Abstract: A raw material fluid treatment plant provided with a raw material reaction apparatus for reacting a raw material fluid to form a reaction gas. The raw material reaction apparatus includes preheaters and a reactor. The preheaters are heat exchangers that perform heat exchange between a second heat transfer medium and the raw material fluid to heat the raw material fluid. The reactor is a heat exchanger that performs heat exchange between a first heat transfer medium differing from the second heat transfer medium and the raw material fluid having been heated by the preheaters to heat and react the raw material fluid.

Abstract: A dehydrogenation reaction apparatus includes a dehydrogenation reactor having a reaction vessel that stores a chemical hydride; and a methane generator that converts carbon monoxide generated in the dehydrogenation reactor into methane.

Abstract: A disulfide oil hydrocarbon stream or a mixture of a disulfide oil hydrocarbon stream and a residual oil is partially oxidized in a gasifier to produce a hot raw synthesis gas containing hydrogen and carbon monoxide which can be passed to a steam generating heat exchanger to cool the hot raw synthesis gas and to produce steam which can be used to generate electricity via a turbine and, optionally, subjecting the cooled synthesis gas to the water/gas shift reaction to produce additional hydrogen and carbon dioxide.

Abstract: A method for obtaining a mixture for producing H2, the mixture comprising a metal borohydride, Me(BH4)n, a metal hydroxide, Me(OH)n, and H2O, in which Me is a metal and n is the valance of the metal ion. The H2O is provided in ultrapure water, UPW, the UPW having an electrical conductance below 1 ?S/cm. The method comprises dissolving the metal borohydride and the metal hydroxide in UPW to obtain the mixture for producing H2 comprising an amount of borohydride, BH4, groups of the metal borohydride in the range of 45 to 55% mol of the mixture, an amount of hydroxide, OH, groups of the metal hydroxide in the range of 2 to 5% mol of the mixture, and at least substantially UPW for the remainder of the mixture.

Abstract: A process for producing synthesis gas using at least a first and a second steam reforming reactor each having at least one reaction stage enabling the circulation of a reaction mixture and at least one heat supply stage enabling the circulation of a heat transfer fluid.

Abstract: A volume of natural gas including a volume of methane and a volume of other alkanes may be cleaned of the other alkanes using a steam reformer system to create synthesis gas.

Abstract: Process and apparatus for producing a hydrogen-containing product by steam-hydrocarbon reforming of multiple hydrocarbon feedstocks in a production facility utilizing a prereformer in addition to the primary reformer. The temperature of the reactant mixture introduced into the prereformer is controlled depending on the composition of the reactant mixture fed to the prereformer.

Abstract: A method of remotely monitoring a group of circulating-water utilization systems comprising a plurality of circulating-water utilization systems 1, includes: an operational-ratio detection step of detecting operational ratios of treatment vessels forming a treatment-vessel row of a purifying unit 8, for each of the plurality of circulating-water utilization systems constituting the group of circulating-water utilization systems; a data transmission step of transmitting data related to the operational ratios of the treatment vessels detected in the operational-ratio detection step via a transmission line 60; a data reception step of receiving the data related to the operational ratios of the treatment vessels transmitted in the data transmission step; and a data display step of displaying the data related to the operational ratios of the treatment vessels received in the data reception step.

Abstract: Process and apparatus for producing a hydrogen-containing product by steam-hydrocarbon reforming of multiple hydrocarbon feedstocks in a production facility utilizing a prereformer in addition to the primary reformer. The temperature of the reactant mixture introduced into the prereformer is controlled depending on the composition of the reactant mixture fed to the prereformer.

Abstract: A method for the co-production of hydrogen and methanol including a hydrocarbon reforming or gasification device producing a syngas stream comprising hydrogen, carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide; introducing the syngas stream to a water gas shift reaction thereby converting at least a portion of the CO and H2O into H2 and CO2 contained in a shifted gas stream; cooling the shifted gas stream and condensing and removing the condensed fraction of H2O; then dividing the shifted syngas stream into a first stream and a second stream; introducing the first stream into a first hydrogen separation device, thereby producing a hydrogen stream, and introducing the second stream into a methanol synthesis reactor, thereby producing a crude methanol stream and a methanol synthesis off gas; introducing at least a portion of the methanol synthesis off gas into a second hydrogen separation device.

