Abstract: A system and method for controllably varying the thickness of film deposition on a spherical or other non-flat substrate during high volume manufacturing is described. A gripping X-Y transfer stage rotates a substrate in-situ in a direction film deposition chamber. The transfer stage is driven at variable speeds to realize a desired distribution of film thickness variation around the surface of the substrate. Spatial variations in disposition thickness can be smoothly and continuously variable or abruptly changed.

Abstract: Disclosed are a yttrium-doped barium fluoride crystal and a preparation method and the use thereof, wherein the yttrium-doped barium fluoride crystal has a chemical composition of Ba(1?x)YxF2+x, in which 0.01?x?0.50. The yttrium-doped BaF2 crystal of the present invention has improved scintillation performance. The yttrium doping may greatly suppress the slow luminescence component of the BaF2 crystal and has an excellent fast/slow scintillation component ratio. The doped crystal is coupled to an optical detector to obtain a scintillation probe which is applicable to the fields of high time resolved measurement radiation such as high-energy physics, nuclear physics, ultrafast imaging and nuclear medicine imaging.

Abstract: According to an aspect, a magnesium fluoride sintered compact includes a disc-shaped magnesium fluoride sintered compact having a through hole passing through a center axis of the disc-shaped magnesium fluoride sintered compact. The magnesium fluoride sintered compact has a relative density of 95% or higher.

Abstract: Increasing the density of barium sulphate from 3.5 g/m3 density to 4.40 g/m3 density transforms it into a product of high qualities due to the reaction process to which it is subjected, additionally this invention helps to recycle elements that are intended for confinement, making the process highly environmentally friendly. Applications and use of barium sulfate include in the oil industry and the pharmaceutical industry. In the paint industry, barium sulfate is used as as a pigment with acid resistance. In the automotive industry, it is used to replace asbestos as frictional product in the manufacture of brake pads and in the glass industry as a flux and brightener. As protection in X-ray rooms due to its high density it can be used to absorb radiation. In the pharmaceutical industry, it is used as a contrast medium in digestive system imaging.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a hydrogen-storing composite material which is convertible essentially reversibly between a storing state and a non-storing state, wherein the reaction enthalpy in this conversion reaction can be set in a targeted manner to a value between 15 and 80 kJ/mol of H2, preferably 25 to 40 kJ/mol of H2.

Abstract: A unique production of titanium compounds and metal by sustainable methods using iron-titanium oxide starting material such as ilmenite, leucoxene, or rutile is described. Here the iron-titanium oxide compound is prepared by converting the iron portion of the compound to ferrous chloride at low temperatures by using close to stoichiometric amounts of sulfur and chlorine required for all the iron oxides and the other non-titanium oxides. The ferrous chloride thus formed is removed recovering a marketable product of ferrous chloride and the ‘sustainable’ titanium oxide starting material by additional process steps. This can be converted to ‘sustainable’ titanium metal, or titanium tetra-chloride by process shown herein for further conversions to titanium dioxide pigment by present chloride process or supplied to existing titanium sponge producers, benefitting them in having a ‘sustainable process’.

Abstract: Methods and products are provided for treating a wound or infection in a mammal or disinfecting a surface with a hypochlorous acid solution that has been activated by a catalyst. Additionally provided is a process for preparing an antimicrobial product that produces an activated hypochlorous acid solution for use as an antimicrobial.

Abstract: Alkaline or neutral viscoelastic cleaning compositions are disclosed which use non polymer thickening agents. According to the invention, cleaning compositions have been developed using viscoelastic surfactants in a neutral, acidic or alkaline cleaning formulations. These provide the dual benefit of thickening as well as an additional cleaning, thereby improving performance. Applicants have also identified several pseudo linking agents which when, used with viscoelastic surfactants provide viscoelasticity in alkaline cleaning compositions.

