Abstract: A gaseous fuel catalytic partial oxidation (CPOX) reformer can include a plurality or an array of spaced-apart CPOX reactor units, each reactor unit including an elongate tube having a wall with internal and external surfaces, the wall enclosing an open gaseous flow passageway with at least a portion of the wall having CPOX catalyst disposed therein and/or comprising its structure. The catalyst-containing wall structure and open gaseous flow passageway enclosed thereby define a gaseous phase CPOX reaction zone, the catalyst-containing wall section being gas-permeable to allow gaseous CPOX reaction mixture to diffuse therein and hydrogen-rich product reformate to diffuse therefrom. At least the exterior surface of a CPOX reaction zone of a CPOX reactor unit can include a hydrogen barrier. The gaseous fuel CPOX reformer also can include one or more igniters, and a source of gaseous reformable fuel.

Abstract: A liquid fuel catalytic partial oxidation (CPOX) reformer can include a plurality or an array of spaced-apart CPOX reactor units, each reactor unit including an elongate tube having a gas-permeable wall with internal and external surfaces, the wall enclosing an open gaseous flow passageway with at least a portion of the wall having CPOX catalyst disposed therein and/or comprising its structure. The catalyst-containing wall structure and open gaseous flow passageway enclosed thereby define a gaseous phase CPOX reaction zone, the catalyst-containing wall section being gas-permeable to allow gaseous CPOX reaction mixture to diffuse therein and hydrogen rich product reformate to diffuse therefrom. At least the exterior surface of the CPOX reaction zone can include a hydrogen barrier. The liquid fuel CPOX reformer can include a vaporizer, one or more igniters, and a source of liquid reformable fuel.

Abstract: A process for reducing free oxygen in a hydrocarbon gas stream comprises the steps of (i) forming a gas mixture containing hydrogen from a hydrocarbon, (ii) mixing the hydrogen gas mixture with a gaseous hydrocarbon stream containing free oxygen, and (iii) passing the resulting hydrocarbon gas mixture over a conversion catalyst that converts at least a portion of the free oxygen present in the gaseous hydrocarbon to steam.

Abstract: Provided is a new catalyst capable of removing carbon monoxide economically without adding particular reaction gas externally. Also provided are a process for producing and an apparatus using such a catalyst. Impregnation of a Ni—Al composite oxide precursor of a nonstoichiometric composition prepared by the solution-spray plasma technique with a ruthenium salt to be supported and performing reduction treatment allows CO methanation reaction to selectively proceed even in the high-temperature range in which CO2 methanation reaction and reverse water-gas-shift reaction proceed preferentially with conventional catalysts. Selective CO methanation reaction occurs reproducibly with another Ni—Al composite oxide precursor or an additive metallic species.

Abstract: A process for the production of a synthesis gas containing hydrogen and carbon monoxide utilizes shredded waste tires that are substantially free of metal particles as a feedstream, either alone or in combination with a residual oil feedstream, for gasification in the combustion chamber of a tubular wall membrane partial oxidation gasification reactor in the presence of a predetermined amount of oxygen. Optionally, the product synthesis gas is introduced as the feedstream to a water gas shift reactor to enhance the hydrogen content of the final product stream.

Abstract: The present disclosure is directed towards systems and methods for the treatment of wastewater. A system in accordance with one particular embodiment may include a front end system including at least one resin tank configured to contain an ion exchange resin configured to target a particular metal. The at least one resin tank may be configured to receive an output from an oxidation reactor configured to receive a flow of wastewater from a wastewater producing process. The system may further include a central processing system configured to receive a saturated resin tank from the at least one resin tank. The central processing system may further include a vacuum filter band system configured to receive a slurry from the saturated resin tank and to provide a cascading resin rinse to the slurry. The central processing system may further include a repetitive stripping system configured to receive a metal-filled purification unit from a metal specific purification system.

Abstract: A method of shutting down a hydrogen generation apparatus for limiting degradation in a catalyst due to dew condensation at the time of shutdown is provided. The method of shutting down the hydrogen generation apparatus comprising, a combustor which supplies heat necessary to a reforming device, a first air supplier which supplies air to the combustor, a combustion exhaust gas path formed such that the combustion exhaust gas produced in the combustor makes heat exchange with the reforming device and then with a CO reducing device, and a controller which operates the first air supplier so that the temperature of the gas in the CO reducing device does not become equal to or lower than a dew point after shutdown of the combustion operation of the combustor and before a start of a purging operation to purge the interiors of the reforming device and the CO reducing device with a replacement gas.

