Abstract: This invention relates to a process that utilizes high-temperature oxidation with controlled stoichiometry in the concentration of vanadium from carbonaceous feedstock materials containing vanadium, such as residues, ashes and soots resulting from the combustion or gasification of petroleum vacuum residuum, petroleum coke, kerogen from oil shale, and bituminous sand, e.g., tar sand or oil sand, or extra heavy oil or other carbonaceous feedstocks that contain vanadium. A preferred embodiment uses a counter-rotating vortex reactor and a cyclonic, entrained-flow reactor to rapidly heat and oxidize feedstock at temperatures in the range of about 2100° F. to 2900° F., resulting in a vapor stream with entrained, solid materials comprising the concentrated vanadium species.

Abstract: A device is used for supplying fuel to a burner in a fuel cell system with a reformer. The fuel comprises a materials flow of a reformate gas, which materials flow is depleted of hydrogen, and a materials flow of a compound which comprises carbon and hydrogen. According to the invention, the device comprises at least one nozzle means in which the two materials flows can be mixed together. At least one of the materials flows is controllable as far as its through-flow is concerned.

Abstract: Novel compositions, as well as related methods, coatings, and articles, are disclosed.

Abstract: An object of the present invention is to provide a method for purifying a highly pure niobium compound and/or tantalum compound, the method enabling the purification of a highly pure niobium compound and tantalum compound in a simplified manner at a low cost. The object is met by providing a method comprising adding an organic solvent to an aqueous solution containing a niobium compound and/or tantalum compound together with impurities, and then performing extraction via the solution. A niobium compound and/or tantalum compound dissolved in a solution is allowed to precipitate, and said aqueous solution is obtained by dissolving the precipitate in water.

Abstract: A method for the dissolution and purification of tantalum ore and synthetic concentrates is described. The method preferably uses ammonium bifluoride as the fluoride source in place of the hydrofluoric acid used in the conventional methods. Other fluoride compounds such as NaF, KF, and CaF2 may be used alone or in combination with ammonium bifluoride. The tantalum concentrate and fluoride source are combined with sulfuric acid to form a solution containing tantalum values and impurities. The tantalum values are then separated from the impurities by solvent extraction.

Abstract: A catalyst, a process for making the catalyst and a process for using the catalyst in aromatization of alkanes to aromatics, specifically, aromatization of alkanes having two to six carbon atoms per molecule, such as propane, to aromatics, such as benzene, toluene and xylene. The catalyst is an aluminum-silicon-germanium zeolite on which platinum has been deposited. Germanium is in the framework of the crystalline zeolite. Platinum is deposited on the zeolite. The catalyst may be supported on magnesia, alumina, titania, zirconia, thoria, silica, boria or mixtures thereof. The catalyst may contain a sulfur compound on the surface of the catalyst. The sulfur compound may be added to the catalyst in a pretreatment process or introduced with the hydrocarbon feed to contact the catalyst during the aromatization process.

Abstract: A process for separating a first source of a heavy metal ion or mixtures of heavy metal ions, (Me1), from a solution comprising a complex of said Me1 and EDDS, (Me1-EDDS), by displacement of said Me1 with a second source of a heavy metal ion Me2 by addition to the solution of a salt of said Me2.

Abstract: Besides a synthesis gas, a metallurgical raw material is to be produced from an oil containing heavy metals. To do this, the oil is partially oxidized and the heavy metal-containing soot is separated and burnt and the heavy metals thus occurring as ash can be taken to further processing, e.g. washing from the synthesis gas produced, using an aqueous washing solution.

Abstract: A method for recovering titanium and vanadium compounds, such as alkoxides, from a liquid hydrocarbon mixture by hydrolyzing the mixture with a base or acid wash having a sufficiently different density so that two liquid phases form, and separating the two liquid phases.

Abstract: A process is disclosed for converting a spent catalyst from conventional fluorination processes into a commercially useful tantalum or niobium salt such as K.sub.2 TaF.sub.7 or K.sub.2 NbF.sub.7. The process broadly relates to dissolving the spent catalyst in water or an aqueous hydrofluoric acid solution, separating and disposing the undissolved residue, extracting the aqueous solution with a suitable solvent such as methyl isobutyl ketone (MIBK), and obtaining useful tantalum products from the MIBK solution such as a tantalum salt.