Abstract: High-purity barium chloride (99.60% or more) is produced having low strontium (lower than 10 ppm) by using barium carbonate or a clear barium chloride filtration and hydrochloric acid mixed under agitation at a maintained temperature and pH. The barium chloride is obtained as liquid phase and then crystallized through further processes.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a method for making pure salt comprises recapturing post-drilling flowback water from hydro-fracturing; removing oil from the flowback water; filtering the flowback water using an ultra filter with a pore size of about 0.1 microns or less to remove solid particulates and large organic molecules, such as benzene, ethylbenzene, toluene, and xylene, from the water; concentrating the flowback water to produce a brine that contains from about 15 wt % to about 40 wt % of salt relative to the total weight of the flowback brine; performing one or more chemical precipitation process using an effective amount of reagents to precipitate out the desired high quality commercial products, such as, barium sulfate, strontium carbonate, calcium carbonate; and crystallizing the chemically treated and concentrated flowback brine to produce greater than 99.5% pure salt products, such as sodium and calcium chloride.

Abstract: Methods for making brines may generally comprise forming a mixture comprising: (i) a solid material produced as a by-product of the Kroll process including solid anhydrous magnesium chloride and solid elemental magnesium; (ii) an amount of a previously-produced brine; and (iii) an amount of water sufficient to provide a predetermined brine concentration. At least a portion of the solid material in the mixture is dissolved while simultaneously controlling the temperature of the mixture. At least a portion of insoluble matter is separated from the mixture.

Abstract: A method for converting depleted uranium tetrafluoride (UF4) to triuranium octaoxide (U3O8), and producing sulfur tetrafluoride, using a two step process. The first step uses heat and a mixture of the uranium tetrafluoride and an alkaline compound, either an alkaline oxide or an alkaline hydroxide, to produce U3O8 and a water-soluble metal halide. The second step uses heat, sulfur and a halogen to produce sulfur tetrafluoride and triuranium octaoxide.

Abstract: The use of metal-accumulating plants for implementing chemical reactions.

Abstract: The present invention relates to an apparatus and a method for melting incineration ash generated in an incinerator using a steam plasma torch which is capable of minimizing secondary pollutants and collecting calcium chloride from the melt. An exemplary embodiment of the present invention provides a method for treating incineration ash, including: generating a melt by melting the incineration ash comprising fly ash and bottom ash using a steam plasma torch; cooling the melt using water to dissolve molten salt included in the melt in the water and vitrify slag included in the melt; and collecting calcium chloride from the water in which the molten salt is dissolved.

Abstract: Solid adducts comprising MgCl2 and water and optionally an organic hydroxy compound (A) selected from hydrocarbon structures containing at least one hydroxy group, said compounds being present in molar ratio defined by the following formula MgCl2.(H20)n(A)p in which n is from 0.6 to 6, p ranges from 0 to 3, said adduct having a porosity (PF), measured by the mercury method and due to pores with radius equal to or lower than 1 ?m, of at least 0.15 cm3/g with the proviso that when p is 0, (PF) is equal to or higher than 0.3 cm3/g.

Abstract: The present invention provides a method for sanitising water in a swimming pool or the like, which method uses sources of ionic chlorine at significantly lower levels than conventional systems. The method comprises the steps of (i) forming, in the swimming pool water, an electrolyte solution containing from 500 ppm to 9000 ppm of a soluble magnesium halide salt, (ii) treating the electrolyte solution in an electrolytic halogenation cell to form an aqueous solution of hypohalous acid, and (iii) returning the water so treated back to the swimming pool. A mixture of magnesium, potassium and sodium chloride salts with small quantities of a soluble alkaline earth metal bromide, zinc halide, ascorbate, and/or zinc ascorbate may be particularly effective in the sanitisation process.

