Abstract: Process and system for cooling a reaction effluent containing volatized catalyst wherein the effluent is contacted with circulating cooled solid catalyst in dilute phase transport contact, with the volatized catalyst being condensed onto the solid catalyst.

Abstract: Process and apparatus for disposal of noxious vapors emanating in brewery installations from treatment of wort and mash during the production of beer and for recovery of excess energy therefrom which includes passing the vapors emanating from the treatment of wort through a first condenser, passing the vapors emanating from the treatment of mash through a second condenser, and passing at least part of the exhaust emitted from the first condenser through the second condenser.

Abstract: A method for enhancing chemical reactions in a constantly flowing stream of liquid character fortified with oxidizing agents, such as air or oxygen or other chemical agents, makes use of an inner resonant tube concentrically mounted within an outer resonant tube with the walls of the tubes spaced from each other forming an annular passageway for the flow of liquid from one end of the passageway to the other. One or more sets of radially spaced ultrasonic transducers are located on the outside wall of the outer resonant tube thereby to create an ultrasonic cavitation condition in the liquid as it flows through the annular passageway.

Abstract: Calcium chloride is produced in a pipeline reactor vessel through reaction of a slurry of calcium carbonate-containing material and hydrochloric acid. Foaming is minimized through use of the reactor vessel of the invention.

Abstract: A process for promoting heterogeneous chemical and physical reactions in a gas stream using a casing which is substantially liquid and gas tight having a gas inlet in one end and a gas outlet in the other end; nozzle means within the casing having an entry toward said one end in communication with the gas inlet and an outlet toward said other end, said nozzle means having an effective cross-sectional area of about 2 to about 64 times the effective cross-sectional area of the outlet and the mean angle of convergence of the nozzle being about 6.degree. to about 20.degree.; means in the casing for introduction of reactant liquids and solids into the gas stream before said nozzle means; means for removing liquid and particulate matter from said other end of the casing following desired reaction; and means for separately removing the gas from said other end of the casing.

Abstract: An apparatus and method for generating on demand a gaseous product from a liquid phase reaction of one reactant in the solid phase at ambient room conditions and another reactant in the liquid phase at ambient room conditions. The reactants preferably are iodine crystals, and liquid tetrahydronaphthalene (THN), with the gaseous product being hydrogen iodide. The liquid phase reaction, in the preferred embodiment, is 2I.sub.2 +C.sub.10 H.sub.12 .fwdarw.4HI+C.sub.10 H.sub.8, known per se. Preferably, THN is pumped from a reservoir to be sprinkled over the iodine crystals in another reservoir. Some iodine dissolves into the liquid THN, with the resulting solution then percolating through a reaction zone containing a heated, porous packing material. Heat is transferred to the solution, thereby promoting, i.e., driving the above reaction. The gaseous hydrogen iodide is then removed from the reaction zone; typically for direct use, for example, in a chemical laser.

Abstract: A process for forming uniform distributions of at least one substance in a solid. The process comprises forming a predistribution of the at least one substance in at least one compound, e.g., mixing the at least one substance so that it is distributed throughout the at least one compound, and reacting the at least one compound with water to form a hydroxide, which hydroxide has a larger surface area than the at least one compound. Predistribution must take place before a substantial portion of the compound reacts to form the hydroxide. This process can be used to form a dry powder having at least one substance uniformly distributed therein.

Abstract: In the preparation of the gaseous reactant feed to undergo a chemical reaction requiring the presence of steam, the efficiency of overall power utilization is improved by premixing the gaseous reactant feed with water and then heating to evaporate the water in the presence of the gaseous reactant feed, the heating fluid utilized being at a temperature below the boiling point of water at the pressure in the volume where the evaporation occurs.

Abstract: Intimate and efficient contacting of plural, physically disparate phases, e.g., a gas and a liquid, is achieved by contacting the phases cocurrently in a column. The gas phase is introduced at a velocity between its phase transition inversion point (T) and multiple critical point (M.sub.c) velocities, which velocity is sufficient to create a dispersion of the second phase, i.e., the liquid phase, in the gas and thereby establish at most the following zones, from bottom to top, in the column: a bottom zone of constant liquid concentration designated the emulsion zone, a zone of decreasing liquid concentration, and a zone of constant liquid concentration wherein the liquid exists in the form of droplets. The feed velocity of the liquid is adjusted accordingly to provide a mass liquid concentration value in the emulsion that is between the mass liquid concentration value transition inversion point and multiple critical point values.