Abstract: Various embodiments disclosed related to hydrogen-generating compositions for a fuel cell. In various embodiments, the present invention provides a hydrogen-generating composition comprising a hydride and a Lewis acid. Various embodiments provide methods of using a hydrogen fuel cell including generating hydrogen gas using the composition, fuel cell systems including the composition, and methods of making the composition.

Abstract: The present invention relates to an integrated process for producing hydrocarbons, wherein feedstock originating from renewable sources is subjected to catalytic hydroprocessing followed by separation of an aqueous component, a heavy component, and a light component, separating carbon dioxide and hydrogen sulfide from said light component to obtain a recycle stream, followed by dividing the recycle stream to a first recycle stream and a second recycle stream, directing the first recycle stream to the hydroprocessing system, and the second recycle stream to a hydrogen plant, where the light component is converted to hydrogen, and directing the hydrogen to the hydroprocessing system.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for treatment of unburnts utilizing oxygen carrier particles, which may be CLOU particles, oxidized in an air reactor and transmitted to a post oxidation reactor as shown in FIG. 2. A flue gas stream containing unburnts is injected into post oxidation reactor wherein unburnts are oxidized by oxygen supplied by oxygen carriers. Reduced oxygen carriers are separated from post oxidation reactor and transmitted back to air reactor for re-oxidation. An embodiment may include a post oxidation chamber, which may be catalytic, receiving a portion of flue gas stream and oxygen from a flue gas stream of post oxidation reactor.

Abstract: A method for the co-production of hydrogen and crude methanol, including; a hydrocarbon processing reforming or gasification process generating a syngas stream comprising hydrogen, carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide; introducing at least a portion of the syngas stream to a once-through methanol synthesis reactor: introducing at least a portion of the stream from methanol reactor to a separation device separating this stream into a crude methanol stream and methanol synthesis off gas stream; introducing at least a portion of the methanol synthesis off gas to a hydrogen separation device, thereby producing a pure hydrogen stream.

Abstract: A method of obtaining purified hydrogen and purified carbon monoxide from crude synthesis gas. A first crude synthesis gas stream is passed through a first separation zone to separate a hydrogen stream from a stream comprising carbon monoxide and methane. The carbon monoxide and methane are subjected to thermal reforming to produce a second crude synthesis gas, which is passed through a second separation zone to separate carbon monoxide from the second crude synthesis gas stream.

Abstract: An apparatus includes a furnace having at least one bayonet reforming tube. The furnace is adapted to receive a gas including a hydrocarbon and at least one of steam and carbon dioxide via the bayonet reforming tube, heat and catalytically react the gas to form syngas at a first temperature, cool the syngas to a second temperature lower than the first temperature, and eject the syngas from the tube. The furnace has a first effluent stream including flue gas and a second effluent stream including syngas. The apparatus also includes a first heat recovery section adapted to transfer heat from the first effluent stream to a first heat load including one of air, water, and steam, and a second heat recovery section adapted to transfer heat from the second effluent stream to a second heat load.

Abstract: A carbon capture enabled system and method for generating electric power and/or fuel from methane containing sources using oxygen transport membranes by first converting the methane containing feed gas into a high pressure synthesis gas. Then, in one configuration the synthesis gas is combusted in oxy-combustion mode in oxygen transport membranes based boiler reactor operating at a pressure at least twice that of ambient pressure and the heat generated heats steam in thermally coupled steam generation tubes within the boiler reactor; the steam is expanded in steam turbine to generate power; and the carbon dioxide rich effluent leaving the boiler reactor is processed to isolate carbon. In another configuration the synthesis gas is further treated in a gas conditioning system configured for carbon capture in a pre-combustion mode using water gas shift reactors and acid gas removal units to produce hydrogen or hydrogen-rich fuel gas that fuels an integrated gas turbine and steam turbine system to generate power.

Abstract: A novel steam reformer unit design, a novel hydrogen PSA unit design, a novel hydrogen/nitrogen enrichment unit design, and novel processing scheme application are presented.