Abstract: A process for formulating high purity potassium chloride from a carnallite source. The process takes advantage of solubility differences and saturation levels in a multiple salt system generated upon dissolution of carnallite. In the system, the sodium chloride is kept in solution and the magnesium chloride present in the system is controlled to be in a concentration range of between 12% and 25% by weight. This avoids co-precipitation of sodium chloride with the potassium chloride during crystallization and therefore prevents the sodium chloride from contaminating the potassium chloride. The result is high grade potassium chloride.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a method for making pure salt comprises recapturing post-drilling flowback water from hydro-fracturing; removing oil from the flowback water; filtering the flowback water using an ultra filter with a pore size of about 0.1 microns or less to remove solid particulates and large organic molecules, such as benzene, ethylbenzene, toluene, and xylene, from the water; concentrating the flowback water to produce a brine that contains from about 15 wt % to about 40 wt % of salt relative to the total weight of the flowback brine; performing one or more chemical precipitation process using an effective amount of reagents to precipitate out the desired high quality commercial products, such as, barium sulfate, strontium carbonate, calcium carbonate; and crystallizing the chemically treated and concentrated flowback brine to produce greater than 99.5% pure salt products, such as sodium and calcium chloride.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a method for production of calcium compounds having very low content of phosphorus and boron from an impure calcium chloride, solution containing phosphorus and boron, which method comprises the following steps: a) addition of a FeCl3-solution to the calcium chloride solution, b) adjusting the pH of the solution by addition of a base to between 3 and 9.5 for precipitation of iron hydroxide, iron phosphate and boron compounds, c) removal of the solid precipitate from the solution in step b) obtaining a purified calcium chloride solution, d) precipitation of a calcium compound from the solution from step c), and e) separation of the calcium compound from the solution in step d).

Abstract: The present invention relates to a method for making pure salt comprises recapturing post-drilling flowback water from hydro-fracturing; removing oil from the flowback water; filtering the flowback water using an ultra filter with a pore size of about 0.1 microns or less to remove solid particulates and large organic molecules, such as benzene, ethylbenzene, toluene, and xylene, from the water; concentrating the flowback water to produce a brine that contains from about 15 wt % to about 40 wt % of salt relative to the total weight of the flowback brine; performing one or more chemical precipitation process using an effective amount of reagents to precipitate out the desired high quality commercial products, such as, barium sulfate, strontium carbonate, calcium carbonate; and crystallizing the chemically treated and concentrated flowback brine to produce greater than 99.5% pure salt products, such as sodium and calcium chloride.

Abstract: A method of producing a Ca—La—F based transparent ceramic, including: mixing CaF2 particles and LaF3 particles that are prepared separately from the CaF2 particles to form a mixed body of particles, and sintering the mixed body of particles and making the mixed body transparent, thereby producing a transparent ceramic.

Abstract: The present invention relates to compositions comprising a peptide with 2-12 amino acids substituted with a lipophilic moiety and a water soluble salt of an alkali, earth alkaline metal or transition metal. Furthermore, the invention relates to a container comprising such compositions. Additionally, the invention relates to the use of a water soluble salt of an alkali, earth alkaline metal or transition metal for reducing the adhesion of a peptide with 2-12 amino acids substituted with a lipophilic moiety to a surface.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a method for making pure salt comprises recapturing post-drilling flowback water from hydro-fracturing; removing oil from the flowback water; filtering the flowback water using an ultra filter with a pore size of about 0.1 microns or less to remove solid particulates and large organic molecules, such as benzene, ethylbenzene, toluene, and xylene, from the water; concentrating the flowback water to produce a brine that contains from about 15 wt % to about 40 wt % of salt relative to the total weight of the flowback brine; performing one or more chemical precipitation process using an effective amount of reagents to precipitate out the desired high quality commercial products, such as, barium sulfate, strontium carbonate, calcium carbonate; and crystallizing the chemically treated and concentrated flowback brine to produce greater than 99.5% pure salt products, such as sodium and calcium chloride.

