Abstract: A method and corrosion inhibitor for inhibiting corrosion of metal equipment in an aqueous medium comprising components selected from the group consisting of Skeletonema costatum, fish, other algae, and a combination thereof. The method comprises incorporating into the medium a corrosion inhibiting amount of a water soluble corrosion inhibitor comprising an N-ethoxy, 2-substituted imidazoline. The N-ethoxy substituent comprises a quantity of ethylene oxide effective to render the imidazoline water soluble. The corrosion inhibitor is rendered more environmentally compatible by shortening the number of carbon atoms in the fatty acid chain at the 2-position of the imidazoline. The fatty acid chain consists essentially about 18 carbon atoms or less, preferably about 10 carbon atoms or less, most preferably from about 6 to about 8 carbon atoms.

Abstract: A structure comprises, as the major component, a molded member of a thermoplastic resin composition or a fibrous material which may be a fiber of the thermoplastic resin composition, a yarn coated with the thermoplastic resin composition, a rope coated with the thermoplastic resin composition or a woven fabric coated with the thermoplastic resin composition. The thermoplastic resin composition contains an antifouling compound represented by the following formula (1): wherein Y represents hydrogen atom, an alkyl group, an alkenyl group or an aralkyl group, R represents hydrogen atom, a halogen atom or an alkyl group, R′ represents hydrogen atom, a halogen atom or an alkyl group and R and R′ may be bonded to each other to form a benzene ring. The leaching amount of the antifouling compound into an artificial sea water is controlled to 30 mg/cm3 or less at 25° C. and 3 mg/cm3 or more at 15° C.

Abstract: A sterilization monitor includes a substrate and an monitor composition. The monitor composition contains a colorant and a halogen source and undergoes a distinct color change when exposed to a peracid. The sterilization monitor can be used to monitor a sterilization process involving a peracid. A sterilization monitoring device, including a sterilization monitor enclosed in a housing having a vapor permeable barrier, can also be used to monitor a sterilization process.

Abstract: Stabilized bromine solutions are prepared by combining a bromine source and a stabilizer to form a mixture, adding an oxidizer to the mixture, and then adding, an alkaline source to adjust the pH of the mixture to at least 13.

Abstract: A method for controlling the spread of the parasitic microorganism, Myxobolus cerebralis. The method involves the application of a solution containing a quaternary ammonium compound onto articles carrying Myxobolus cerebralis in order to the destroy the microorganism.

Abstract: A method for inhibiting the growth of microorganisms in an aqueous medium comprises contacting the aqueous medium with a permeable body comprising material which interacts with the microorganisms. Such interaction involves a change in the chemical structure of the material resulting from the action of one or more of the microorganisms. The permeable body may take the form of a permeable bag containing plant fibers and may be used for the treatment of photoprocessor wash waters.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a method to inhibit bacteria from adhering to a submergible surface. The method contacts the submergible surface with an effective amount of at least one sulfonamide to inhibit bacterial adhesion to the submergible surface. The present invention also relates to a method for controlling biofouling of an aqueous system. This method adds an effective amount of at least one sulfonamide to inhibit bacteria from adhering to a submerged surface within the aqueous system. This method effectively controls biofouling without substantially killing the fouling organisms. The sulfonamide used in the method of the invention has the following formula: The present invention also relates to a composition containing the sulfonamides and useable in the above methods. The compositions comprise at least one sulfonamide in an amount effective to inhibit bacteria from adhering to submergible or submerged surfaces.

Abstract: A method for preventing fouling of an aquatic apparatus by an aquatic organism which comprises affixing a biologically active chemical to a surface intended for use in contact with an aquatic environment containing the organism, wherein the chemical is an enzyme, repellant, chelating agent, enzyme inhibitor, or non-metallic toxicant capable of hindering the attachment of the organism to the surface while affixed to the surface, is disclosed along with improved apparatuses which are produced using the method.

Abstract: Aquatic organism repellent agents are derived from algae, sponges, tunicates, bryozoans, echinoderms and coelenterates and prevent the attachment and accumulation of microscopic and macroscopic organisms to surfaces in aquatic environments. One or more of the agents may be incorporated into a carrier for release of the agent in the locus to be protected.

