Abstract: There are provided a graphene having an oxygen atom content in a predetermined range or less and a carbon/oxygen weight ratio in a specific range to show excellent electrical and thermal conductivity properties, and a barrier property, and a method and an apparatus for preparing the graphene having excellent electrical and thermal conductivity properties and a barrier property by using a subcritical-state fluid or a supercritical-state fluid. According to the method and the apparatus for preparing the graphene, impurities such as graphene oxide, and the like, may be effectively removed, such that uniformity of the graphene to be prepared may be increased, and therefore, the graphene which is highly applicable as materials throughout the industry may be mass-produced.

Abstract: The present invention generally relates to processes for recovery of phosphorus values and salt impurities from aqueous waste streams. In particular, the present invention relates to processes for recovery of phosphorus values and salt impurities from aqueous waste streams generated in the manufacture of phospho-herbicides, including N-(phosphonomethyl)glycine and glufosinate.

Abstract: Methods for preventing or reducing the formation of scale in a wet-process phosphoric acid production process by intermixing a scale inhibiting reagent at one or more step of the phosphoric acid production process in an amount sufficient to prevent or reduce scale are provided.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a continuous method for functionalizing a carbon nanotube, and more specifically, to a continuous method for functionalizing a carbon nanotube by feeding functional compounds having one or more functional group into a functionalizing reactor into which a carbon nanotube mixture including oxidizer is fed under a pressure of 50 to 400 atm and a temperature of 100 to 600° C. to a subcritical water or supercritical water condition of a pressure of 50 to 40 atm by using a continuously functionalizing apparatus to obtain the functionalized products, such that the functional group of the functional compound can be easily introduced to the carbon nanotube, thereby increasing the functionalized effect of the carbon nanotube and increasing the dispersibility accordingly.

Abstract: The process disclosed herein involves the high temperature processing of phosphate ore in a solid state using a ported rotary kiln. Prior to insertion into the kiln, the ore is pulverized and beneficiated to remove excessive quantities of unwanted materials such as clay, silica, iron, sodium, potassium, and alumina. The calcium oxide to silica ratio of the beneficiated is then adjusted to within a specific acceptable range, a carbon source containing sulfur such as petroleum coke is added and the resulting feed material is pelletized using a binding agent if necessary. The pelletized feed material is then dried, preheated, and fed into a ported rotary kiln. At the elevated temperature maintained in the reducing kiln, tricalcium phosphate undergoes a reduction reaction to produce phosphorus gas and carbon monoxide. Atmospheric air is injected into the rotating kiln chamber, which facilitates the oxidation of phosphorus gas to phosphorus pentoxide and the oxidation of carbon monoxide to carbon dioxide.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a process for generating reactive species for destroying toxic chemicals. This process first contacts air or oxygen with aqueous emulsions of molten yellow phosphorus. This contact results in rapid production of abundant reactive species such as O, O.sub.3, PO, PO.sub.2, etc. A gaseous or liquid aqueous solution organic or inorganic chemicals is next contacted by these reactive species to reduce the concentration of toxic chemical and result in a non-toxic product. The final oxidation product of yellow phosphorus is phosphoric acid of a quality which can be recovered for commercial use. A process is developed such that the byproduct, phosphoric acid, is obtained without contamination of toxic species in liquids treated. A gas stream containing ozone without contamination of phosphorus containing species is also obtained in a simple and cost-effective manner.

Abstract: Nodule fines, formed by abrasion of an electric furnace feed material of phosphate shale nodules, are utilized by mixing a recycle stream of the nodule fines with fresh phosphate in the presence of phosphoric acid prior to forming the shale into nodules. The phosphoric acid prevents loss in mechanical strength of the nodule caused by admixture with the nodule fines.

Abstract: A process is described for converting wet acid into sodium tripolyphosphate by pretreating the wet acid in a pretreatment stage with a sodium source and SiO.sub.2 to precipitate fluoride values from the wet acid, solvent extracting the pretreated wet acid to remove further impurities, reacting the solvent extracted acid with a sodium source in a made up stage to form a sodium orthophosphate liquor, heating the resulting liquor in a calcining stage to produce sodium tripolyphosphate, passing gases from the calcining stage into a scrubber liquor to remove fluoride impurities and entrained sodium tripolyphosphate, recycling scrubber liquor to the make up stage to recover sodium tripolyphosphate values, and removing a bleed stream from the recycled scrubber liquor and recycling it to the pretreatment stage to remove fluoride impurities therein in the pretreatment stage.

Abstract: Processes and compositions of matter are disclosed for the production of liquid fertilizers wherein wastewater from a phosphorus smelting furnace is incorporated in liquid fertilizer processes. The wastewater replaces water evaporated and the wastewater dissolves fertilizer salts. A serious water pollution problem is avoided when wastewater is incorporated in liquid fertilizers. The invention discloses a process for making orthophosphate suspension fertilizer wherein impure phosphoric acid is neutralized in the condensing system, water from the condensing system is bled off, and a suspending clay is added to produce orthophosphate suspension fertilizer. In this process, phosphorus sludge made at phosphorus furnaces is used to produce suspension fertilizer, and wastewater from phosphate smelting furnaces is recovered. New compositions of matter are disclosed.