Abstract: Aluminum can be removed from tetrahedral framework sites of zeolite frameworks and substituted with elements such as silicon, gallium, titanium or zirconium. The process involves three steps:(a) forming a mixture of the ammonium or alkaline metal form of the zeolite in the hydrated state and a crystalline ammonium fluoro-halo-metallate salt;(b) heating the mixture at elevated temperatures to remove the aluminum from the zeolite and to introduce the metal from the salt into the structure of the zeolitic component by solid-state reaction while forming a fluoro-halo-aluminate complex salt; and(c) removing the formed fluoro-halo-aluminate complex salt.

Abstract: An apparatus for removing vanadium from phosphoric acid includes a precipitator that receives vanadium-containing process-feed phosphoric acid and adds an oxidant to the process-feed phosphoric acid, whereupon precipitates containing phosphorus and vanadium are formed in a phosphoric acid filter feed slurry. The solid precipitate is removed by a filter. The filtrate, after optional further oxidation, is contacted to an ion exchange resin to remove additional vanadium from the filtrate to produce a phosphoric acid product of reduced vanadium content. A first portion of the phosphoric acid product is removed from the apparatus for further use. A reducing agent is added to a second portion of the phosphoric acid product, and the reduced acid is used to strip vanadium from the loaded ion exchange resin. The vanadium-loaded second portion of the phosphoric acid is mixed with fresh phosphoric acid and fed to the precipitator.

Abstract: Improved solvent extraction recovery of tantalum and niobium oxides from an acid solution of raw materials containing such oxides wherein the charged organic solvent [e.g., MIBK] is washed out (a) with 8-16N sulfuric acid and then (b) with water or dilute HF. This avoids the use of a second mineral acid addition after digestion by HF of raw materials (and avoids problems attendant to use a second mineral acid).

Abstract: A process for removal of vanadium from wet process phosphoric acid comprising the steps of;(i) adsorbing an anionic pentavalent complex of vanadium, derived from the wet process phosphoric acid, onto an anion exchange resin or into an organic layer; and(ii) reducing the vanadium complex to trivalent and/or tetravalent vanadium so as to selectively strip vanadium from the anion exchange resin or from the organic layer.

Abstract: Process of using supercritical fluid to selectively separate, purify and recover metal halides.

Abstract: A process for the preparation of pentavalent vanadium compounds from acid extracts obtained by regenerating spent catalysts which contain vanadium, this process comprising the successive steps of (1) oxidizing extracts containing tri- and tetravalent vanadium with an oxygen-containing gas at a pH of at least 0.7 to 1.4 p.sub.o and at most 2.3-1.4 p.sub.o to form a solution of tetravalent vanadium compounds, and (2) continuing the oxidation at a pH lying in the range of from 3.2-1.4 p.sub.o to 2.3-1.4 p.sub.o to form concentrates of pentavalent vanadium having a partial oxygen pressure, 0.05 MPa.

Abstract: A method for precipitating vanadium from vanadium bearing liquors comprises adjusting the pH of the vanadium bearing liquor with a precipitating agent selected from the hydroxides of Na, K and Ca to a range of about 5.5 to 6.5, preferably 6.0 to 6.2 so as to precipitate vanadium in the trivalent and tetravalent states. Remaining traces of vanadium are then cemented by additions of calcium hydroxide, calcium oxide or mixtures thereof. The dried precipitate is then heated in the presence of air and Na and/or K so as to form a reaction product in the form of a water soluble salt which, when dissolved in water, results in vanadium in its pentavalent state.

Abstract: Visbreaking of heavy metals containing oil with 5 to 30, preferably 15 to 25 wt % pulverized coal gives good demetallation of oil and produces a solids product with a high metals content suitable for use as a synthetic, metal bearing ore.

Abstract: Vanadium is recovered from acidic solutions by oxidizing the vanadium with Caro's acid to the pentavalent state and obtaining the oxidized vanadium by solvent extraction.

Abstract: The process relates to the separation of the molybdenum and/or tungsten, titanium, vanadium, niobium or tantalum present in the form of organometallic compounds in residual effluents.It is applicable, in particular, to the effluents originating from the epoxidation of olefins by hydroperoxides.The process involves treating the effluent with from 1 to 10% by weight of water, at between 150.degree. and 220.degree. C. under pressure, to render the metals listed above insoluble, without forming a distinct aqueous phase. The solid phase containing more than 95% of the metals is separated by filtration. After treatment, the effluents can be used without disadvantage, for example as a fuel, and the metals can be recovered from the solid phase.