Abstract: Processes are provided for conjointly producing Br2 and a concentrated aqueous solution containing at least about 5 wt % CaCI2, based on the weight of the concentrated aqueous solution, from an aqueous HBr rich stream and, optionally, a feed brine dilute in CaCI2. Such processes can comprise feeding the aqueous HBr-rich stream and the feed brine to a tower, oxidizing bromide moieties within the tower with Cl2 to produce Br2, recovering Br2 from the tower, removing a bromide-depleted bottoms from the tower, such bottoms containing HCI, adding a Ca++ source to the bromide-depleted bottoms to convert substantially all of the HCI in the bottoms to CaCI2, and, as necessary, removing water from the treated bottoms to produce the concentrated aqueous solution.

Abstract: Processes are provided for conjointly producing Br2, a concentrated aqueous solution containing CaCI2, and Cl2 from an aqueous HBr-rich stream and a feed brine dilute in CaCI2 that comprises NaCI. Such processes can comprise feeding the aqueous HBr-rich stream and the feed brine to a tower, oxidizing bromide moieties within the tower with Cl2 from a Cl2 source, at least a portion of which is produced according to this invention, to produce Br2, recovering Br2 from the tower, removing a bromide-depleted bottoms from the tower, such bottoms containing HCI, adding a Ca++ source to the bromide-depleted bottoms to convert substantially all of the HCI in the bottoms to CaCI2, as necessary, removing water from the treated bottoms to produce the concentrated aqueous solution, producing Cl2 and caustics from residual chlorides such as NaCI, and using at least a portion of the thus produced Cl2 in the Cl2 source.

Abstract: Processes are provided for conjointly producing Br2 and a concentrated aqueous solution containing at least about 5 wt % CaCI2, based on the weight of the concentrated aqueous solution, from an HBr-rich recycle stream and a feed brine dilute in CaCI2. wherein the aqueous HBr-rich stream is produced from an HBr-rich recycle stream and a portion of the feed brine.

Abstract: High energy reaction of halogen-containing carbon, boron, silicon and nitrogen compounds, with base component comprising at least one atom selected from Groups IA to VIA, transition metals, lanthanides and actinides of the Periodic Table of the Elements, excluding aluminum and aluminum oxide.

Abstract: A desalination and minerals extraction process includes a desalination facility fluidly coupled to a minerals extraction facility. The desalination facility includes a nanofiltration membrane section producing a first tailings stream and a reverse osmosis membrane section producing a second tailings stream and a desalinated water outlet stream from an inlet feed stream. The extraction facility produces at least one mineral compound, an extraction tailings stream, and a second desalinated water outlet stream. At least one of the first tailings stream and the second tailings stream is fed into the extraction facility. In certain exemplary embodiments, a natural gas combined cycle power unit supplies power to at least one of the desalination facility and the extraction facility. In certain exemplary embodiments, the extraction tailings stream is recycled into the desalination facility and there are no extraction tailings streams or desalination tailings streams discharged into the environment.