Abstract: Dielectric heating with microwaves of saturated solid noncarbon adsorbents to remove the adsorbed materials results in more rapid, efficient and safe regeneration than conventional heating. The microwaves heat the adsorbents internally and in the absence of spark discharges without thermal and mechanical degradation of the adsorbent, and also in the absence of activating gas bring the adsorbents to a temperature sufficient to desorb the adsorbate. Separation of a gas mixture into two concentrated streams of its components is enabled by adsorption of one fraction by a selective adsorbent followed by removal of that fraction with dielectric heating and little or no purge gas. Useful by-products of the separation process are thereby economically recovered.

Abstract: A fluidized bed process is disclosed which comprises subjecting a bed comprised of solid particulate magnetizable, fluidizable material within an external force field wherein at least a portion of the bed containing said solid particulate magnetizable and fluidizable material and fluidizing fluid are subjected to a nontime varying and substantially uniform applied magnetic field having a substantial component along the direction of the external force field such that said solid particulate magnetizable and fluidizable material has a component of magnetization along the direction of the external force field and wherein at least a portion of said bed containing the solid particulate magnetizable and fluidizable material is fluidized by a flow of fluid opposing said external force field at a superficial fluid velocity ranging between:(a) more than the normal minimum fluidization superficial fluid velocity required to fluidize said bed in the absence of said applied magnetic field; and,(b) less than the superficia

Abstract: A device for the treatment of fluids in which the fluid is caused to contact the device. The device is particularly useful in the field of catalysis. The device comprises a plurality of substantially parallel elongate helically wound coils of wire connected together by a connecting member to form a sheet of interconnected coils. In the case where the device is used for the treatment of the fluid by catalysis, the wire is made from, or coated with, a catalytically active material.

Abstract: An outer enclosed pressure container is formed of a simple steel material. An inner enclosed container is positioned within the pressure container such that there is an intermediate space therebetween. Catalyst layers are provided within the inner container. A gas containing a reducing component and water vapor are introduced into the inner container and are therein reacted by means of the catalyst to perform a desired reducing reaction. At least part of the water vapor is alone introduced into the intermediate space to thereby pressurize the intermediate space to substantially the same pressure as occurs within the inner container. The water vapor in the intermediate space operates to protect the wall of the pressure container from the temperatures occurring due to the catalytic reaction within the inner container. The water vapor is removed from the intermediate space and is at least partially added to the gas containing a reducing component before the introduction thereof into the inner container.

Abstract: A processing method is provided in which flows of separate fluid streams, at least one of which is liquid, are intimately contacted and subjected to centrifugal force by being passed as a cocurrent turbulent flow circumferentially, axially, and inwardly and outwardly through sets of openings in the side walls of one or more cylindrical chambers having first and second elements coaxially positioned in a housing, the openings being provided with flow guide means for directing said cocurrent flows in the same circumferential direction at all times, and the axial direction of passage of said cocurrent flows in preferred embodiments of the invention being non-ascending and hence not counter to the force of gravity.

Abstract: A process for working up hydrolyzable and/or water-soluble compounds by ping them in water is provided wherein the compounds are fed into the funnel of a rotating cone of water running down into the tip of the cone, with the water being constantly renewed by a supply at the base of the cone. The process is particularly useful for working up mixtures containing silanes and/or chlorosilanes in silicon deposition plants.

Abstract: Gas/liquid reactions are carried out in a downstream reactor in which the gas having a bubble diameter of 0.1 to 4 mm is injected into the liquid flowing downward at an empty tube velocity of 0.14 m/s to 0.5 m/s. The proportion by volume of liquid to gas should be greater than 8:1 and the residence time of the gas at least 6 second per meter of reactor length.

Abstract: Process for the treatment of gaseous mixtures, which contain sour gases, with organic solvents, characterized in that the treatment is conducted in the presence of alkaline-reacting compounds in order to prevent corrosion of apparatus parts made of iron or steel.

Abstract: A process for the decomposition of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB's) with negligible environmental pollution. The process comprises feeding the PCB and a source of oxygen to a molten salt comprising an alkali metal carbonate and preferably also an alkali metal sulfate to decompose the PCB by pyrolysis and oxidation. Some of the resulting decomposition products react with and are retained in the molten salt; the remaining gaseous products pass through the melt and are safely exhaustable to the atmosphere or, alternatively, the PCB is introduced into a first zone for partial pyrolysis and oxidation and then into a second reaction zone for further oxidation of any remaining combustible gases.

Abstract: In an apparatus for contacting fluid with subdivided contact material, such as a radial-flow catalytic reactor, means having a substantially horizontal surface is attached to a lower portion of a vertically movable member within the reactor, the member being selected from center pipes and particle-retaining screens. The weight of contact material on the means restrains upward movement of the member during temperature cycling, and thus prevents problems caused by the upward movement.

