Abstract: A process for electrolytically producing an aqueous solution of chloric acid and alkali metal chlorate in an electrolytic cell having an anode compartment, a cathode compartment, and at least one ion exchange compartment between the anode compartment and the cathode compartment. The process includes the steps of feeding an aqueous solution of an alkali metal chlorate to the ion exchange compartment, electrolyzing an anolyte in the anode compartment to generate hydrogen ions, passing the hydrogen ions from the anode compartment through a cation exchange membrane into the ion exchange compartment to displace alkali metal ions and produce an aqueous solution of chloric acid and alkali metal chlorate, and passing alkali metal ions from the ion exchange compartment into the cathode compartment.

Abstract: Transparent, electrically conductive and infrared-reflective films of zinc oxyfluoride are produced by chemical vapor deposition from vapor mixtures of zinc, oxygen and fluorine-containing compounds. The substitution of fluorine for some of the oxygen in zinc oxide results in dramatic increases in the electrical conductivity. For example, diethyl zinc, ethyl alcohol and hexafluoropropene vapors are reacted over a glass surface at 400.degree. C. to form a visibly transparent, electrically conductive, infrared reflective and ultraviolet absorptive film of zinc oxyfluoride. Such films are useful in liquid crystal display devices, solar cells, electrochromic absorbers and reflectors, energy-conserving heat mirrors, and antistatic coatings.

Abstract: Halide-free rhodium nitrate is produced by a process which comprises quantitative reaction of metallic rhodium with hydrochloric acid, gaseous chloride and gaseous hydrogen chloride to produce hexachlororhodic acid, followed by the quantitative reaction of this acid with potassium iodide to produce rhodium iodide. The resulting rhodium iodide is quantitatively converted to halide-free rhodium nitrate by reacting with nitric acid and hydrogen peroxide.

Abstract: Nitrosyl fluoride (NOF) is prepared in a simple and economical manner with high yield by reacting nitrosyl sulphuric acid (ONOSO.sub.3 H) with hydrofluoric acid, operating in the liquid phase in the presence of water.

Abstract: Chloric acid is produced in an electrolytic-electrodialytic process in which chlorate ions from a sodium chlorate solution are transferred through an anion-exchange membrane to combine with electrolytically-produced hydrogen ions in a compartment of a cell, from which the resulting chloric acid is recovered. The sodium ions are transferred through a cation-exchange membrane to combine with electrolytically-produced hydroxyl ions in another compartment of the cell, from which the resulting sodium hydroxide is recovered.

Abstract: A process for producing acidic boratozirconium chloride sols which comprises: reacting a zirconium compound with a boron compound in molar ratios of B/Zr of 0.3-1.2 together with a compound of a metal M, the metal M being selected from the group consisting of divalent, trivalent, tetravalent and pentavalent metals in molar ratios of M/Zr of about 0.01-1 in water in the presence of chloride ions in molar ratios of Cl/Zr of not less than about 1.The acidic boratozirconium chloride sol may be converted to basic boratozirconium sols by reacting the acidic sol with a basic carbonate compound such as ammonium carbonate.The sols, either acidic or basic, are readily gelled by contact with a dehydration solvent such as methanol or actone.The gel is calcined at relatively low temperatures to provide zirconia which is either very pure or stabilized in varied degrees.

Abstract: The present invention provides a coating for electrodes for use in electrochemical cells having an electrochemically active species and an electrolyte. The coating contains active species material and is selectively permeable allowing for the diffusion of the active species through the coating during operation of the cell while providing a substantially impervious barrier to the electrolyte. The coating optionally further includes a polymer layer over the active species containing coating or layer for maintaining the mechanical integrity of the active species layer.Electrodes utilizing the coatings described herein may be used in primary and secondary cells over a wide range of operating temperatures to deliver better electrochemical performance even at room temperature.Methods of making the coating and an apparatus for performing these methods on a continuous basis are disclosed.A novel composition of matter is disclosed comprising lithium, silicon, and fluorine prepared by exposing lithium metal to SiF.sub.