Abstract: Provided is a three-dimensional modeling apparatus including a supply mechanism, a deposition area, a variable mechanism, a discharge mechanism, and a control means. The supply mechanism supplies a powder material. In the deposition area,, the supplied powder material is deposited. The variable mechanism varies a volume of the deposition area per a predetermined layer thickness, and thus the powder material is deposited per the predetermined layer thickness in the deposition area. The discharge mechanism discharges liquid for forming a three-dimensional object to the deposited powder material, the liquid being capable of hardening the powder material. The control means causes the discharge mechanism to discharge the liquid to the powder material, to thereby form a main body being an object being as a target to be modeled and a frame body being an object to be formed in a periphery of the main body, of the three-dimensional object.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a fluorine-containing magnesium oxide powder using a vapor phase reaction and a method of preparing the same and more particularly to a fluorine-containing magnesium oxide powder brings about a cathode-luminescence emission having a peak within a wavelength range of 220 to 320 nm upon being excited by electron beams. The present invention provides a fluorine-containing magnesium oxide powder using a vapor phase reaction that sprays fluorine-containing gas and oxygen-containing gas to magnesium vapor, and the purity of magnesium oxide containing fluorine (i.e. the purity of fluorine-containing magnesium oxide) of 0.001 to 2 wt % is at least 98 wt % and a BET specific surface area thereof is 0.1 to 50 m2/g.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a method for making pure salt comprises recapturing post-drilling flowback water from hydro-fracturing; removing oil from the flowback water; filtering the flowback water using an ultra filter with a pore size of about 0.1 microns or less to remove solid particulates and large organic molecules, such as benzene, ethylbenzene, toluene, and xylene, from the water; concentrating the flowback water to produce a brine that contains from about 15 wt % to about 40 wt % of salt relative to the total weight of the flowback brine; performing one or more chemical precipitation process using an effective amount of reagents to precipitate out the desired high quality commercial products, such as, barium sulfate, strontium carbonate, calcium carbonate; and crystallizing the chemically treated and concentrated flowback brine to produce greater than 99.5% pure salt products, such as sodium and calcium chloride.

Abstract: A large-volume scintillation crystal affording a high scintillation yield and having high mechanical strength is obtained by growing a crystal from a melt containing strontium iodide, barium iodide or a mixture thereof and by doping with an activator. To this end, the melt is enclosed in a closed volume. Before and/or during the growing, the melt is in diffusion-permitting connection, via the enclosed volume, with an oxygen getter which sets a constant oxygen potential in the closed volume and the melt. Such a scintillation crystal is suitable for detecting UV-, gamma-, beta-, alpha- and/or positron radiation.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a method for production of calcium compounds having very low content of phosphorus and boron from an impure calcium chloride, solution containing phosphorus and boron, which method comprises the following steps: a) addition of a FeCl3-solution to the calcium chloride solution, b) adjusting the pH of the solution by addition of a base to between 3 and 9.5 for precipitation of iron hydroxide, iron phosphate and boron compounds, c) removal of the solid precipitate from the solution in step b) obtaining a purified calcium chloride solution, d) precipitation of a calcium compound from the solution from step c), and e) separation of the calcium compound from the solution in step d).

Abstract: The present disclosure provides a solid dopant for doping a conductive polymer, which has a high dispersibility in a solvent by a plasma treatment, a method and an apparatus for preparing the solid dopants, a solid doping method of a conductive polymer using the solid dopants, and a solid doping method of a conductive polymer using plasma.

Abstract: The present invention provides an improved process for the preparation of MgO of high purity >99% from salt bitterns via intermediate formation of Mg(OH)2 obtained from the reaction of MgCl2 and lime, albeit indirectly, i.e., MgCl2 is first reacted with NH3 in aqueous medium and the slurry is then filtered with ease. The resultant NH4Cl-containing filtrate is then treated with any lime, to regenerate NH3 while the lime itself gets transformed into CaCl2 that is used for desulphatation of bittern so as to recover carnallite and thereafter MgCl2 of desired quality required in the present invention. The crude Mg(OH)2 is dried and calcined directly to produce pure MgO, taking advantage of the fact that adhering impurities in the Mg(OH)2 either volatilize away or get transformed into the desired product, i.e., MgO.

Abstract: Provided is a method of preparation of a spherical support for an olefin polymerization catalyst. Specifically, provided is a method of preparation of a support which can be used in preparation of an olefin polymerization catalyst, wherein, MgX(I) (X=halogen atom) is prepared by reacting a reaction initiator, nitrogen halide, and magnesium metal, and then magnesium metal and alcohol are reacted in the presence of the MgX, thereby resulting a smooth-surfaced spherical dialkoxy magnesium support having a uniform particle size distribution.

