a second surface opposite to the first surface, and a plurality of through holes connected between the first surface and the second surface. The plurality of solid reaction particles are adhered to the first surface, and the solid reaction particles react with a reactant for generating a gas. Furthermore, a solid reactant stack and a fuel cartridge are also provided.

Abstract: A novel catalytic reactor is provided for controlling the contact of a limiting reactant with a catalyst surface. A first flow vessel defines an interior surface and an exterior surface, and the interior surface has a catalyst deposited on at least a portion thereof. A second flow vessel is positioned within the first flow vessel and the second flow vessel defines a porous surface designed to deliver a fluid uniformly to at least a portion of the interior surface of the first flow vessel.

Abstract: The present disclosure is directed towards methods of making titanium diboride products in various sizes. An aspect of the method provides (a) selecting a target average particle size for a target titanium diboride product; (b) selecting at least one processing variable from the group consisting of: an amount of sulfur, an inert gas flow rate, a soak time, and a reaction temperature; (c) selecting a condition of the processing variable based upon the target average particle size; and (d) producing an actual titanium diboride product having an actual average particle size using the at least one processing variable, wherein due to the at least one processing variable, the actual average particle size corresponds to the target average particle size.

Abstract: The present invention provides a reactor and a method for the production of high purity silicon granules. The reactor includes a reactor chamber; and the reaction chamber is equipped with a solid feeding port, auxiliary gas inlet, raw material gas inlet, and exhaust gas export. The reaction chamber is also equipped with an internal gas distributor; a heating unit; an external exhaust gas processing unit connected between a preheating unit and a gas inlet. The reaction chamber is further equipped with a surface finishing unit, a heating unit and a dynamics generating unit. The reaction is through decomposition of silicon containing gas in densely stacked high purity granular silicon layer reaction bed in relative motion, and to use remaining hear of exhaust gas for reheating. The present invention is to achieve a large scale, efficient, energy saving, continuous, low cost production of high purity silicon granules.

Abstract: A polyethylene terephthalate container having a hydrogen generator and catalyst disposed or otherwise incorporated in components of the container. The container further comprises an activation system or means for activating the hydrogen generator and/or catalyst system at a predetermined time or in response to a predetermined stimulus.

Abstract: Method to prepare fluids (liquids and gases) containing pure chlorine dioxide which is not contaminated by the starting materials or the byproducts of the chlorine dioxide synthesis or to deliver pure chlorine dioxide into any medium capable of dissolving chlorine dioxide, wherein the chlorine dioxide generated in the process is transported across a pore free polymeric membrane via selective permeation into the target medium.

Abstract: A polyethylene terephthalate container having a hydrogen generator and catalyst disposed or otherwise incorporated in components of the container, including the closure, closure insert, label, label glue, and/or any other portions of the final container assembly. In addition, the catalyst and the hydrogen generator can both be located in the same component. Methods for dispersing the hydrogen generator and catalyst in the container wall without affecting clarity are provided.

Abstract: The invention relates to a method and a device for generating hydrogen (5), wherein an input (1) comprising carbon is fed longitudinally through a tube-shaped reaction chamber (Z), together with water steam (2), and is thereby converted by steam reforming, and hydrogen (4) formed during steam reforming is continuously drawn off out of the reaction chamber (Z) through a separating wall (T), said wall being selectively hydrogen-permeable at least in segments, and at a pressure less than the pressure in the reaction chamber (Z) and greater than the ambient pressure, having greater purity than product (5), characterized in that a separating wall (T) is used, the selectively hydrogen-permeability segments thereof being disposed such that a hydrogen partial pressure drop exists over the entire surface of each of such segments between the reaction chamber side and the hydrogen extraction side (W).

Abstract: An embodiment of the invention includes a riser reactor for reacting a feedstock and catalyst. The riser reactor wall defines an interior. A continuous refractory lining is attached to the reactor wall and defines a plurality of flow disruptors that extend inward from the wall into the reactor interior and disrupt flow patterns of the feedstock and catalyst.

Abstract: A synthesis gas conversion process for carrying out the process is disclosed. A hydrogen-containing sweep gas is caused to flow across a water permselective membrane adjacent a synthesis gas conversion reaction zone in which synthesis gas is contacted with a catalyst and converted to effluent including water. Water is removed from the reaction zone through the membrane. The sweep gas has sufficient hydrogen partial pressure to cause hydrogen to pass through the membrane into the reaction zone.

Abstract: Isothermal vertical reactor (1) for a chemical reaction, comprising a shell (2) with internal gas-permeable walls (16, 18) defining an inlet distribution chamber (17) and a product collecting chamber (19), an open-top catalytic bed between said gas-permeable walls, and a tube heat exchanger (5) embedded in said catalytic bed, the tube heat exchanger (5) comprising a bundle of U-tubes, where an inlet (14) is disposed to direct a fresh charge in an upper chamber (21) over the catalytic bed and the U-shaped top portion of the tube bundle; a portion (F1) of the fresh charge passes through the catalytic bed with a mixed axial-transversal flow, and another portion (F2) of the fresh charge enters the inlet gas-distribution chamber (17) and passes through the catalytic bed with a substantially transversal flow.