Abstract: Enclosed herein is a process for preparing chlororhodiumic acid which comprises dissolving rhodium or a rhodium containing mixture in hydrochloric acid by bubbling chlorine gas therein under heating and suspending the rhodium to provide the chlororhodiumic acid in the hydrochloric acid solution.According to the present invention, the dissolving reaction proceeds sufficiently at a high speed under the relatively moderate conditions and in a more simplified process than that of a prior art, to provide the chlororhodiumic acid in high yield. The chlorine gas can be removed from the hydrochloric acid solution easily, and if the chlorine gas is contaminated in the solution as a chlorine ion, the chlorine ion is already present in the hydrochloric acid solution so that the contaminated ion will never be recognized as impurities. Therefore, the high purity chlororhodiumic acid can be obtained.

Abstract: Process of using supercritical fluid to selectively separate, purify and recover metal halides.

Abstract: In a chlorine hydrate tank wherein a chlorine gas supply pipe is inserted into a tank holding chilled water therein and chlorine gas in blown into the water through the pipe to form a chlorine hydrate, a hollow cylinder having an opening in an upper-side portion thereof is arranged around the chlorine gas supply pipe so as to form a predetermined gap therebetween so that the upper opening of the cylinder is partially or entirely submerged in the water.

Abstract: A reaction product of at least one of magnesium carbonate and magnesium silicate, with a metal chloride at a temperature exceeding 300.degree. C. Such a product, when mixed with water, sets to be an immensely strong magnesium cement. It may have aggregates of various types mixed with it.

Abstract: A method is disclosed for increasing the fluosilicic acid (FSA) recovered from a wet process phosphoric acid manufacturing process. The filtrate obtained by washing a filter cake is pumped to a stripper and reacted with H.sub.2 SO.sub.4 to converting the dissolved FSA to gaseous SiF.sub.4. A defoamer is added to the acid-filtrate mixture to reduce the foam produced by the reaction and increase the amount of gaseous SiF.sub.4 recovered from the reaction. The gaseous SiF.sub.4 is recovered from the acid-filtrate reaction mixture and converted to FSA for commercial use.

Abstract: A complex method was developed for the conversion of an ammonium fluoride solution and an ammonium fluoride/potassium fluoride solution into sodium bifluoride, active sodium fluoride and hydrogen fluoride, with potassium nitrate as a co-product and a concentrated solution of ammonium nitrate as a by-product. Quickly settling crystals of sodium bifluoride containing a very small amount of water after centrifugation are obtained with high efficiency from the reaction which occurs during the mixing of a concentrated solution of sodium fluoride in aqueous nitric acid with the ammonium fluoride solution. The by-product of the reaction is a very concentrated solution of ammonium nitrate. Potassium nitrate is precipitated from the ammonium fluoride/potassium fluoride solution after the addition of ammonium nitrate and after cooling. The mother solution formed in the crystalization is applied to the precipitation of sodium bifluoride.

Abstract: Wet process phosphoric acid, stabilized with respect to the precipitation of solids upon aging, and containing significantly reduced levels of magnesium and aluminum, is prepared by the controlled addition of fluosilicic acid to wet process filter grade phosphoric acid followed by a series of evaporation, crystallization and centrifugation steps. Sufficient fluosilicic acid is added to provide a fluorine to magnesium ratio of about 2.5:1 to 10.1:1, preferably 5:1. The final product, which has a P.sub.2 O.sub.5 content of at least 56 percent, contains low amounts of magnesium and aluminum, and exhibits low solids precipitation characteristics during shipment, storage and eventual processing into end products such a fertilizers.

Abstract: A low expansion ceramic composition is represented by the formula Ca.sub.0.5 Ti.sub.2 P.sub.3 O.sub.12 in which up to 100 percent of the Ca is replaced by one or more of the other alkaline earth metals and alkali metals, the alkali metals being selected from the group consisting of Na, Li, K and combinations thereof and substituted in the ratio of two units of alkali metal for each unit of Ca replaced. Up to 100 percent of the Ti is replaced by one or more members selected from the group consisting of Zr, Sn, Nb, Ta and Cr. For each unit of Cr replacement an approximately equal unit of alkali metal is added. For each unit of Nb and/or Ta replacement an approximately equal unit of Na and/or K replaces a unit of Ca. Up to 100 percent of the P may be replaced by Si and/or S. The total of the amounts of Ca, other alkaline earth metals, Li, K, Ti, Sn, Nb, Ta and Cr is greater then zero. Preferably up to 100 percent of the Ca is replaced by Na, and up to 100 percent of the Ti is replaced by Zr or NaCr.