Abstract: Provided is a method of preparation of dialkoxy magnesium that is used as a support for an olefin polymerization catalyst for polyolefin preparation. Specifically, provided is a method of preparation of a support for an olefin polymerization catalyst, which comprises preparation of dialkoxy magnesium by reacting magnesium metal with alcohol in the presence of a reaction initiator, wherein bromine is used as the reaction initiator so as to obtain spherical dialkoxy magnesium.

Abstract: Processes are provided for conjointly producing Br2, a concentrated aqueous solution containing CaCI2, and Cl2 from an aqueous HBr-rich stream and a feed brine dilute in CaCI2 that comprises NaCI. Such processes can comprise feeding the aqueous HBr-rich stream and the feed brine to a tower, oxidizing bromide moieties within the tower with Cl2 from a Cl2 source, at least a portion of which is produced according to this invention, to produce Br2, recovering Br2 from the tower, removing a bromide-depleted bottoms from the tower, such bottoms containing HCI, adding a Ca++ source to the bromide-depleted bottoms to convert substantially all of the HCI in the bottoms to CaCI2, as necessary, removing water from the treated bottoms to produce the concentrated aqueous solution, producing Cl2 and caustics from residual chlorides such as NaCI, and using at least a portion of the thus produced Cl2 in the Cl2 source.

Abstract: A method of separating potassium chloride and sodium chloride from a heated solution of these salts, such as a solution obtained from potash ore, to recover potassium chloride from the ore is disclosed. The method includes a combination of steps of (a) extracting water from a heated solution containing potassium chloride and sodium chloride using a membrane system and (b) subsequently cooling the solution discharged from the membrane system, whereby steps (a) and (b) make it possible to selectively recover potassium chloride and sodium chloride from the solution.

Abstract: A method for producing a nitride semiconductor, comprising controlling temperature and pressure in a autoclave containing a seed having a hexagonal crystal structure, a nitrogen element-containing solvent, a raw material substance containing a metal element of Group 13 of the Periodic Table, and a mineralizer so as to put said solvent into a supercritical state and/or a subcritical state and thereby ammonothermally grow a nitride semiconductor crystal on the surface of said seed, wherein the crystal growth rate in the m-axis direction on said seed is 1.5 times or more the crystal growth rate in the c-axis direction on said seed. By the method, a nitride semiconductor having a large-diameter C plane or a nitride semiconductor thick in the m-axis direction can be efficiently and simply produced.

Abstract: The present invention is directed to a method for treatment of a gas stream comprising silicon tetrafluoride and hydrogen chloride. For example, the present invention is directed to a method for treatment of such a gas stream that involves contacting the gas stream with a metal that reacts with the hydrogen chloride to provide a treated gas stream having reduced hydrogen chloride content. The present invention is further directed to methods for subjecting silicon tetrafluoride and hydrogen chloride-containing gas streams to elevated pressure to provide gas streams suitable for transport.

Abstract: Processes are provided for conjointly producing Br2 and a concentrated aqueous solution containing at least about 5 wt % CaCI2, based on the weight of the concentrated aqueous solution, from an aqueous HBr rich stream and, optionally, a feed brine dilute in CaCI2. Such processes can comprise feeding the aqueous HBr-rich stream and the feed brine to a tower, oxidizing bromide moieties within the tower with Cl2 to produce Br2, recovering Br2 from the tower, removing a bromide-depleted bottoms from the tower, such bottoms containing HCI, adding a Ca++ source to the bromide-depleted bottoms to convert substantially all of the HCI in the bottoms to CaCI2, and, as necessary, removing water from the treated bottoms to produce the concentrated aqueous solution.

Abstract: In one embodiment, a material comprises a crystal comprising strontium iodide providing at least 50,000 photons per MeV. A scintillator radiation detector according to another embodiment includes a scintillator optic comprising europium-doped strontium iodide providing at least 50,000 photons per MeV. A scintillator radiation detector in yet another embodiment includes a scintillator optic comprising SrI2 and BaI2, wherein a ratio of SrI2 to BaI2 is in a range of between 0:1 A method for manufacturing a crystal suitable for use in a scintillator includes mixing strontium iodide-containing crystals with a source of Eu2+, heating the mixture above a melting point of the strontium iodide-containing crystals, and cooling the heated mixture near the seed crystal for growing a crystal. Additional materials, systems, and methods are presented.