Abstract: An antimicrobial solid material having a satisfactory antimicrobial activity for a long term against sewage in any form of circulating, static and flowing waters or contacting portions thereof and a utilizing method thereof are provided. An antimicrobial solid material as one embodiment of the present invention comprises both of an antimicrobial metal ion and an antimicrobial metal in a metal state. In general, it is believed that antimicrobial metal ions have a potent antimicrobial effect when they exist in a liquid to be treated with a certain concentration or more, but they are rapidly released and exhausted so that their antimicrobial effects cannot last long. On the other hand, it is believed that the antimicrobial metal in a metal state does not have a prompt effect, but exhibits a certain bacteriostatic and fungistatic effect continuously for a long term.

Abstract: This invention relates to the treatment of pool surfaces and equipment with antimicrobial solutions which contain straight chain alkylamine compounds alone or in combination with additional bactericidal agents, such as biguanides.

Abstract: An exchange system whereby a sample to be tested in a chamber, such as a vacuum chamber, may be entered and withdrawn with a minimum of loss of vacuum. The sample is mounted on a circular platen having six wedge shaped ramps in the periphery. A sample fork, in an anti-chamber that is connected to the chamber by a sealable door and can be maneuvered axially and rotationally about that axis, has three spring fingers that can be locked into the wedges to secure the platen. a sample dock, located in the main chamber, is axially aligned with the fork and has three fingers that engage the remaining three ramps when the platen enters the chamber. Rotation of the fork and the platen will cause the dock fingers to grasp the platen while the fork fingers release it, thereby transferring the platen into the chamber. Varied tests may then be performed under hot and cold vacuum conditions. Removal of the platen is done by reversing the procedure.

Abstract: A chemical composition for use in purifying water used in swimming pools having surfaces that are comprised of materials that do not react with or dissolve in water, comprising for 2.5 kg of the chemical composition, 1.25 kg of potassiumpersulphate, 300 g of sodium bisulfate, 250 g of ammonium chloride, 100 g of aluminum sulfate, 250 g of sodium bicarbonate, 250 g of calcium chloride and 100 g of ethylendiamine tetra acetic acid (abbreviated EDTA). The potassiumpersulfate and the ammonium chloride are effective in disinfecting water to be purified and in eradicating algae and bacteria therein. The sodium bisulfate, sodium bicarbonate and the calcium chloride are effective in balancing the pH of water to be purified to a pH value within an optimum range between 7.2 and 7.6. The aluminum sulfate serves as a flocculation aid and the copper sulfate is effective in the eradication of black algae. The EDTA is effective to complexing heavy metals in the water.

Abstract: Aquatic organism repellent agents are derived from algae, sponges, tunicates, bryozoans, echinoderms and coelenterates and prevent the attachment and accumulation of microscopic and macroscopic organisms to surfaces in aquatic environments. One or more of the agents may be incorporated into a carrier for release of the agent in the locus to be protected.

Abstract: An apparatus for permitting the periodic introduction of a fluid into a marine plumbing system for zebra mussel control and winterization purposes, comprising:a) a "T" shaped member having first second and third external apertures and a continuous interior passage which is communicatively connected to each aperture, the first and a second aperture further being permanently communicatively coextensive with flexible conduit members of the marine plumbing system;b) a valve, connected to a third aperture, for controlling the ingress of zebra mussel killing fluids and antifreeze fluids, through the third aperture, into the marine plumbing system, the valve having a first end connected to the third aperture of the branched member and a second end which is connectable to an external fluid source, the valve further having a closure member and a control arm connected to the closure member;c) a cap for connection to the valve second end; andd) clamps for connecting flexible conduit members of the marine plumbing system

Abstract: A polycationic microbicidal and algaecidal agent containing as an active ingredient a polymer comprising repeating units represented by the formula (I) and having a number average molecular weight of at least 1,000, and a microbicidal and algaecidal method using the polymer: ##STR1## (wherein A is a single bond, an oxygen atom, a phenylene group, a dioxyethylene group or a tetramethyldisiloxane group, X.sub.1.sup.- and X.sub.2.sup.- may be the same or different and are counter anions in quaternary salts, p and q may be the same or different and are integers of from 1 to 6, and m is an integer of from 1 to 6, provided that A, X.sub.1.sup.-, X.sub.2.sup.-, p, q and m may be the same or optionally different for every repeating unit).

