Abstract: A system and method for fabricating soft sensors that conform to arbitrary smooth geometries that include fabricating a top stretchable layer that includes a set of electrodes of soft sensors that are made of an elastic material. The system and method also include fabricating a bottom flexible layer that is composed of a thin sheet of suitable metal that is patterned using photolithography.

Abstract: A system and method for fabricating soft sensors that conform to arbitrary smooth geometries that include fabricating a top stretchable layer that includes a set of electrodes of soft sensors that are made of an elastic material. The system and method also include fabricating a bottom flexible layer that is composed of a thin sheet of suitable metal that is patterned using photolithography. The system and method further include bonding the top stretchable layer to the bottom flexible layer to form a sensor substrate.

Abstract: A system for urban organic solid waste pyrolysis-gasification coupled with drying includes a sludge feeding and storage device, a pre-drying device, a cyclone separator, a specific cloth bag for sludge and a flue gas waste heat recovery device sequentially connected. The cyclone separator and a sludge outlet of the specific cloth bag for sludge are connected with a cyclone fluidized bed gasification furnace. The cyclone fluidized bed gasification furnace is connected with a high-temperature separator. The high-temperature separator is connected with a secondary combustion chamber. High-temperature flue gas generated by the secondary combustion chamber serves as a heat source of the pre-drying device. Ash generated by the high-temperature separator and secondary combustion chamber is sent to an ash bin after being cooled by a cold slag conveyor.

Abstract: A system for the production of ammonium sulfate granules including a pipe cross reactor (PCR) configured to contact concentrated sulfuric acid with anhydrous ammonia to produce a PCR product comprising ammonium sulfate; and a granulator fluidly connected to the PCR, whereby PCR product extracted from the PCR can be introduced into the granulator, an inlet for ammonium sulfate seed material, an ammonia sparger configured to spray liquid anhydrous ammonia directly onto a bed of ammonium sulfate granules within the granulator, a granulator vent configured for extraction of a vapor comprising unreacted ammonia from the granulator, and a granulator product outlet configured for extraction of granulator product comprising ammonium sulfate granules from the granulator. A method of producing ammonium sulfate granules is also provided.

Abstract: A method and system for collecting gaseous nitrogen compounds into an aqueous solution are provided. The method enables the combination of gaseous sulfur and nitrogen compounds in the aqueous solution to generate ammonium compound components, to include ammonium sulfate. Sulfur may be pressure injected into the solution as gaseous sulfur dioxide. Optionally, carbon may be introduced into the solution as gaseous carbon dioxide. The sulfur may be earlier sourced by a burning of a sulfurous solid. The pH of the solution may be monitored and the introduction of ammonia, carbon and/or sulfur may be halted or constrained while the pH of the solution is measured outside of specified range. The solution may be allowed to age to permit a mix of compounds of ammonium carbonate, ammonium bicarbonate and ammonium carbomate to restabilize and thereby encourage a renewed surge of ammonium sulfate generation.

Abstract: Disclosed is a method of treating an acid gas stream through a series of process steps to provide an ammonium sulfphate stream. The method involves passing the acid gas stream to an incinerator to oxidize the H2S to SO2 to yield an incinerator flue gas stream. The incinerator flue gas stream is passed to a sulphuric acid unit that produces H2SO4 from the SO2 of the incinerator flue gas stream and to yield an aqueous sulphuric acid stream and a sulphuric acid unit off-gas stream. At least part of the aqueous sulphuric acid stream is passed to an ammonia scrubber wherefrom an aqueous ammonium suphate stream is yielded.

Abstract: In one embodiment, the invention is to a process of producing an ammonium salt composition. The process comprises the step of providing a process stream comprising sulfuric acid and at least one tertiary amine. The process further comprises the step of contacting the process stream with ammonia under conditions effective to form a waste stream and a product stream. The waste stream comprises water, the tertiary amine, and ammonia and the product stream comprises a first amount of ammonium salt. The process further comprises the step of deriving from the waste stream an off gas stream comprising a preliminary amount of ammonia. The process also comprises the step of contacting the off gas stream with an acid under conditions effective to form an ammonium salt stream and a purge stream. The ammonium salt stream comprises a second amount of ammonium salt and the purge stream comprises a reduced amount of ammonia, which is less than the preliminary amount.

Abstract: The present invention is directed to the conversion of gas streams comprising ammonia, hydrogen sulfide, and water in the form of liquids or gases that are generated by petroleum refineries and coke ovens to beneficiary agriculture products, by forming ammonium sulfide and then converting the ammonium sulfide, using sulfuric acid, to pure ammonium sulfate.

Abstract: The present invention provides a process for removing ammonia as an aqueous salt solution from an acid gas comprising ammonia and hydrogen sulfide. A strong acid, such as sulfuric acid, is used as a scrubbing agent to convert ammonia to an ammonium salt. Control of pH and stripping in combination with reboiler or evaporators reduces hydrogen sulfide concentration. The ammonium salt is produced as an aqueous solution, which may crystallized to form a solid product. The ammonium salt solution or solid may be used as a fertilizer.