Abstract: Crystalline scintillator materials comprising nano-scale particles of metal halides are provided. The nano-scale particles are less than 100 nm in size. Methods are provided for preparing the particles. In these methods, ionic liquids are used in place of water to allow precipitation of the final product. In one method, the metal precursors and halide salts are dissolved in separate ionic liquids to form solutions, which are then combined to form the nano-crystalline end product. In the other methods, micro-emulsions are formed using ionic liquids to control particle size.

Abstract: A granulated calcium bromide product is provided, and a method for its manufacture. The product, obtained by wet granulation or by dry granulation, contains at least 80 wt. % calcium bromide, and it is particularly suitable for preparing dense calcium bromide brines used as a drilling fluid.

Abstract: A process for treating organic material, separating calcium and recovering phosphorus and to utilization of the obtained products and their use as a soil conditioner and a fertilizer as well as for providing carbon dioxide traps in gas cleaning. In the process, organic ingredients are separated from calcium-phosphate-containing ingredients, the calcium-phosphate-containing ingredients are dissolved in an acid-containing solution and/or the calcium is precipitated as a salt corresponding to the acid, and optionally phosphoric acid formed from a phosphate ion is separated. The invention also relates to a calcium-carbonate-containing product and a phosphoric-acid containing product, which are prepared by the process of the invention.

Abstract: A pretreatment agent for a sample to be subjected to Limulus assay comprising an alkali metal sulfate and/or an alkaline earth metal sulfate wherein the sulfate(s) has a final concentration of 20 mM or more when the sulfate(s) is allowed to contact with the sample, or an alkali metal halide and/or an alkaline earth metal halide wherein the halide(s) has a final concentration of from 0.4 M to 1.2 M or less when the halide(s) is allowed to contact with the sample, or a kit for Limulus assay reagent comprising thereof as a composing article.

Abstract: The present invention provides a method of nucleic acid transfer comprising the following steps (a) and (b): (a) contacting a nucleic acid with a cell in a medium; and (b) following the step (a), contacting the medium of (a) with a high-concentration solution of a metal salt, a nucleic acid transfer agent comprising solid metal salt or a high-concentration solution of a metal salt as an ingredient, and the like.

Abstract: A precursor halide compound is reduced to a predetermined product at substantially ambient conditions. The halide is added to an anhydrous liquid reaction medium containing one or more alkali metals or alkaline earth metals as reductants. The metal reductants are dispersed as very small globules in the liquid by cavitation of the liquid, such as by application of high intensity ultrasonic vibrations or high-shear mixing to the reaction vessel. Continued cavitation of the liquid medium affects low temperature reduction of the precursor halide(s) to produce a metal, metal alloy, metal compound, ceramic material, metal matrix-ceramic composite material, or the like. The practice may be applied, for example, to titanium tetrachloride, alone or with other chlorides, to produce titanium metal, titanium alloys (for example Ti-6Al-4V), and titanium compounds (TiSi2).

Abstract: A titanium halide and, optionally, other precursor halides compound are reduced to a predetermined titanium product, suitably at or near ambient conditions. Titanium tetrachloride, for example, is added to an anhydrous liquid reaction medium containing one or more alkali metals or alkaline earth metals as reductants. The metal reductants are dispersed as very small globules in the liquid by cavitation of the liquid reaction medium, such as by application of high intensity ultrasonic vibrations or high-shear mixing to the reaction vessel. Continued cavitation of the liquid medium affects relatively low temperature reduction of the precursor halide(s) to produce a titanium-containing product such as titanium metal, a titanium alloy or compound, or a titanium matrix-ceramic composite material, or the like.