Abstract: Disclosed are methods and systems of producing plasma from a polar liquid under relatively benign conditions of temperature and pressure, by providing at least one dielectric medium in contact with the polar liquid, such that an interface forms between the liquid and the medium; and creating an electric potential across the interface to produce plasma from the polar liquid inside the dielectric medium. The plasma may be used to convert hydrocarbons into useful products or intermediates.

Abstract: A method of revamping of an ammonia plant fed with natural gas comprising a primary reformer (11) and a secondary reformer (12), the method comprising at least the following interventions: reducing the outlet temperature of the gas (17) flowing out from said primary reformer; adding a feeding line of substantially pure oxygen (30) directed to said secondary reformer (12) to at least partially replace the comburent process air; adding a nitrogen injection line (31) in an amount necessary to obtain a make-up gas suitable for ammonia synthesis.

Abstract: There is herein described a process and apparatus for hydrocarbon conversion. More particularly, there is described a process and apparatus for adiabatic methane conversion into synthetic gas (i.e. syngas).

Abstract: In various implementations, feed streams that include methane are reacted to produce synthesis gas. The synthesis gas may be further processed to produce ultrapure, high-pressure hydrogen streams.

Abstract: A thermochemical process and system for producing fuel are provided. The thermochemical process includes reducing an oxygenated-hydrocarbon to form an alkane and using the alkane in a reforming reaction as a reducing agent for water, a reducing agent for carbon dioxide, or a combination thereof. Another thermochemical process includes reducing a metal oxide to form a reduced metal oxide, reducing an oxygenated-hydrocarbon with the reduced metal oxide to form an alkane, and using the alkane in a reforming reaction as a reducing agent for water, a reducing agent for carbon dioxide, or a combination thereof. The system includes a reformer configured to perform a thermochemical process.

Abstract: A fuel cell module includes a fuel cell stack, a partial oxidation reformer for reforming a mixed gas of a raw fuel and an oxygen-containing gas, a steam reformer for reforming a mixed gas of the raw fuel and water vapor, an evaporator for supplying water vapor to the steam reformer, a heat exchanger for raising the temperature of the oxygen-containing gas by heat exchange with a combustion gas, and an exhaust gas combustor for producing the combustion gas. A fuel gas discharge chamber of the steam reformer is connected to a fuel gas supply passage of the fuel cell stack through a fuel gas channel, a fuel gas outlet of the partial oxidation reformer is connected to a mixed gas supply chamber of the steam reformer through a fuel gas pipe, and a water vapor pipe extending from the evaporator is merged to the fuel gas pipe.

Abstract: Methods are disclosed for processing biomass by single-stage supercritical hydrolysis, wherein the biomass has been size reduced.

Abstract: The invention relates to energy-saving manufacturing of purified hydrogenated titanium powders or alloying titanium hydride powders, by metallo-thermic reduction of titanium chlorides, including their hydrogenation, vacuum separation of titanium hydride sponge block from magnesium and magnesium chlorides, followed by crushing, grinding, and sintering of said block without need for any hydro-metallurgical treatment of the produced powders. Methods disclosed contain embodiments of processes for manufacturing high purity high-purity powders and their use in manufacturing near-net shape titanium and titanium-alloy articles by sintering titanium hydride and alloyed titanium hydride powders produced from combined hydrogen-magnesium reduction of titanium chlorides, halides and hydrides of other metals.

Abstract: A process for converting polycyclic aromatic compounds to monocyclic aromatic compounds includes pyrolyzing a coal feed to produce a coke stream and a coal tar stream. The coal tar stream is cracked, and the cracked coal tar stream is fractionated to produce an aromatic fraction comprising the polycyclic aromatic compounds. The process further includes hydrocracking the aromatic fraction to partially hydrogenate at least a first portion of the aromatic fraction, and to open at least one ring of a second portion of the aromatic fraction to form the monocyclic aromatic compounds from the polycyclic compounds, and recycling the first portion of the aromatic fraction.