Abstract: A process for the recovery of columbium values from a columbium-containing aqueous hydrofluoric acid solution. The columbium-containing solution is heated, with agitation, to cause evaporation and hydrolysis, resulting in the formation of a slurry from which columbium oxyfluoride can be separated and recovered.

Abstract: A process is described for reacting chlorinated, nitrogen-containing hydrocarbons with metal oxides so as to convert essentially all of the carbon atoms to oxides of carbon. This process provides an efficient and economically valuable use for chlorinated, nitrogen-containing hydrocarbons.

Abstract: A process of preparing chromium (III) compounds from chromate and/or dichromate salts by forming a mixture of such salts, an acid, water and a reducing agent. Additional acid is added to the mixture which is then cooled selectively precipitating the salt of the anion of the acid and the cation of the chromate and/or dichromate salts which is separated from the solution containing the desired chromium (III) compound.

Abstract: The present invention provides a process for the production of solid in conductor materials based on the following formula:A.sub.3u+2v+w XuYuZwwherein A is lithium or sodium, X is nitrogen, phosphorus or arsenic, Y is nitrogen, sulphur, tellurium or selenium, Z is hydrogen or a halogen, and u, v, and w each represent a number from 0 to 1 inclusive, with the proviso that only one of u, v, and w can assume the value of 0.

Abstract: A new and useful family of compounds is prepared by fluoride substitution into a cobalt oxide spinel, the new compounds conforming substantially to the empirical formula Co.sub.3 O.sub.x F.sub.y or M.sub.1 'M.sub.2 "--M.sub.i.sup.n Co.sub.(3-.SIGMA.) O.sub.x F.sub.y, where x+2y.congruent.4, where y is an amount such that F.ltoreq.2 wt. % of the compound, and where M.sub.1, M.sub.2, and M.sub.i each represent metal values other than Co. Thus the cobalt oxide spinel may be a single-metal spinel, a bimetal spinel, a trimetal spinel, or a polymetal spinel.

Abstract: A method for removing oxide contamination from titanium diboride powder involves the direct chemical treatment of TiB.sub.2 powders with a gaseous boron halide, such as BCl.sub.3, at temperatures in the range of 500.degree.-800.degree. C. The BCl.sub.3 reacts with the oxides to form volatile species which are removed by the BCl.sub.3 exit stream.

Abstract: The concentration of impurities in wet-process phosphoric acid limits the usefulness of the acid for the production of fertilizers, feedgrade phosphate and detergents. The aluminum, magnesium, and fluoride impurities are removed with the calcium sulfate hemihydrate filter cake by hydrolyzing and recycling the off-gas scrubber solutions in the presence of a ferric iron catalyst. The aluminum and magnesium are reduced to less than 0.1 percent in the acid product by the precipitation of (Ca,Mg)Al.sub.2 F.sub.8 .multidot.2H.sub.2 O, which is acid insoluble and suitable for storage with the byproduct calcium sulfate. Ferric iron also serves as a catalyst for the simultaneous precipitation of (Na,K).sub.2 SiF.sub.6. Subsequent additions of potassium as, for example, in the teachings of Gilbert (U.S. Pat. No. 3,338,675), can then be applied to obtain a purified phosphoric acid product suitable for most commercial applications.

Abstract: A process is described for reacting chlorinated hydrocarbons other than carbon tetrachloride with metal oxides so as to convert essentially all of the carbon atoms to oxides of carbon. This process provides an efficient and economical means for utilizing chlorinated hydrocarbons.

Abstract: The present invention provides compounds of the general formula:Li.sub.2-2x N.sub.0.5-x Hal.sub.0.5+xwherein Hal is bromine, chlorine, fluorine or iodine and x is 0 or a number f up to 0.2 but excluding Li.sub.9 N.sub.2 Cl.sub.3 and Li.sub.5 NI.sub.2.The present invention also provides solid ion conductor material, consisting of a compound of the general formula:Li.sub.2-2x N.sub.0.5-x Hal.sub.0.5+xwherein Hal is bromine, chlorine, fluorine or iodine and x is 0 or a number of up to 0.2Furthermore, the present invention provides processes for the production of these compounds and solid ion conductor materials, as well as galvanic cells comprising them.