Abstract: An anti-fouling composition for preventing or controlling the growth of aquatic or marine organisms comprising particles of a water-soluble glass dispersed in or suspended in a hardened liquid resin composition. The water-soluble glass contains phosphorous pentoxide in an amount of 58-66% by weight and copper oxide in an amount of 8-30% by weight of the glass. The composition may be coated onto a surface intended to be exposed to, or submerged in, an aqueous environment or may be formed, by molding or casting, into an article which may be submerged in fresh or sea water.

Abstract: p-Sulfoxy cinnamic acid isolated from methanolic extracts of the eelgrass Zostera marina having significant antifouling aquatic properties. p-Sulfoxy cinnamic acid was synthesized in the laboratory from p-coumaric acid, and antifouling activity was identical to the natural compound in laboratory bioassays. In addition, sulfate esters of other phenolic acids showed similar antifouling activity, suggesting that the sulfate ester was responsible for the antifouling effect.

Abstract: A method for thermally treating fouling infestations of macroinvertebrates is disclosed. The inventive method includes treatments of both large structures in contact with relatively static masses of water and smaller structures, such as pipes, in contact with dynamic water masses and comprises the steps of heating the water in contact with the structure to be treated and maintaining an elevated temperature for a time sufficient to kill substantially all of the infesting organisms.

Abstract: The present invention has two basic aspects: (a) a mechanical method for controlling the macrofouling of zebra mussels; and (b) a mechanical apparatus for reducing the dissolved oxygen of natural source water, such as for industrial or municipal use, to a level below that sufficient to support the survival respiration of zebra mussels.

Abstract: Ionene polymers having biologically-active organic and/or inorganic anions are described. Methods to prepare the ionene polymers, compositions containing them and their methods of use are also described.

Abstract: A zebra mussel control device uses a combination of electrical current and air bubbles to kill or disable mussels entering water intakes. The current is fed between electrodes that extend radially at equiangular positions around a cylindrical inlet of the water intake. Bubbles are created by an annular air chamber of the water intake below the cylindrical inlet. The bubbles rise, and pass through the gaps separating adjacent electrodes. Mussels entering the gaps are moved upwardly in the gaps by the action of the bubbles, thus increasing the normal transit time of the mussels through the gaps. In the result, the mussels are subjected to electrical current for a longer time than would be the case without the bubbles, and are disabled for a time sufficient to ensure that they pass through the water intake without attaching. The bubbles also drag any drifting mussels away from the water intake. This arrangement has been shown to be a very effective way to control zebra mussel blockage of water intakes.

Abstract: An antifouling structure in contact with seawater or at least its surface layer is made up of a beryllium copper alloy having a beryllium content lying in the range of 0.2% by weight to 2.8% by weight. While this antifouling structure is immersed in seawater, a beryllium or copper oxide film is formed on the surface layer of the beryllium copper alloy mother material and beryllium or copper ions are liberated from the exposed surface layer of the beryllium copper alloy mother material into seawater. As years go by, the beryllium or copper oxide film peels away from the beryllium copper alloy mother material. Due to indeterminate repetition of such peeling, the liberation of beryllium or copper ions from the exposed surface layer of the beryllium copper alloy mother material into seawater is sustained.

Abstract: A method for killing zebra mussels from a bottom surface of a waterway and from the surfaces of watercraft, docks, pilings and similar facilities located within a waterway. The surfaces to be treated are isolated in a batch of water enclosed within a chamber. The isolated batch of water is thereafter heated to a temperature lethal to the zebra mussels and held at that temperature for a sufficient time to kill the zebra mussels. The isolated batch of water and the treated surface are thereafter released from the chamber and the isolated state.