Abstract: System and method for sustainable economic development which includes hydrogen extracted from substances, for example, sea water, industrial waste water, agricultural waste water, sewage, and landfill waste water. The hydrogen extraction is accomplished by thermal dissociation, electrical dissociation, optical dissociation, and magnetic dissociation. The hydrogen extraction further includes operation in conjunction with energy addition from renewable resources, for example, solar, wind, moving water, geothermal, or biomass resources.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a method for producing hydrogen, with reduced carbon dioxide emissions, from a hydrocarbon mixture. In said method, the hydrocarbon mixture is reformed so as to produce a synthetic gas that is cooled, then treated in a shift reactor so as to be enriched with H2 and CO2. Optionally dried, said mixture is treated in a PSA hydrogen purification unit in order to produce hydrogen. The residue is treated by means of partial condensation with a view to capturing CO4 before said residue is sent as fuel to reforming.

Abstract: The invention includes a process which eliminates or reduces the CO2 emissions from a steam methane reforming and autothermal reforming plant. The process preferentially uses temperature swing adsorption units which are employed to purify the hydrogen stream instead of more conventional solvent based aMDEA plants to remove the CO2 from the gas stream when creating a higher purity hydrogen stream.

Abstract: A method for producing a synthesis-gas product gas and a vapor stream includes catalytic steam reforming a hydrocarbonaceous feedstock in a steam reformer. The hot synthesis-gas product gas stream is cooled in a heat exchanger to form a cooled synthesis-gas product gas stream and a first partial vapor stream, which is supplied to the product vapor stream. The reforming furnace is operated so as to burn a burner feedstock in burners, cool a hot flue gas stream from the burners in a heat exchanger to form a cooled flue gas stream and a second partial vapor stream, and separate the cooled flue gas stream into a waste gas stream and a flue gas recirculation stream. The flow of the recirculated flue gas is increased with decreasing flow of the synthesis-gas product gas to obtain an approximately constant product vapor stream by increasing the second partial vapor stream.

Abstract: Reactive diluent fluid (22) is introduced into a stream of synthesis gas (or “syngas”) produced in a heat-generating unit such as a partial oxidation (“POX”) reactor (12) to cool the syngas and form a mixture of cooled syngas and reactive diluent fluid. Carbon dioxide and/or carbon components and/or hydrogen in the mixture of cooled syngas and reactive diluent fluid is reacted (26) with at least a portion of the reactive diluent fluid in the mixture to produce carbon monoxide-enriched and/or solid carbon depleted syngas which is fed into a secondary reformer unit (30) such as an enhanced heat transfer reformer in a heat exchange reformer process. An advantage of the invention is that problems with the mechanical integrity of the secondary unit arising from the high temperature of the syngas from the heat-generating unit are avoided.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for upgrading coal and other carbonaceous fuels includes subjecting the carbonaceous fuel to a pyrolyzing process, thereby forming upgraded carbonaceous fuel and a flow of lean fuel gases. Auxiliary fuel is combusted in an auxiliary fuel combustor to produce auxiliary fuel combustion gases, and the lean fuel gases are heated with the auxiliary fuel combustion gases. The heated lean fuel gases are combusted in a lean fuel combustor, thereby producing a gas stream of products of combustion, and at least a portion of the gas stream of products of combustion are directed to the pyrolyzer.

Abstract: A method for treating a carbon dioxide-containing waste gas from an electrofusion process, in which a hydrocarbon-containing gas is fed to a waste gas and the carbon dioxide in the waste gas is converted at least partially into carbon monoxide and hydrogen in a reaction and the carbon monoxide-hydrogen mixture is stored for an additional combustion process.

Abstract: Hydrogenated liquid organic compounds are used for storage and supply of hydrogen at near ambient conditions. The hydrogen is released from the hydrogenated liquid organic compounds through a catalytic dehydrogenation reaction using a M/support or M-M?/support catalyst. The M/support catalyst comprises a metal M selected from Pt, Pd, Rh, Ru, Ir, Os, or combination thereof, and a support selected from Y2O3 or V2O5 or combinations thereof. The M-M?/support catalyst comprises a first metal M selected from Cu, Ag, Au, or combination thereof, a second metal M? selected from Pt, Pd, Rh, Ru, Ir, Os, Fe, Ni, Re, Mo, W, V, Cr, Co or combinations thereof, and a support selected from activated carbon, alumina, alumite, zirconia, silica or combination thereof. Synergistic effects are created by using the combination of the M and M? in the catalyst, which result in shifting of the equilibrium of the reaction favorably to dehydrogenation.