Abstract: A method and system for controlling one or more emissions includes introducing ammonia to react with at least a portion of sulfur trioxides in an exhaust emission and result in at least one or more ammoniated compounds. At least a portion of fly ash particles and the ammoniated compounds in the exhaust emission are precipitated. At least a portion of the ammonia from the precipitated ammoniated compounds is recovered with heat from the exhaust emission and the recovered ammonia is reused.

Abstract: This invention is a process for removing NH.sub.3 from a NH.sub.3 -containing liquid stream. The process contains the following steps: (a) passing a NH.sub.

Abstract: A process and system are disclosed for the bridging of operational standstills of an ammonia washer of a plant operating according to the semi-direct technique for the removal of ammonia from coking oven gas. During the operational standstills of the ammonia washer, the ammonia is washed out from the coking oven gas in a secondary cooler constituting three parts, an upper part (Wash Stage I) provided with stripped water from an ammonia still, a middle part (wash stage II) provided with gas water, and a lower part (wash stage III) provided with circulation water. All of the waters provided for the secondary cooler are collected in its sump, and after a separation of the circulation water necessary for the Wash Stage III, it is split into two partial streams, one serving for the recovery of stripped water for Wash Stage I and which is led into an ammonia still provided only with water vapor and the other partial stream is led into an ammonia still provided with water vapor and alkali.

Abstract: A process for regulating the NH.sub.3 content in an organic liquid that acts as a physical scrubbing agent and is used in a procedure for absorbing sour gases from gaseous mixtures. To ensure undisturbed and reliable carrying out of the scrubbing process, an ammonia-precipitating precipitant is added to the scrubbing agent and the precipitate is then separated from the scrubbing agent. Preferred precipitants include sulphuric acid and phosphuric acid. The ammonia salts are effective fertilizers.

Abstract: H.sub.2 S is removed from a stream of gas such as coal gas at a relatively elevated temperature (300.degree.-400.degree. F.) in a process which employs sulfates or hydroxides of nickel, iron, or zinc as sulfur absorbents. The absorbents are converted to metal sulfides during the absorption process and are regenerated by aeration. Acids produced during sulfur absorption and absorbent regeneration steps are neutralized through the addition of a base. In a preferred embodiment ammonia is also removed and elemental sulfur is produced during the process.

Abstract: A method for removing sulfur dioxide from flue gases by simultaneous absorption and oxidation in an aqueous absorbent. An enclosed body of an aqueous liquid absorbent for the sulfur dioxide is provided and the flue gas is sparged into an upper portion of the liquid absorbent to form a first zone thereof. An oxygen-containing gas is introduced into a lower portion of the liquid absorbent to form a second zone of the liquid absorbent that is below the first zone of the liquid absorbent and which has an apparent density that is higher than that of the first zone. The oxygen-containing absorbent from the second zone is circulated to the first zone near the point of the flue gas introduction and an alkaline material reactive with the sulfur dioxide in the liquid absorbent is introduced into the body of liquid absorbent thereby fixing the sulfur dioxide in the liquid absorbent in the form of a sulfate. The sulfate is subsequently removed from the body of aqueous liquid absorbent.

Abstract: A process for removing sulfuric acid from reaction mixtures containing sulfuric acid and .epsilon.-caprolactam by treating the sulfuric acid with ammonia and sulfur dioxide to produce ammonium sulfate salts and reducing the ammonium sulfate salts to ammonia and sulfur dioxide.

Abstract: A continuous process is provided which has the primary purpose of removing NH.sub.3, H.sub.2 S, HCN, and (CN).sub.2 from the subject gas mixtures and the secondary purpose of producing (NH.sub.4).sub.2 SO.sub.4 and iron oxide for industrial uses. The gas mixture which contains tar and other condensible vapors, NH.sub.3, H.sub.2 S, HCN, and (CN).sub.2 together with small volumes of gas from the ammonia still of the system, and gas from a system H.sub.2 SO.sub.4 plant, is contacted in a single three-stage reaction chamber in the presence, if need be, of a tar solvent, additional NH.sub.3, and the reagent Fe(OH).sub.2, which itself is a product of a concurrent reaction between NH.sub.3 and FeSO.sub.4. The unpurified gas mixture's condensible vapors are largely prevented from condensing by maintaining a steady, elevated temperature, while the mixture is essentially freed of HCN, (CN).sub.2, NH.sub.3, and H.sub.2 S in the reactor before the gas mixture passes through a primary gas cooler.

Abstract: A fertilizer concentrate and process for making same in which a sulfuric acid solution contacts an ammonia containing gas to produce a liquid non-crystalline ammonium sulfate. The reaction takes place in an absorber wherein the reactants are maintained at about 120.degree.F., the outlet stream from the reactor being split into two streams, one of which is recycled to the absorber and the other of which is recycled to a circulation tank for sulfuric acid make-up. The weight percent of ammonium sulfate in the final solution is in the range of about 35% to about 42% by weight.