Abstract: A method is described for the preparation of high surface area metal fluorides and metal oxyfluorides comprising reacting high surface area metal oxides with a fluorocarbon vapor wherein the fluorocarbon is selected from the group consisting of CH.sub.4-Q F.sub.Q wherein Q is 1 to 3 and totally or partially fluorinated C.sub.2 -C.sub.6 alkanes, alkenes and alkynes and C.sub.5 -C.sub.6 cyclic alkanes, preferably fluoroform (CHF.sub.3) wherein the metal oxides and the fluorocarbon vapors are contacted at a temperature of from about 300.degree. to about 800.degree. C., for a time sufficient to effect the essentially complete conversion of the metal oxides into metal fluorides or the partial conversion of the metal oxides into metal oxyfluorides.

Abstract: An improved NF.sub.4.sup.+ composition for solid propellant NF.sub.3 -F.sub.2 gas generators and high detonation pressure explosives is described which combines high oxidizer content with good thermal stability. The novel composition has the formula (NF.sub.4).sub.2 MnF.sub.6, and a process for its production is disclosed.

Abstract: A fluorinating agent having an empirical formula which comprises FOIF.sub.4 O whereby said fluorinating agent is prepared by a metathetical reaction of solutions of NF.sub.4 SbF.sub.6 and CsIF.sub.4 O.sub.2 in anhydrous HF, removing the precipitated CsSbF.sub.6 and HF solvent, followed by thermal decomposition of the filtrate residue.

Abstract: HCl gas is added to aluminum alkoxides containing from 1 to 5 carbon atoms (0.5 mole HCl/mole Al) and the mixture is hydrolyzed in water. Alcohol is recovered by azeotropic distillation and the product, a solution of aluminum oxychloride, is concentrated.

Abstract: Aluminum chlorohydrate is prepared by a method comprising(a) forming aluminum methoxide from aluminum alkoxides using methanol;(b) recovering aluminum methoxide as a solid precipitate phase, washing to remove higher alcohols and drying to recover a powder;(c) reacting the recovered powdered aluminum methoxide with dilute hydrochloric acid to form aluminum chlorohydrate.

Abstract: A method of improving the surface characteristics of a formed article of magnesium oxychloride or magnesium oxysulfate cement is shown in which molded articles of magnesium oxychloride or magnesium oxysulfate are treated with water at temperatures of 90.degree. F. to 212.degree. F. (32.2.degree. C. to 100.degree. C.) for periods of 1 to 30 minutes or longer to prevent the formed article from efflorescing.

Abstract: The invention disclosed provides a process for recovering niobium values from aqueous hydrofluoric acid solutions by evaporating said solution to dryness and baking the residue at temperatures of 150.degree. to 250.degree. C. The solid residue is niobium oxyfluroide (NbO.sub.2 F) which may then be exothermically reduced with aluminum in the presence of an alloying element such as iron, nickel, or chromium to produce a niobium alloy. The evaporated hydrofluoric acid may be recovered by condensing or absorbing the evolved vapors.

Abstract: Improved NF.sub.4.sup.+ compositions for solid propellant NF.sub.3 -F.sub.2 gas generators are described which produce NF.sub.3 and F.sub.2 free of gaseous Lewis acids and do not require clinker forming additives for their complexing. The novel self-clinkering compositions (NF.sub.4).sub.2 SnF.sub.6, NF.sub.4 SnF.sub.5, (NF.sub.4).sub.2 TiF.sub.6, NF.sub.4 Ti.sub.2 F.sub.9, NF.sub.4 Ti.sub.3 F.sub.13, and NF.sub.4 Ti.sub.6 F.sub.25 and processes for their production are disclosed.