Abstract: Described herein are systems and methods for achieving fast pyrolysis of wood and other carbonaceous solids in rotary reactors. Novel heating, feeding and condensing methods result in high oil yields near those currently achieved with more complicated fast pyrolysis systems. High intensity burners are arranged and controlled to produce high heating rates and uniform temperature of the rotating cylindrical walls of the reactors. The feeding system delays the onset of pyrolysis until the solids fall onto the heated kiln walls. The pyrolysis gases and vapors are rapidly withdrawn and quenched with recycled liquids. The first condenser incorporates a clean out nozzle. Char products are readily separated and discharged into a heat exchanger where heat is recovered and used together with heat from reactor flue gas to dry the solids prior to being fed to the reactor.

Abstract: An integrated reforming and power generation process is provided. This process employs a steam methane reformer to provide a hot process gas stream and a flue gas stream, utilizes the hot process gas stream to provide heat to produce a total steam stream comprising a process steam stream and an excess steam stream, and utilizes the flue gas stream to provide heat to at least a pre-reformer mixture stream, a reformer feed stream, the process steam stream and a pre-reformer steam stream The flue gas stream also provides heat to an integrated power generation process, and the excess steam stream is less than 15% of the total steam stream.

Abstract: A reformer reactor is provided for converting hydrocarbon fuel into hydrogen rich gas by auto-thermal reaction process having a cylindrically shaped and double walled, housing with two side faces forming a. reaction chamber of the reformer. Additionally, a fuel inlet is provided in one of the to side faces for providing hydrocarbon fuels into the reaction chamber, wherein further a fuel preheating means is provided which preheats the hydrocarbon fuel before the hydrocarbon fuel enters the reaction chamber.

Abstract: An apparatus for generating hydrogen including a housing, a reservoir, and a piston is provided. The housing has a top wall, a bottom wall, and a sidewall. The top wall has vents and a protrudent column extending to the interior of the housing. At least one vent communicates with the top wall and the protrudent column and rest of the vents surround the protrudent column. The reservoir is disposed in the housing for storing a solid state reactant and divides the housing into a first chamber and a second chamber. The first chamber is located between the top wall and the reservoir. The second chamber is located between the bottom wall and the reservoir for storing a liquid reactant. The piston is disposed on the bottom wall. The piston is used to push the liquid reactant towards the reservoir to react with the solid state reactant to generate hydrogen.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a method and system for recovering aromatics from a naphtha feedstock obtained from a crude petroleum, natural gas condensate, or petrochemical feedstock. The method and system comprise the steps of recovering an aromatics fraction from the feedstock prior to reforming.

Abstract: The invention relates to a cyclic process for producing synthesis gas comprising: a first step of oxidation of an oxidizable oxygen-carrying solid; a second purge step; a third combustion step with production of CO2; a fourth step of production of synthesis gas; a fifth purge step.

Abstract: An apparatus and method for enhancing the yield and purity of hydrogen when reforming hydrocarbons is disclosed in one embodiment of the invention as including receiving a hydrocarbon feedstock fuel (e.g., methane, vaporized methanol, natural gas, vaporized diesel, etc.) and steam at a reaction zone and reacting the hydrocarbon feedstock fuel and steam in the presence of a catalyst to produce hydrogen gas. The hydrogen gas is selectively removed from the reaction zone while the reaction is occurring by selectively diffusing the hydrogen gas through a porous ceramic membrane. The selective removal of hydrogen changes the equilibrium of the reaction and increases the amount of hydrogen that is extracted from the hydrocarbon feedstock fuel.

Abstract: Hydrogen generation assemblies, hydrogen purification devices, and their components, and methods of manufacturing those assemblies, devices, and components are disclosed. In some embodiments, the assemblies may include a vaporization region with packing material configured to transfer heat from a heated exhaust stream to a liquid-containing feed stream, and/or an insulation base adjacent a combustion region and configured to reduce external temperature of an enclosure. In some embodiments, the assemblies may include a cooling block configured to maintain an igniter assembly in thermal communication with a feed stream conduit, an igniter assembly including a catalytic coating, and/or a fuel stream distribution assembly. In some embodiments, the assemblies may include a heat conducting assembly configured to conduct heat from external heaters to an enclosure portion.