Abstract: Raw materials containing tantalum or niobium are treated to obtain aqueous solutions containing fluoroacid complexes of niobium or tantalum. These solutions are decomposed by pyrolysis and calcined to obtain pure oxides of niobium or tantalum. The hydrofluoric acid separated during pyrohydrolysis is recovered and reused. A niobium or tantalum-free raffinate solution obtained, on extraction, with the above aqueous solutions contains dissolved metalloids which are recovered as oxides which are deposable waste products.

Abstract: Petroleum coke containing inorganic compounds including vanadium is gasified with steam in the presence of an alkali metal salt gasification catalyst to produce a combustible gas and an inorganic ash composed primarily of said inorganic compounds and a water soluble alkali metal vanadate and the inorganic ash is placed in a sufficient amount of water to dissolve the vanadate compound and then is recovered by conventional means.

Abstract: The invention disclosed provides a process for recovering niobium values from aqueous hydrofluoric acid solutions by evaporating said solution to dryness and baking the residue at temperatures of 150.degree. to 250.degree. C. The solid residue is niobium oxyfluroide (NbO.sub.2 F) which may then be exothermically reduced with aluminum in the presence of an alloying element such as iron, nickel, or chromium to produce a niobium alloy. The evaporated hydrofluoric acid may be recovered by condensing or absorbing the evolved vapors.

Abstract: The present invention provides a method for recovering vanadium from ferruginous chloride solutions by liquid-liquid extraction (or liquid ion exchange). Such chloride solutions are obtained in the extraction of vanadium from vanadiferous residues arising from the chlorination of titaniferous ores and in the extraction of vanadium from vanadiferous minerals. These solutions contain chlorides of vanadium, aluminum, iron, manganese and chromium. The method comprises adding sulfate ions to the chloride solution and recovering the vanadium by liquid-liquid extraction. By adjusting the sulfate-additive in relation to the concentrations of vanadium, iron and chloride in the solution vanadium can be exhausted substantially free from iron.

Abstract: A process for the recovery of vanadium from acid sulfate solutions such as those derived by sulfuric acid leaching of industrial residues such as spent hydrodesulfurization catalysts, fly ash and furnace bottom ash in which magnesium oxide, hydroxide or carbonate is used as the neutralizing agent.

Abstract: A process for the separation of a low metals content organic material from an easily calcinable solid material, effected by treating a low-melting solid material, resulting from the refining of a hydrocarbon crude oil, with naphtha at an elevated temperature and pressure whereby the resulting solid material, after separation of the liquid organic material, is in condition to be readily calcinable.

Abstract: Deactivated or partially deactivated hydrocarbon conversion catalysts comprising (a) one or more Lewis acids of the formula MX.sub.n where M is a component selected from Group IIIA, IVB, V, VIB or VIII Elements of the Periodic Table or their mixtures, X is a halogen, and n is the atomic ratio of halogen to M and varies from 1 to 8, and (b) a strong Bronsted acid, may be regenerated by contacting said catalysts with a halogen selected from the group consisting of fluorine or chlorine. If a portion of the catalyst has been hydrolyzed, the catalyst may be regenerated via halogenation as above or by contact with a hydrogen halide selected from the group consisting of hydrogen fluoride or hydrogen chloride and then fluorine. The preferred Lewis acid is a metal halide, preferably tantalum pentafluoride, niobium pentafluoride or mixtures thereof. The preferred Bronsted acid is a hydrogen halide, preferably hydrogen fluoride.

Abstract: Tantalum and/or niobium pentafluorides may be recovered from a deactivated or partially deactivated hydrocarbon conversion catalyst comprising (a) a metal pentafluoride selected from the group consisting of tantalum pentafluoride, niobium pentafluoride and mixtures thereof and (b) hydrogen fluoride, by distilling said catalyst in the presence of a Lewis acid containing neither of these Group V metals, thereby displacing a pentahalide of tantalum and/or niobium into the vapor phase from which it can be condensed. Addition of hydrogen fluoride then converts the pentahalide to the pentafluoride.

Abstract: Vanadium values may be recovered by leaching a vanadium bearing material in which the vanadium is present as an oxide in its highest valence state in an ammoniacal medium at elevated temperatures and pressures followed by separation of the soluble ammonium metavanadate, precipitation and further separation to recover the desired vanadium values.

Abstract: An aqueous nitric acid solution derived from an adipic acid process containing copper and vanadium catalyst values and alkyl dicarboxylic acids is treated to remove the nitric acid and water therefrom so as to obtain a substantially dry, molten-type residue. This residue is mixed with a dialkyl ketone solvent which dissolves the dicarboxylic acids and leaves the catalyst metal values as solids.