Abstract: p-sulfoxy cinnamic acid isolated from methanolic extracts of the eelgrass Zostera marina having significant antifouling aquatic properties. p-sulfoxy cinnamic acid was synthesized in the laboratory from p-coumaric acid, and antifouling activity was identical to the natural compound in laboratory bioassays. In addition, sulfate esters of other phenolic acids showed similar antifouling activity, suggesting that the sulfate ester was responsible for the antifouling effect.

Abstract: The present invention relates to treatment of marine borer infestation. It has been found that wood can be effectively protected from marine borer infestation by impregnating the wood with a pesticidally effective amount of chlorothalonil. In general, the quantity of chlorothalonil employed is in the range of from about 0.3 to about 3.0 pounds per cubic foot, although higher concentrations can be employed.

Abstract: The present invention has two basic aspects: (a) a mechanical method for controlling the macrofouling of zebra mussels; and (b) a mechanical apparatus for reducing the dissolved oxygen of natural source water, such as for industrial or municipal user to a level below that sufficient to support the survival respiration of zebra mussels.

Abstract: A composite marine structure comprises a marine substrate having adhered to at least a portion of its surface a layer of a water-permeable composite article comprising a non-woven fibrous web having entrapped therein active particulate to provide said marine substrate with protection against at least one of fouling and corrosion. Underwater surfaces such as ship hulls, buoys, docks, intake pipes, etc., can be protected against marine growth and corrosion by adhering thereto the composite sheet article of the invention.

Abstract: The present invention relates to an underwater anti-fouling composition which contains at least one indole compound represented by the Formula (1) which serves as an underwater anti-fouling agent: ##STR1## wherein Y is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, lower alkyl and phenyl; and wherein X.sup.1, X.sup.2, X.sup.3, X.sup.4, X.sup.5 and X.sup.6 are independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, halogen, lower alkyl, lower alkoxy, nitro, cyano, cyano lower alkyl, halogenated lower alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted phenyl, aralkyl, aralkyloxy, lower alkoxycarbonyl, aliphatic lower acyl, aliphatic lower acyloxy, lower alkoxycarbonyl-lower alkyl, aromatic acyl, lower-cycloalkylamino-lower alkyl, nitrovinyl, pyridyl lower alkyl, carbamoyl lower alkyl, carbamoyl, diallylamino lower alkyl and di-lower-alkylamino-lower alkyl.

Abstract: Biofouling of underwater surfaces by marine organisms is prevented by irradiating the surfaces or the adjacent water with ultraviolet light and adjusting the intensity of the ultraviolet light so as to kill or temporarily stun marine organisms to prevent their attachment to the underwater surface.

Abstract: Biofouling of underwater surfaces by marine organisms is prevented by irradiating the water with ultraviolet light and adjusting the intensity of the ultraviolet light so as to kill barnacle larvae to prevent their attachment to the underwater surface. The water is passed through a biocidal chamber having a source of ultraviolet light at an intensity of at least 4000 .mu.watts/cm.sup.2 and at a rate to provide a residence time of at least one minute on the biocidal chamber.

Abstract: Liquids for cleaning, disinfecting and lubricating dentistry handpieces are distributed to the handpieces by a device which includes reservoirs for storing liquids for the cleaning, disinfection and lubrication procedures which are to take place, and a series of solenoid valves for sequentially opening at different stations according to a prescribed cycle. To this end, each liquid to be utilized is conveyed through each handpiece in actual liquid form, and not in an atomized form, and then atomized in the handpiece by compressed air entering through a conduit which is separate from the conduit for passing the liquids.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for controlling zebra mussels in the inlet cell of a utility power plant by isolating a batch of water in the cell from the water supply of a lake or river and the equipment plant by shutting an inlet gate and shutting outlet valves from said cell. The batch of isolated water is thereafter heated to a lethal temperature which is maintained for a sufficient period of time to ensure 100 percent mortality to the zebra mussels within the cell. The water may be maintained in a static condition and heated by a heat exchanger disposed within the cell. Alternatively the water may be fed to a heat exchanger, heated outside the cell, and returned to the cell. The water is heated to a range of approximately 95.degree. F. to 100.degree. F. and held at the heated temperature within the cell for approximately 30 minutes.