Abstract: A catalytic steam-hydrocarbon reforming process for producing a hydrogen-containing product and export steam where a first stream of make-up water is heated by flue gases from the reformer and a second stream of make-up water is heated by reformate from the reformer prior to being introduced into a deaerator.

Abstract: A compact, chemical-mechanical apparatus, having no electrical components, for storing and generating hydrogen safely, on-demand, at the time and point of use in small or large quantities using the environmentally clean chemical reaction between sodium metal and water to generate hydrogen (H2) gas and sodium hydroxide (NaOH) byproduct is presented, for powering electricity generating fuel cells for large scale commercial and private electric motor vehicle transport. The apparatus of the present invention supports hydrogen gas generation by the controlled addition of liquid water to solid sodium metal to produce hydrogen gas and sodium hydroxide using only mechanical components without electrical components that require external power and can generate sparks or short circuits, producing catastrophic failure in hydrogen systems.

Abstract: Systems and methods for operating a gasifier are provided. The method can include combusting a first start-up fuel to produce a first combustion gas. A temperature within the gasifier can be increased from a starting temperature to at least an auto-ignition temperature of a second start-up fuel by introducing the first combustion gas to the gasifier. A second start-up fuel can be introduced directly to the gasifier after the temperature within the gasifier is at least the auto-ignition temperature of the second start-up fuel. At least a portion of the second start-up fuel can be combusted within the gasifier to produce a second combustion gas. The second combustion gas can produce sufficient heat to increase the temperature within the gasifier to a hydrocarbon feedstock gasification temperature. A hydrocarbon feedstock can be introduced to the gasifier. At least a portion of the hydrocarbon feedstock can be gasified within the gasifier to produce a syngas.

Abstract: A system and method for processing biomass into hydrocarbon fuels that includes processing a biomass in a hydropyrolysis reactor resulting in hydrocarbon fuels and a process vapor stream and cooling the process vapor stream to a condensation temperature resulting in an aqueous stream. The aqueous stream is sent to a catalytic reactor where it is oxidized to obtain a product stream containing ammonia and ammonium sulfate. A resulting cooled product vapor stream includes non-condensable process vapors comprising H2, CH4, CO, CO2, ammonia and hydrogen sulfide.

Abstract: An apparatus for generating hydrogen for fuel cells is provided. The apparatus includes a housing, a button, a first separating plate, a solid state reactant, and a separating membrane. The housing has an opening and a reservoir. The button connected to the housing covers the opening. The first separating plate disposed in the housing divides the reservoir into first and second sub-rooms. The opening communicates with the first sub-room and the first sub-room is suitable for storing a liquid reactant. The first separating plate has a through hole opposite to the button. The solid state reactant is disposed in the second sub-room. The separating membrane disposed on the through hole separates the first sub-room from the second sub-room. When the button is pushed, the button damages the separating membrane. Therefore, the liquid reactant flows to the second sub-room and reacts with the solid state reactant to generate hydrogen.

Abstract: The present disclosure is directed to a system and method of sustainable economic development, such as development through an integrated production of renewable energy, material resources, and nutrient regimes. In some embodiments, the system utilizes resources extracted from renewable energy sources to assist in the capture of energy from other renewable energy sources. In some embodiments, the system utilizes energy from renewable energy sources to extract resources from other renewable energy sources.

Abstract: To provide a sulfur trioxide decomposition catalyst, particularly, a sulfur trioxide decomposition catalyst capable of lowering the temperature required when producing hydrogen by an S—I cycle process. A sulfur trioxide decomposition catalyst comprising a composite oxide of vanadium and at least one metal selected from the group consisting of transition metal and rare earth elements is provided. Also, a sulfur dioxide production process comprising decomposing sulfur trioxide into sulfur dioxide and oxygen by using the sulfur trioxide decomposition catalyst above, is provided. Furthermore, a hydrogen production process, wherein the reaction of decomposing sulfur trioxide into sulfur dioxide and oxygen by an S—I cycle process is performed by the above-described sulfur dioxide production process, is provided.