Abstract: Processes and compositions of matter are disclosed for the production of liquid fertilizers wherein wastewater from a phosphorus smelting furnace is incorporated in liquid fertilizer processes. The wastewater replaces water evaporated and the wastewater dissolves fertilizer salts. A serious water pollution problem is avoided when wastewater is incorporated in liquid fertilizers. The invention discloses a process for making orthophosphate suspension fertilizer wherein impure phosphoric acid is neutralized in the condensing system, water from the condensing system is bled off, and a suspending clay is added to produce orthophosphate suspension fertilizer. In this process, phosphorus sludge made at phosphorus furnaces is used to produce suspension fertilizer, and wastewater from phosphate smelting furnaces is recovered. New compositions of matter are disclosed.

Abstract: A process and product of waste recovery at phosphorus furnaces is disclosed wherein small sized discrete particles of carbonaceous material or beneficiated phosphate ore are mixed with a mineral acid, an alkaline fluid and water, and the reacted mixture is tumbled in a horizontal cylinder at a temperature below that at which the carbonaceous material oxidizes to form agglomerates which are then indurated to discrete particulate size as desired for a charge component; the agglomerates are fed to a phosphorus smelting furnace together with other materials needed to make elemental phosphorus, furnace gases are cooled with recirculating water, a side stream of the water is taken off, treated, and used as feedstock in fluid fertilizers. Apparatus is disclosed for agglomerating coke and phosphate and, further, for measuring the abrasion and shatter resistance of agglomerates.

Abstract: A process for producing phosphorus pentoxide from phosphate ore includes the mixing and formulation of a feed mixture of phosphate ore with lime and solid carbonaceous material in amounts to produce a feed mixture having a CaO/SiO.sub.2 mole ratio greater than about 8.0. This mixture is formed into pellets which are then exposed to radiation eminating from an oxidation zone, preferably within a rotary type kiln, in order to heat the pellets to a temperature sufficient to reduce the phosphate by reaction with the solid carbonaceous material to form elemental phosphorus vapor without substantial melting of the pellets. Sufficient oxygen-containing gas is provided to cause oxidation of the elemental phosphorus vapor within the oxidation zone to produce phosphorus pentoxide.

Abstract: A process for producing phosphorus pentoxide from phosphate ore includes the steps of mixing phosphate ore containing silica with solid carbonaceous material and a silica fluxing agent to form a feed mixture and thereafter forming the feed mixture into pellets. Alternatively, pellets may be formed using phosphate ore containing silica and carbonaceous material which are then coated with a silica fluxing agent. The pellets are heated by exposure to radiation eminating from an oxidation zone within a kiln to a temperature enabling the silica fluxing agent to promote melting of the silica proximate to surface areas of the pellet in order to seal internal portions of the pellet from the oxidizing zone and thereby reduce premature oxidation of the carbonaceous material in the pellet. Thereafter the pellets are heated to a temperature sufficient to reduce the phosphate in the pellets by reaction with the solid carbonaceous material to form elemental phosphorus vapor.

Abstract: A process for producing phosphorus pentoxide from phosphorus ore includes formation of a feed with a phosphate ore, silica and solid carbonaceous material in amounts to produce a feed mixture having a CaO/SiO.sub.2 mole ratio of less than about 0.5. The feed mixture is formed into agglomerated feed particles and the particles are heated by exposure to radiation eminating from an oxidation zone to a temperature sufficient to reduce the phosphate by reaction from the solid carbonaceous material to form elemental phosphorus vapor without substantial melting of the agglomerated feed particles. Sufficient oxygen-containing gas is provided to cause oxidation of the elemental phosphorus vapor within the oxidation zone to produce phosphorus pentoxide.

Abstract: A process for producing phosphorus pentoxide from phosphate ores in a rotary-type kiln includes heating, by exposure to a flame, a porous bed comprising phosphate ore and solid carbonaceous material to a temperature sufficient to reduce the phosphorus pentoxide to phosphorus vapor. The phosphorus vapor is oxidized in an oxidation zone disposed over the porous bed to heat the porous bed. An inert gas is used to purge the porous bed of carbon monoxide formed during the reduction reaction to drive the reduction reaction more rapidly toward complete reduction of the phosphorus pentoxide and to inhibit oxidation of the phosphorus vapor and carbonaceous material within the porous bed.

Abstract: A process of carbo-chlorination of AlPO.sub.4 wherein AlPO.sub.4 or AlPO.sub.4 -containing material is introduced into a reactor along with chlorinating agents and a source of carbon. The reactor is heated to approximately 600.degree. to 1200.degree.C and forms aluminum chlorides, phosphorous oxides, phosphorous chlorides, phosphorous oxychlorides and carbon oxides. These reaction products are then separated into three fractions by condensation, the first fraction being P.sub.2 O.sub.5, the second fraction being AlCl.sub.3 and AlCl.sub.3 .POCl.sub.3 and the third fraction being remaining gasses, namely PCl.sub.3, PCl.sub.5, P.sub.2 O.sub.3, CO and CO.sub.2. The second fraction is reacted in a further reactor to give AlCl.sub.3 and P.sub.2 O.sub.3 which are separated by distillation. The phosphorous chlorides from the third fraction are oxidized, along with the P.sub.2 O.sub.3 of the second fraction, to form P.sub.2 O.sub.5.