Abstract: A method is disclosed for controlling the elution rate of a stainproofing agent from treated fibriform or corded materials, prior to immersion in seawater, which method comprises treating the fibriform or corded material with a composition which comprises 4,5-dichloro-2-n-octylisothiazoline-3-one, a homo- or copolymer or a (poly)oxyethylene (meth)acrylate ester, one or more of a dialkylpolysulfide, polybutene, xylene/formaldehyde polycondensate and a nine-carbon aromatic hydrocarbon/formaldehyde polycondensate, and an organic solvent. The treated material is also disclosed.

Abstract: Growth of zebra mussels on a surface is inhibited by making the surface from an unsaturated polyester having copolymerized therein about 1-40% N-phenyl maleimide.

Abstract: The present invention discloses a method of preventing detrimental adherence to and buildup of living marine organisms on exposed surface areas of a preselected component which is subjected to contact with a fluid medium that contains certain marine organisms. The methodology comprises the steps of preparing that portion of the component's exposed surface which contacts the fluid medium in a manner which will enable the adherence of a preselected anti-fouling agent to at least a portion of that exposed surface. After preparation, the preselected anti-fouling agent is applied.

Abstract: A method of eliminating bacteria from water without resort to chemicals. The method is carried out by: mixing into the water a dye which stains bacteria contained in the water; and irradiating the water containing the dye with radiation at a wavelength which is absorbed more highly by the dye than by water and at a radiation power density sufficient to vaporize at least a significant proportion of the dye and the bacteria stained by the dye.

Abstract: A method whereby a concentrated aqueous solution of chlorine dioxide is injected into offshore water intake facilities for preventing zebra mussel infestation therein is described. The chlorine dioxide is generated from generators positioned on a portable vessel above the water intake facilities. The treatment using concentrated chlorine dioxide solution permits periodic treatment so that the same portable generators may be used to treat a number of water intake facilities.

Abstract: A method and apparatus are provided for preventing the settlement of or for removing attached mollusks and/or their larvae on the surface of a structure exposed to the aquatic habitat of the mollusks. The method comprises heating the surface with heating means, such as induction coils or resistance heaters, to an elevated temperature for a period of time sufficient to kill the mollusks and/or their larvae. The heating means and/or the power source may be movable so that they can be used to heat different components periodically to remove the mollusks or to prevent settlement.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a compound of the formula: ##STR1## wherein (a) A is independently selected from --SR.sup.1, --NR.sup.1 R.sup.2, --PR.sup.1 R.sup.2, --Si,R.sup.1 R.sup.2 R.sup.3, or --SnR.sup.1 R.sup.2 R.sup.3,R.sup.1, R.sup.2 and R.sup.3 are each independently selected from alkyl, cycloalkyl, alkylcycloalkyl, arylalkyl having from 1 to 20 carbon atoms or aryl, substituted aryl, or where R.sup.2 and R.sup.3 together form a heterocycle group, having from 4 to 20 carbon atoms, andn is an integer from 1 to 5;(b) Y is selected from a direct bond or --CR.sup.4 R.sup.5 --, wherein R.sup.4 and R.sup.5 are each independently selected from hydrogen, or alkyl group having 1 to 20 carbon atoms or R.sup.4 and R.sup.5 together form a cycloalkyl group having 4 to 20 carbon atoms;(c) Z is aryl or substituted aryl; and(d) X is halogen, sulfonate, carboxylate, phosphate, carbonate, sulfate, or MD.sub.

Abstract: A preventive method against apposition of a marine organism according to which a preventive sheet having white or green fur-like fibers provided to be thick thereon, for example such as a boa cloth obtained by napping the front surface of a polyester cloth, is attached to portions of a structure which is to be brought into contact with sea water, with the fibers facing toward the seawater when the sheet is attached to the structure. The preventive sheet comprises a base member to be attached to the submerged portion of the structure and the fur-like fibers thickly provided on the front surface of the base member so as to be flexible and thereby naturally sway in water. The fur-like fibers may be raised vertically in a straight fashion and may contain an ultraviolet-ray absorbent. The base member may be dotted over with magnetic pieces such as magnets.