Abstract: Halogen hydrates, such as chlorine hydrate, are made by directing finely divided droplets of an aqueous medium onto a refrigerated surface which is at a temperature below that at which the hydrate forms, while also contacting said surface and said aqueous medium with the halogen to be converted to halogen hydrate. Apparatuses and methods are described. In a preferred embodiment of the invention the atomized droplets of aqueous medium, in very finely divided droplet form are directed onto a moving corrosion resistant metal surface from which the hydrate is subsequently removed. In another embodiment of the invention chlorine gas is utilized to atomize the aqueous medium and the mixture of chlorine and aqueous droplets is directed onto a forming surface.

Abstract: The combination of the strongly oxidizing NF.sub.4.sup.+ cation with the strongly oxidizing NiF.sub.6.sup.-- anion in the form of the stable salt (NF.sub.4).sub.2 NiF.sub.6 produces a powerful oxidizer, useful for solid propellant formulations and NF.sub.3 -F.sub.2 gas generators. A process for its production is described.

Abstract: Activated carbon having adsorbed materials thereon is regenerated by passing a mixture of gases and/or vapors capable of exothermically reacting through the bed. The heat of reaction liberated by the reaction heats the carbon bed sufficiently to permit removal of the adsorbed materials thereon. The bed may then be further purged with an inert gas to complete the removal of the adsorbed materials.

Abstract: Hydrocarbon-soluble compositions useful as the transition metal component in the Ziegler polymerization of .alpha.-olefins are provided by reacting molecular nitrogen or hydrogen with a transition metal compound such as titanium trichloride to form a dinitrogen or dihydrogen complex of the transition metal compound.

Abstract: Ammonium fluoride is converted into a bifluoride by reaction with KF to form KF.HF, converting the latter to NaF.HF and heating said sodium bifluoride to form a solid product comprising NaF.

Abstract: Alkali metal chlorites are produced by the reaction of chlorine dioxide with an alkali metal amalgam in a reaction mixture where the pH is maintained at from about 9.5 to about 11.5 by providing an excess of the alkali metal to the chlorine dioxide of at least 10 mole percent.Alkali metal chlorites obtained by this process are free of insoluble mercury and have reduced concentrations of soluble mercury as a contaminant.

Abstract: A process, which may be continuous, for preparation of sulfur fluorides by reacting a sulfur chloride component with a fluorine containing component selected from the group consisting of nitrosyl fluoride and nitrosyl fluoride-hydrogen fluoride complex.

Abstract: The invention provides a process for recovering aluminum values from aluminum-containing minerals, such as oxides of aluminum and aluminosilicates.The process involves heating an intimate mixture of an aluminum-containing mineral and a solid carbonizable organic material, preferably a fibrous cellulosic material, so as to carbonize the organic material, and chlorinating the solid residue from the carbonization step. The solid residue contains carbon in very finely divided form distributed throughout the aluminum-containing mineral. The surface area and reactivity of this carbon is much higher than that of powdered coal and the chlorination reaction thus takes place in a most efficient manner.

Abstract: Ammonium tetrafluoroaluminate particles having an average particle size above 50.mu. are reacted with an aluminum compound such as aluminum hydroxide or oxide first at a temperature of 250.degree. C to 300.degree. C and then at a temperature of 350.degree. to 500.degree. C to form crystalline particles of anhydrous aluminum fluoride (II) with an average particle size almost corresponding to the starting ammonium tetrafluoroaluminate. The heating of the crystalline particles to a temperature above 550.degree. C results in formation of aluminum fluoride (I) with a large average particle size.

Abstract: Potassium fluoride and silica are reacted with an aqueous solution of hydrofluorosilicic acid. The resulting potassium fluorosilicate is recovered. The potassium fluorosilicate may be further reacted with ammonia in water to form an aqueous mixture of ammonium fluoride and potassium fluoride. The ammonium fluoride is then heated in aqueous solution in the presence of excess potassium fluoride to release ammonia and to form potassium bifluoride. The potassium bifluoride is recovered from solution substantially free from ammonia and heated to release hydrogen fluoride. Alternatively, the recovered potassium bifluoride may be reacted with sodium fluoride to produce sodium bifluoride. The sodium bifluoride is then heated to release hydrogen fluoride.