Abstract: There is described an apparatus, a tubular laminar flow, plug flow reactor, for making silylamines and particularly trisilylamine (TSA) in high yields from ammonia gas and a monohalosilane gas. The apparatus can be a tubular flow reactor comprising a first portion of the reactor defining a gas entry zone, a second portion of the reactor defining a reaction zone and a third portion of the reactor defining a separation zone, the reaction zone providing a reactant contacting region. Trisilylamine can be recovered in the separation zone in a cold trap collection vessel.

Abstract: The present invention is directed to an upwardly convex fixed-bed catalyst support for a hydroprocessing reactor. The catalyst bed support includes an upwardly convex annular-shaped plate having an outer end in communication with the reactor inner surface, and an inner end in communication with a horizontal hub assembly.

Abstract: Reactive diluent fluid (22) is introduced into a stream of synthesis gas (or “syngas”) produced in a heat-generating unit such as a partial oxidation (“POX”) reactor (12) to cool the syngas and form a mixture of cooled syngas and reactive diluent fluid. Carbon dioxide and/or carbon components and/or hydrogen in the mixture of cooled syngas and reactive diluent fluid is reacted (26) with at least a portion of the reactive diluent fluid in the mixture to produce carbon monoxide-enriched and/or solid carbon depleted syngas which is fed into a secondary reformer unit (30) such as an enhanced heat transfer reformer in a heat exchange reformer process. An advantage of the invention is that problems with the mechanical integrity of the secondary unit arising from the high temperature of the syngas from the heat-generating unit are avoided.

Abstract: A pyrolysis process is provided. The process includes the steps of: depositing a quantity of waste into a porous container, the porous container adapted to allow a convective stream of substantially anaerobic gas to flow therethrough; inserting the porous container into a pyrolysis thermal processor; sealing the thermal processor; circulating the convective stream of gas through the pyrolysis thermal processor; heating the waste according to a first time-temperature profile to pyrolyze the waste and form a carbonaceous char; and cooling the carbonaceous char by circulating the convective stream of gas through a cooler. An oil product and a gaseous hydrocarbon product are produced during the pyrolysis. The carbonaceous char is further processed to form a carbon black product and a recyclable metal product.

Abstract: Processes for using a combination of carbon dioxide and oxygen in the dehydrogenation of hydrocarbons are provided. A hydrocarbon feedstock, carbon dioxide and oxygen are fed to an oxidative dehydrogenation reactor system containing one or more catalysts that promote dehydrogenation of the hydrocarbon feedstock to produce a dehydrogenated hydrocarbon product. The processes of the present invention may be used, for example, to produce styrene monomer by dehydrogenation of ethylbenzene using carbon dioxide and oxygen as oxidants.

Abstract: A catalyst carrier for insertion in a radial tube reactor, said catalyst carrier comprising: an annular container for holding catalyst in use, said container having a perforated inner wall defining a tube, a perforated outer wall, a top surface closing the annular container and a bottom surface closing the annular container; a surface closing the bottom of said tube formed by the inner wall of the annular container; a skirt extending upwardly from the perforated outer wall of the annular container from a position at or near the bottom surface of said container to a position below the location of a seal; and a seal located at or near the top surface and extending from the container by a distance which extends beyond an outer surface of the skirt.

Abstract: The present invention is related to producing fine nano or submicron-scale precision ceramic powder by applying an innovative chemical reactor with powder collection to the glycine-nitrate combustion process (GNC-P). The unique feature lies in the utilization of a simple-operating process to massively produce nano or submicron-scale ceramic oxide powder with multiple metal components. The present invention not only provides very high powder collection efficiency and production yield as well as safety but also satisfies requirements of industrial safety and environmental safety, and lowers production cost.

Abstract: A structured packing for a reactor is formed from a metal sheet to promote heat and mass transfer near the wall of the reactor. The structured packing causes lateral flow of fluids flowing through the packing such that jet impingement of at least one reactor wall is promoted. The packing may be used in a cylindrical, annular or plate-type reactor, e.g., a catalytic reactor, or a heat exchanger.

Abstract: A composite membrane material characterized by comprising a hydrogen-permeable membrane which is selectively permeable to hydrogen and is formed by rolling to a thickness of 30 ?m or less which is difficult for the membrane by itself to retain its shape, and a shape-retention mesh which is disposed on at least one side of the hydrogen-permeable membrane and is composed of a wire of a high-melting metal which does not cause thermal diffusion into the hydrogen-permeable membrane, wherein the hydrogen-permeable membrane and the shape-retention mesh are superposed and subjected to a pleat processing in a non-bonded state so that they are separable and the hydrogen-permeable membrane has a surface area increased at least 3 times per unit area. This material is used to constitute a hydrogen separation element.