Abstract: There is disclosed a net antifouling composition for use on nettings and comprised of a chloro isophthalic acid derivative, a 2(thiocyano methylthio) benzothiazole derivative, 4,5 dichloro-2-N-octyl, 4 isophthiozione-3-one, 3-iodo-2-propynyl butyl carbomate, (3-3,4 dichlorophenyl) 1,1 dimethyl urea and mixtures thereof in a water base system for controlling algae and marine organism growth on submerged netting for use in free flowing sea and/or fresh water.

Abstract: Polymeric quaternary ammonium trihalides, preferably triiodides, and use of polymeric quaternary ammonium trihalides to inhibit the growth of microorganisms in aquatic systems, to disinfect or sanitize surfaces and to disinfect the skin of animals, including humans.

Abstract: A mechanical process for preventing the fouling of metalic objects such as ship propellers, hulls and other types of hardware exposed to seawater by application on the exposed surface of a ceramic coating. The coating is applied by thermal spraying. The ceramic coating is formulated to have sufficient hardness to prevent encrustation of barnacles, tube worms and other parasites, but retains enough malleability to prevent brittleness and to provide sufficient resistance to impacts.

Abstract: The present invention relates to an improved method of protecting the hulls of marine vessels from fouling. The inventive method involves the application of thin metallic films to the hull of a boat. The inventive method includes the use of various techniques for application of the film, techniques for preventing the touching of dissimilar metals, techniques for insuring that dissimilar metals are insulated and isolated from one another, insuring that active or passive cathodic protection systems are not on the same surface plane as the attached films and other techniques. The specific materials which are applied to the vessel hull as well as their various parameters in the environment of the present invention are disclosed. Specific treatments to the thin metallic film to improve the adherence of these thin film hulls and adjacent films are disclosed.

Abstract: An apparatus and method for the elimination of marine fouling of marine mechanisms such as underwater fluid distribution emission systems. A grommet nozzle made of plastic materials containing an antifoulant and having a capability of easy installation forms a basic part of the apparatus. The grommet nozzle of the invention is formed of a polymer or a mixture of polymers containing a material toxic to calcareous marine organisms and capable of release of the toxic material into the environment at such a rate that the marine organisms grow extremely slow, yet the release rate is not sufficiently fast to be a toxic hazard to the surrounding environment.

Abstract: An apparatus for dispersing chemicals into an underwater pipe comprising first and second chemical feed pipes, the feed pipes being mounted to an intake pipe forming part of the underwater pipe, the first feed pipe extending along the length of the intake pipe and being connected to the second feed pipe, the second feed pipe being mounted to the intake pipe at that portion of the intake pipe adjacent an intake pipe opening, the second feed pipe including a plurality of inwardly extending releasing valves for dispensing chemicals into the intake pipe, the chemicals being delivered to the second feed pipe through the first feed pipe.

Abstract: A corrosion protection system for protecting critical parts of an offshore structure. The structure is composed of an assembly of critical parts representing a small portion of the structure and noncritical parts representing a large portion of the structure. The critical parts are coated with a layer of material to form a protective treatment so that the critical parts are made electrochemically noble or passive relative to the uncoated noncritical parts when the offshore structure is submerged. The noncritical parts are electrochemically active relative to the coated critical parts to provide for cathodic protection current supplied to the coated critical parts by the uncoated active parts to produce corrosion protection to the coated critical parts. An accelerated corrosion system for destroying the critical parts uses a conductive layer including a slit and with the slit initially protected and then removed to accelerate corrosion to destroy the offshore structure.

Abstract: The growth of algae and algae-like microorganisms on wood surfaces normally in contact with an aqueous system's water may be controlled by applying to the wood a solution of a certain biocidal agent and then flooding the wood with sufficient water to exceed the solubility limit of such agent in the solvent used.

Abstract: An anti-fouling marine coating comprising a hydrophobic porous polymeric membrane adhered to a surface by a marine paint containing a biological toxicant. An organism attaches, penetrates pores, releases the toxicant, weakens or dies, is swept away by water action. Biologically triggered toxicant release, no leaching into the sea, porous expanded polytetrafluoroethylene membrane preferred.