Abstract: In a reforming apparatus, for use in a fuel cell, for reforming a raw fuel into a hydrogen-rich reformed gas, a reformer generates the reformed gas from the raw fuel. A shift reactor reduces carbon monoxide contained in the reformed gas through a shift reaction. A selective oxidation unit reduces the carbon monoxide contained in the reformed gas that has passed through the shift reactor by performing selective oxidation on the carbon monoxide. A reforming reaction tube houses linearly the reformer, the shift reactor and the selective oxidation unit in this order.

Abstract: A preferential oxidation reactor for removing carbon monoxide in a hydrogen mixture gas is disclosed. The preferential oxidation reactor may include a housing having a catalytic layer provided therein, a mixture gas supply portion inserted into the interior of the housing and penetrating the catalytic layer, a condensate receiving portion contained within the housing and in fluid communication with a gas outlet port of the mixture gas supply portion and condensate control tubes arranged in the catalytic layer of the housing and in fluid communication with the condensate receiving portion. The condensate control tubes may have a capillary structure. A fuel cell system including the preferential oxidation reactor is also disclosed.

Abstract: A reformer having improved performance and stability and a reformer control method, the reformer including a reforming reaction unit, a first sensor, a heat source unit, a second sensor, and a flow control unit. The reforming reaction unit converts a first fuel into a reformate. The first sensor senses a first temperature of the reformate generated from the reforming reaction unit. The heat source unit heats the reforming reaction unit with a combustion heat of a second fuel. The second sensor senses a second temperature at a fuel inlet of the heat source unit. The flow control unit controls a temperature of the reformate by regulating a flow of an oxidizer supplied to the heat source unit based on the first temperature, and controls a temperature of the heat source unit by regulating a flow of the second fuel supplied to the heat source unit based on the second temperature.

Abstract: An apparatus is described which comprises at least one process microchannel having a height, width and length, the height being up to about 10 mm, the process microchannel having a base wall extending in one direction along the width of the process microchannel and in another direction along the length of the process microchannel; at least one fin projecting into the process microchannel from the base wall and extending along at least part of the length of the process microchannel; and a catalyst or sorption medium supported by the fin.

Abstract: A hydrogen generator is described, which comprises: a material supply device (4); a water supply device (5); an evaporator (10); a reforming catalyst layer (1) for generating reformed gas; a CO removing catalyst layer (2) configured to reduce the amount of carbon monoxide contained in the reformed gas generated by the reforming catalyst layer (1); a combustor (3) for heating the reforming catalyst layer (1) and the CO removing catalyst layer (2); a reforming temperature detector (9) for detecting the temperature of the reforming catalyst layer (1); a heater (7) for heating the CO removing catalyst layer (2); a CO removing temperature detector (8) for detecting the temperature of the CO removing catalyst layer (2); and a controller (16) configured to perform control such that the heater (7) heats the CO removing catalyst layer at the time of start-up and such that if the temperature detected by the CO removing temperature detector (8) becomes greater than or equal to a first specified value, the combustor (3)

Abstract: In a process for producing synthesis gas by catalytic conversion of hydrocarbons contained in a desulfurized feed gas stream with steam, the mixture of feed gas and steam is preheated by heat exchange at a pressure of 10 to 45 bar to a temperature of 300 to 700° C. and is subsequently heated by heat exchange above a catalyst at a pressure of 10 to 45 bar to a temperature of 650 to 950° C. To minimize the apparatus involved, it is provided that the mixture of feed gas and steam traverses a catalyst bed contained in a reaction tank, and the catalyst bed is heated by thermal radiation and convection.

Abstract: A fuel reformer including a reaction container including a first chamber, a first reactor in the first chamber, the first reactor, including a first catalyst, being configured to produce a first reformate by performing a steam reforming reaction on a first fuel, and having a first gas hourly space velocity (GHSV) at a set flow rate, a first heat source thermally connected to the first reactor, and a second reactor connected to the first reactor, the second reactor including a second catalyst, being configured to produce a second reformate having a lower carbon monoxide content than the first reformate, and having a second GHSV greater than the first GHSV at the set flow rate.

Abstract: An apparatus, containing: (I) an inlet section into which a liquid and optionally a gaseous reagent stream is fed, the inlet section containing a device, which nebulizes and/or vaporizes the liquid stream, the device optionally utilizing vapor and/or a gaseous hydrocarbon stream as propellant; (II) a mixing section containing a chamber having a cylindrical or truncated-conical geometry, which mixes the reagent stream exiting the inlet section (I), to form a reaction mixture; (III) a reaction section including i) a first structured catalytic bed a ii) a structured catalytic bed heating device, in which the reaction mixture exiting the mixing section (II) flows through each layer of the first structured catalytic bed with a contact time varying from 0.01 to 10 ms, to produce a mixture of reaction products; and IV) a cooling section of the mixture of reaction products leaving the reaction section (III).