Abstract: A reaction effluent containing vaporized salt withdrawn from a reaction zone, such as a molten salt reaction zone, is contacted with solid particles to cool the gas and condense vaporized salt onto the particles. Such contacting may be effected in either a fluidized bed of solids or in a dilute phase transport contact zone. Heat is recovered either by indirect heat transfer in the fluidized bed or by separating the solid particles and introduction thereof into a fluidized bed cooled by indirect heat transfer. Solid salt is attrited from the particles during contacting with the reaction gas and fluidizing gas, with such solid salts being returned to the reaction zone.

Abstract: In a plasma chemical reaction carried out with at least one gas, the plasma constants in the progress of reaction such as electron temperature, electron density and electron energy distribution function can be measured by use of a probe heated to a high temperature which is made of a metal having a small thermionic electron emission at a high temperature. The plasma chemical reaction can be performed in the steady state with satisfactory reproduction of composition, structure, yield and performance of the product by controlling the pressure, input power and gas flow rate in the plasma reactor so that the measured plasma constants always coincide with the predetermined plasma constants necessary for effecting the intended chemical reaction which have been obtained through a preliminary experiment.

Abstract: The invention relates to a multiple phase flow tube for evaporating and reacting components in compound mixtures in which a spiral pipe is arranged within a multiple phase flow pipe. The components are propelled by means of an internally flowing gas stream in an annular shaped passage formed by a spiral tube and a second tube arranged as a core of the spiral tube. The second tube contains a heat exchange medium. The spiral tube is arranged within a cylindrical casing which contains a heat exchange medium. A gaseous stream of a reduced amount is then sufficient for carrying out the particular chemical process desired.

Abstract: A process for reacting a circulating liquid reaction solution with a gas in separate reaction zones within a single reaction vessel wherein the liquid reaction solution is continuously circulated between a first reaction zone and a second reaction zone within the reaction vessel but providing at least two side-by-side reaction chambers in open flow communication at their upper and lower ends with a gas supply means associated with each said chamber for introducing a gas in a finely divided form into the lower ends of each said chamber, and said gas supply means including flow control means whereby the rate of upwardly flow of gas in one of the chambers is greater than the rate of upwardly flow of gas in the other chamber so as to lower the density of the liquid reaction solution in the one chamber and provide continuous upwardly flow of liquid reaction solution and gas in the one chamber and downwardly flow of liquid reaction solution countercurrent to the flow of gas in the other chamber.

Abstract: A process for treating a liquid with a gas in a circulatory reactor, in which the gas is introduced by a jet of liquid into a circulating liquid, is entrained downwards in a tube, rises in an annular space surrounding the tube and--if it has not reacted completely--is again entrained downward over the upper edge of the tube. Using the process according to the invention, a very uniform gas distribution and, in the case of heterogeneous reactions, also a very uniform distribution of the suspended catalyst, is achieved over the entire reaction space.

Abstract: An apparatus and process for conduct of fluidized bed reactions having an improved grate wherein at least one substantially continuous open slot sufficiently wide for passage of heavy solid particles is provided for preferential removal of heavy particles from the fluidizing chamber. The apparatus and process is particularly useful in coal gasification applications.

Abstract: Two or more liquid reagents are caused to react simultaneously within the same reaction vessel with different components of a gas stream. The gas stream being treated is introduced into the top of a reaction vessel and is withdrawn from the bottom. A first chemical reagent is introduced into the top of the vessel in the form of a finely divided spray. The second liquid reagent is introduced in like fashion at a lower level. The two sprays are allowed to travel unimpeded to the bottom of the tower while reacting with different components of the gas stream.

Abstract: A method of performing a treatment of a dust cloud includes the successive steps of generating the dust cloud from a gas and from solid particles, passing the dust cloud through a reaction zone, separating the dust cloud into its components in a separator, and reintroducing at least one part of at least one component into the dust cloud. There is further formed a solids column into which fresh or recirculated solid particles are introduced. The solids column which seals the gas used for generating the dust cloud from the separator, is height-adjustable for controlling the concentration of solids in the dust cloud formed from the solid particles constituting the solids column.

Abstract: Highly exothermic continuous chemical reactions such as the methanization of carbon oxides are cooled by indirect heat exchange with a liquid coolant such as water, thereby converting at least some of the liquid to a vapor such as steam. When the reaction temperature, because of operational difficulties or the like, exceeds the design temperature of the reaction, said vapor such as steam is passed into the reaction chamber. In this way, the reaction stream is cooled as well as diluted; in addition, since the vapor is preferably selected to be a reaction product, the extent and rate of the exothermic reaction are diminished.