Abstract: Hydrogen fluoride is produced from hydrofluosilicic acid. The hydrofluosilicic acid is reacted with ammonia. An aqueous solution of ammonium fluoride thus produced is fed with partly recycled alkali metal fluoride to a continuously operated reactor where a bifluoride of the alkali metal is formed in aqueous solution. Reaction mixture is continuously withdrawn and solid alkali metal bifluoride crystallized therefrom. The mother liquor is recycled to the reactor. The solid alkali metal bifluoride is decomposed by heat to produce hydrogen fluoride and solid alkali metal fluoride. The alkali metal fluoride is recycled to the reactor.

Abstract: Hydrogen fluoride is recovered from hydrofluosilicic acid by-product of phosphoric acid manufacture. The hydrofluosilicic acid effluent is reacted with ammonia to form ammonium fluoride which is converted to a bifluoride by reaction with an excess of soluble metal fluoride. The bifluoride is readily recoverable and decomposable to yield hydrogen fluoride.

Abstract: Sodium Chlorite is made stable under storage conditions by (1) admixing with the sodium chlorite a stabilizing salt chemically inert to sodium chlorite and having at least one hydrate whose melting point is higher than about 50.degree. C, in amount such that said stabilizing salt can capture a quantity of water equal to at least about 5% of the weight of the sodium chlorite (NaClO.sub.2), the weight of the water in the total mixture being at least about 5% of the weight of said sodium chlorite and (2) drying the mixture sufficiently to reduce the water not captured by the stabilizing salt to an amount equal approximately to zero. Sodium chlorite thus stabilized is thermally stable and does not congeal into a solid mass even when stored in drums for several months at 50.degree. C.

Abstract: Preparation of titanium tetraperchlorate, vanadium perchlorate, and chromyl erchlorate by the reactions of chlorine perchlorate with the respective anhydrous metal chlorides at a temperature from about -45.degree. C to about 20.degree. C. These perchlorates are useful in compounding gas generating compositions.

Abstract: Hydrogen is produced from water by the addition of heat to a series of chemical reactions which comprise the reaction of cadmium with water, and the subsequent recovery of the cadmium for re-use. The equipment used to produce the hydrogen requires only the input of water and heat to produce an output of hydrogen and oxygen gas.

Abstract: Fluorosilicic acid solutions, which normally undergo decomposition when distilled, thereby creating unwanted forms of SiO.sub.2, are rendered stable during distillation by providing in the fluorosilicic acid solution an amount of HF which is at least about 10 parts of HF per 36 parts of H.sub.2 SiF.sub.6 and an amount of H.sub.2 O which is at least about 54 parts of H.sub.2 O per 36 parts of H.sub.2 SiF.sub.6. The mixture is distilled to remove any excess H.sub.2 O and excess HF that is present, without encountering formation of SiO.sub.2, until an azeotropic solution containing about 36% H.sub.2 SiF.sub.6, about 10% HF and about 54% H.sub.2 O is reached. The ternary azeotrope, being of constant quality and concentration, is more suitable for use in various processes, such as processes for making fumed SiO.sub.2, than H.sub.2 SiF.sub.6 solutions which are not of constant quality or concentration.

Abstract: Novel granules containing sodium chlorite have an apparent specific weight between 1.3 and 1.45 kg/dm.sup.3 and are prepared from an aqueous medium containing sodium chlorite, by the steps of passing the medium into a fluidized bed drier for evaporting water from the medium, and maintaining in the drier a constant presence of seeds smaller than the required granules.

Abstract: 1. In the vapor phase reaction of F.sub.2 with a member selected from the group consisting of ClF.sub.3, Cl.sub.2, BrF.sub.3, BR.sub.2 and SF.sub.4, at elevated pressures and temperatures in a chemical reactor, carried out batch-wise so that reactant gases and product gases are permitted to mix; the improvement which comprises increasing the production capacity of the chemical reactor by raising the temperature of the reactor and contents non-uniformly with respect to position in the reactor so that the reactant and product gases are subjected to different temperature zones depending on their position in the reactor, the temperature of at least one of said zones being high enough to initiate and maintain the reaction therein, the temperature differential between at least two zones of different temperature being at least 3% of the maximum temperature attained in the reactor when measured on the Kelvin scale.