Abstract: In operating the carbon monoxide removal reactor or the fuel reforming system, there is provided a technique for removing carbon monoxide in a stable manner for an extended period of time. In a method of removing carbon monoxide including an introducing step of introducing a reactant gas including mixture gas and an oxidizer added thereto to a carbon monoxide removal reactor forming in its casing a catalyst layer comprising a carbon monoxide removal catalyst for removing carbon monoxide contained in the mixture gas and a removing step of removing the carbon monoxide by causing the oxidizer to react with the mixture gas on the carbon monoxide removal catalyst, in said introducing step, the reactant gas of 100° C. or lower is introduced to the carbon monoxide removal reactor.

Abstract: A hydrogen separator exhibits excellent hydrogen separation performance and durability and prevents scattering of an iron-containing substance that causes defects of a selective hydrogen permeable metal membrane in a first passage by covering an iron-containing metal surface that is exposed in the first passage and forms at least part of the first passage and a member disposed in the first passage with an iron component scattering prevention film at least in an area positioned on an upstream side with respect to a downstream end of a permeable section of the selective hydrogen permeable metal membrane in a flow direction of a fluid that flows through the first passage.

Abstract: Apparatus and methods for the production of hydrogen using a reformer including a housing, a first plate having a first plurality of fin structures and a second plate having a second plurality of fin structures assembled such that the first plurality of fin structures is interleaved with the second plurality of fin structures. At least one inlet port is formed in at least one of the first plate and the second plate, and at least one outlet port is formed in at least one of the first plate and the second plate. The fin structures may be coated with a catalytic material to enhance or stimulate reactions taking place within the apparatus. A heat exchange device may also be integrated into one or both plates of the reformer.

Abstract: A hydrogen generator according to the invention comprises: a combustion gas passage (5) configured to flow combustion gas coming from a combustor; a preheat-evaporator (6) which is supplied with a material gas and water and configured to evaporate the water and heat the material gas by heat transmitted from the combustion gas passage and a carbon monoxide reducer (10) through partition a wall; a reformer (7) configured to generate reformed gas from the material gas and steam fed from the preheat-evaporator by using a reforming catalyst (8) and heat transmitted from the combustion gas passage through the partition wall; the carbon monoxide reducer (10) configured to remove carbon monoxide from the reformed gas fed from the reformer by a carbon monoxide removing catalyst (9); a cylindrical body (3) closed at both ends thereof having an internal space is divided by the partition walls (1), (2), (30), (47) to form the combustion gas passage, preheat-evaporator, reformer and carbon monoxide reducer within the cyli

Abstract: A fuel processor that extracts, from a fuel source, hydrogen gas used for an electricity generation reaction. The fuel processor includes a reformer that generates hydrogen gas by reacting a fuel source with water, a burner that heats the reformer to an appropriate temperature for a hydrogen generation reaction, a CO remover that removes CO generated during the hydrogen generation reaction in the reformer, and a heat exchanger for cooling the CO remover.

Abstract: A small cylindrical reformer having at least a combustion reaction unit and a fuel-converting catalytic reaction unit wherein the combustion reaction unit and the fuel-converting catalytic reaction unit are structured as six cylindrical pipes to realize optimal heat exchange efficiently, a route supplying a water gas shift reformate to a preferential oxidation reactor and a route supplying feed and water into reforming reaction parts from the feed/water inlet overlap each other at a lower portion of the reformer so as to increase heat transfer efficiency, and a preferential oxidation reactor provided outside the fuel-converting catalytic reaction unit to decrease the concentration of carbon monoxide in the water gas shift reformate to a predetermined level or lower and increase heat transfer efficiency with an air/fuel preheating passage communicating with the air/fuel inlet.

Abstract: A carbon monoxide treatment apparatus according to an exemplary embodiment of the present invention includes: a reactor body; a partitioning plate located inside the reactor body for partitioning an internal space of the reactor body into a first section and a second section; a channel member in the first section for transporting an introduced gas including a reformed gas and an oxidant gas to the second section; and a reaction unit around the channel member of the first section for reducing a concentration level of carbon monoxide in the introduced gas moving through the first section by utilizing a preferential oxidation reaction of the carbon monoxide and the oxidant gas of the introduced gas, wherein moisture of the introduced gas that has been partially condensed when passing through the channel member is stored in the second section.

Abstract: In a reforming apparatus, for use in a fuel cell, for reforming a raw fuel into a hydrogen-rich reformed gas, a reformer generates the reformed gas from the raw fuel. A shift reactor reduces carbon monoxide contained in the reformed gas through a shift reaction. A selective oxidation unit reduces the carbon monoxide contained in the reformed gas that has passed through the shift reactor by performing selective oxidation on the carbon monoxide. A reforming reaction tube houses linearly the reformer, the shift reactor and the selective oxidation unit in this order. A combustion means produces combustion exhaust gas by combusting the raw fuel. An outer casing is placed around the reforming reaction tube, and the outer casing has a larger diameter than that of the reforming reaction tube. A heated flow passage through which the combustion exhaust gas passes to heat the reforming reaction tube is formed between the reforming reaction tube and the outer casing.