Abstract: A fixed bed membrane reactor is disclosed. The reactor has a housing including an inlet for receiving reactants and an outlet for discharging retentate streams of reaction products. The inlet and outlet are in fluid communication with a reaction zone in which the reactants may pass downstream from the inlet to the outlet with the reactants reacting to produce reaction products including water. The reactor further includes a membrane assembly disposed in fluid communication with the reaction zone. The membrane assembly includes at least one porous support with a water permselective membrane affixed thereto. The membrane allows water produced in the reaction zone to be selectively removed from the reaction zone as a permeate stream while allowing retentate reaction products to remain in the reaction zone and be discharged as a retentate stream.

Abstract: Disclosed is a catalyst distributor and process for spreading catalyst over a regenerator vessel. Nozzles disposed angular to a header of the distributor spread catalyst throughout a full cross section of the catalyst bed.

Abstract: A particulate material processing apparatus has a vessel and a processing tank. The vessel has a charging port for charging a particulate material into the vessel. The processing tank receives the particulate material charged from the charging port. The processing tank is shaped so as to narrow towards the bottom. At least the lower part of the processing tank is made of a gas-permeable material that allows the process gas for processing the particulate material to pass through. The upper part of the processing tank has lower gas permeability than the lower part of the processing tank.

Abstract: A unit for use within a furnace which is absent a controlled atmosphere, for carrying out a synthesizing process for synthesizing precursors to form a synthesized product at elevated temperatures. The unit consists of a vessel, having at least one opening, for containing materials of the synthesizing process, and a solid reductive material. The materials of the synthesizing process are separated from the atmosphere of the furnace by either the vessel or the reductive material. The unit is especially suited for synthesizing LiFePO4 from Fe2O3, Li2CO3, carbon black, and phosphoric acid precursors.

Abstract: Described here is a system (8; 9; 50) of walls for catalytic beds of reactors (1) for the heterogeneous synthesis of chemical compounds characterized in that it comprises a wall (14) of predetermined thickness in direct contact with a catalytic bed (7) for containing it, said wall having a plurality of portions (17) permeable to gases and a plurality of portions (19; 54; 55) impermeable to gases, said portions (17) permeable to gases each being equipped with a plurality of slits (18; 52, 53; 60; 70) of a size such as to allow the free passage of the synthesis gases through them but not the passage of the catalyst.

Abstract: A system is disclosed to generate hydrogen. The system includes a fuel cartridge, a cartridge interface, and a fuel cartridge receiver. The fuel cartridge includes a liquid permeable material with one or more cavities that encloses a solid anhydrous chemical hydride. The fuel cartridge also includes a housing that is heat and pressure resistant that houses the liquid permeable material, and a liquid. The fuel cartridge also includes one or more liquid sources that introduce the liquid into the housing such that the liquid contacts at least a portion of the liquid permeable material.

Abstract: A hydrogen generator includes a plurality of fuel sticks each of which includes a hydrogen release compound configured to generate hydrogen by a chemical reaction, a pressure-resistant container configured to store therein the plurality of fuel sticks, and a controller configured to carry out control in such a manner that hydrogen is generated selectively from the plurality of fuel sticks.

Abstract: A microfluidic device that comprises a microchannel structure in which there are one, two or more flow paths (101;201a,b;301a,a?,b) all of which comprises a porous bed I (104,204,304) that is common for all of the flow paths and exposes an immobilized reactant R that is capable of interacting with a solute S that passes through the bed. The characteristics are that at least one of the flow paths comprises/comprise a second porous bed II (105,205,305) that is placed upstream of porous bed I (104,204,304) and is dummy with respect to interaction with solute S but capable of interacting with a substance DS that is present in a liquid aliquot together with solute S and is capable of disturbing the result of the interaction between solute S and said immobilized reactant R. There is also disclosed a method utilizing the device and variant of the device in which the immobilized R is replaced with a generic affinity ligand LI and/or porous bed II exposes a generic ligand LII that may be different from LI.

Abstract: A reactor which comprises a vessel (1) with a vessel bottom (2), a stirrer (3) arranged in the vessel, an emergency discharge valve (4) arranged in the vessel bottom for emptying the reactor in less than 600 seconds and at least one filtration device (5) arranged in the vessel bottom is suitable for the safe preparation of organic peroxides. The process for preparing an organic peroxide comprises the steps of preparing a solid hydroperoxide in the form of a suspension in the reactor, filtering the suspension through the filtration device (5) arranged in the vessel bottom (2) while retaining the solid hydroperoxide in the reactor and reacting the hydroperoxide with an alkylating agent, an acylating agent or a carbonyl compound.

Abstract: There is disclosed a permselective membrane reactor which efficiently forms hydrogen by use of a water-gas shift reaction and which is excellent in an aspect of manufacturing cost. In a permselective membrane reactor, a permselective membrane is a Pd membrane or a Pd alloy membrane, and a catalyst layer includes a first catalyst layer on the side of the permselective membrane and a second catalyst layer disposed apart from the permselective membrane. The first catalyst layer has a noble metal-based catalyst, and the second catalyst layer has an iron-based catalyst.