Abstract: In one aspect, the inventive process comprises a process for pyrolyzing a hydrocarbon feedstock containing nonvolatiles in a regenerative pyrolysis reactor system. The inventive process comprises: (a) heating the nonvolatile-containing hydrocarbon feedstock upstream of a regenerative pyrolysis reactor system to a temperature sufficient to form a vapor phase that is essentially free of nonvolatiles and a liquid phase containing the nonvolatiles; (b) separating said vapor phase from said liquid phase; (c) feeding the separated vapor phase to the pyrolysis reactor system; and (d) converting the separated vapor phase in said pyrolysis reactor system to form a pyrolysis product.

Abstract: A reformer having high durability and including a heating unit and a reforming unit. The heating unit has a hollow cylindrical shape or polygonal shape and a first combustor and a second combustor that receives and oxidizes heating unit fuel and anode off gas (AOG) at both ends thereof. The reforming unit includes a first reforming portion formed to surround the exterior of the heating unit, a second reforming portion formed to surround the exterior of the first reforming portion and a flow path portion connecting the first reforming portion and the second reforming portion to provide fluid communication therebetween. The flow path portion includes a pre-deformed portion extending along a direction substantially perpendicular to the central axis of the heating unit.

Abstract: A reformer including a heating unit, a first combustor for receiving and oxidizing a heating unit fuel at a first end of the heating unit, and a second combustor for receiving and oxidizing an anode off gas at a second end of the heating unit, a reforming unit having a first reforming portion surrounding the heating unit, a second reforming portion surrounding the first reforming portion, and a flow path portion connecting the first reforming portion and the second reforming portion to provide fluid communication therebetween, and a heat resistant shield between the flow path portion and the second combustor. Here, the heat resistant shield protects the reforming unit from being distorted by thermal expansion caused by the heating unit. In addition, the flow path portion may be formed with a blade configured to further protect the connector from being distorted by thermal expansion.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for producing a hydrogen containing product in which hydrocarbon containing feed gas streams are reacted in a steam methane reformer of an existing hydrogen plant and a catalytic reactor that reacts hydrocarbons, oxygen and steam. The catalytic reactor is a retrofit to the existing hydrogen plant to increase hydrogen production. The resulting synthesis gas streams are combined, cooled, subjected to water-gas shift and then introduced into a production apparatus that can be a pressure swing adsorption unit. The amount of synthesis gas contained in a shifted stream made available to the production apparatus is increased by virtue of the combination of the synthesis gas streams to increase production of the hydrogen containing product. The catalytic reactor is operated such that the synthesis gas stream produced by such reactor is similar to that produced by the steam methane reformer and at a temperature that will reduce oxygen consumption within the catalytic reactor.

Abstract: A hydrogen generator essentially composed of a first medium is provided, comprising: a reforming zone, a preheating zone and a heat source. The reforming zone is used for containing a reforming catalyst so as to perform a steam reforming reaction of a hydrogen-producing raw material to generate hydrogen; and the heat source provides heat to the preheating zone and reforming zone, so that the hydrogen-producing raw material is firstly preheated in the preheating zone and then performs the steam reforming reaction in the reforming zone. The reforming zone and preheating zone are divided with a shortest interval of at least about 0.5 mm with the first medium, wherein the first medium has a thermal conductivity (K) of at least about 60 W/m-K.

Abstract: Apparatus, systems, and processes for reforming hydrocarbons are provided. The process can include reforming a first hydrocarbon in the presence of steam and one or more first catalysts in a first reformer to produce a first reformed hydrocarbon. The process can also include reforming the first reformed hydrocarbon in the presence of one or more second catalysts in a second reformer to produce a second reformed hydrocarbon. The process can also include reforming a second hydrocarbon in the presence of steam and one or more third catalysts in a third reformer to produce a third reformed hydrocarbon, where heat from the second reformed hydrocarbon is transferred to the second hydrocarbon to support reforming of the second hydrocarbon.

Abstract: A process is described for producing synthesis gas and hydrogen starting from liquid hydrocarbon feedstocks, possibly also mixed with gaseous hydrocarbon streams, comprising at least the following operations: 1) nebulizing/vaporizing a stream of a liquid hydrocarbon feedstock consisting of one or more of the following hydrocarbons: naphthas, various kinds of gas oils, such as LCO, HCO and VGO, other products of refining cycles and oil up-grading, such as DAO, other heavy residues, at a N temperature ranging from 50 to 500° C.