Abstract: An apparatus and process for promoting heterogeneous chemical and physical reactions in a gas stream using a vertical casing which is substantially liquid and gas tight having a gas inlet in the upper portion; means in the upper portion of the casing for introduction of reactant liquids and solids; a nozzle within the casing having an entry at the upper end in communication with the gas inlet and an outlet at the lower end, the entry having an effective cross-sectional area of about 2 to about 64 times the effective cross-sectional area of the outlet and the mean angle of convergence of the nozzle being about 8.degree. to about 18.degree.; means for removing liquid and particulate matter from the lower portion of the casing following desired reaction; and means for separately removing the gas from the lower portion of the casing. The apparatus and process of this invention is especially useful in providing a self-cleaning, non-clogging system for inducing high reaction kinetics.

Abstract: A process for introducing and mixing a liquid, in a substantially liquid medium, comprising a rotary agitator whose axis is vertical and which is capable of creating a zone of turbulence above the liquid level, the liquid is introduced in the form of a vertical jet which is converted above the level of the liquid medium into a horizontal sheet of droplets to which there is imparted a centrifugal movement, by causing the jet to impinge on a surface that is fixed perpendicularly to the axis of the agitator, and mixing being effected above said level. In its preferred embodiment the apparatus is particularly suited for introducing corrosive liquids into a liquid medium containing solid particles in suspension. It is advantageously used for the wet-process production of phosphoric acid.

Abstract: A monovalent thallium compound is converted to a trivalent thallium compound by treating the thallium (I) compound with molecular oxygen in the presence of a Group VIII noble metal catalyst in a liquid medium and in the presence of a promoter comprising at least one member selected from the group consisting of alkyl ammonium salts, to oxidize the thallium (I) compound to a thallium (III) compound.

Abstract: The foaming tendencies of continuous liquid-solid reactions which evolve gas are reduced by subjecting the reactant stream simultaneously to non-turbulent flow through an enclosed conduit having a vapor space above the flowing stream and to mild agitation to increase the liquid-solid and gas-liquid interface areas.

Abstract: A process and apparatus for obtaining a more concentrated solution of components such as chromium containing anions by the use of ion exchange beds. A solution containing the component to be concentrated is passed through a first bed in which the component is taken up. A second solution containing a component of opposite charge from the first component is passed through the first bed to take up the component from the first bed and then through a second bed capable of taking up the second component from the solution. The second solution is passed from the first bed directly to and through the second bed, and both beds are rinsed following passage of the second solution therethrough by passing a rinse solution through the second bed and then directly to and through the first bed in a direction opposite to the direction in which said second solution passed through the beds.

Abstract: Apparatus for the chemical synthesis of an evaporant and a liquid has a cryogenic pumping device between the evaporant source and the reaction region and a pump causes the liquid to be continuously recirculated until the reaction is completed, the pressure in the evaporation region being maintained substantially lower than that in the reaction region by differential pumping.

Abstract: Disclosed is a process for the production of partially dehydrated or anhydrous salts from higher hydrates of the same salt, utilizing solar energy. Hydrated salts which have an increasing solubility with an increase of temperature, possessing a transition temperature from the existing high hydrated form to the desired one in the range of between about 30.degree. C. to about 100.degree. C. are partially or completely dehydrated in a solar pond having a non-convecting characteristic. Examples of salts produced according to the present invention are: anhydrous sodium sulfate from sodium sulfate decahydrate, magnesium sulfate monohydrate from magnesium sulfate heptahydrate, sodium carbonate monohydrate from sodium carbonate decahydrate and sodium borate pentahydrate from sodium borate decahydrate.

Abstract: Crystals are grown from solution by the introduction of a first fluid into a second fluid by permeation through a porous partition. Introduction of the first fluid produces supersaturation of the desired material in the combined fluid in the vicinity of the partition. Supersaturation results in the production of crystals. The crystals grow from the partition into the solution. The supersaturation is produced by one of several mechanisms including: chemical reaction producing a less soluble element or compound; decomplexation produced by dilution or pH change; and introduction of solution into a solvent in which the material is less soluble.

Abstract: This invention relates to a process and apparatus for producing particulate solids from vaporous reactants in a reactor wherein the reactor zone is remote from the feed inlets to the reactor.

Abstract: An apparatus for enhancing chemical reactions in a constantly flowing stream of liquid character fortified with oxidizing agents, such as air or oxygen or other chemical agents, makes use of an inner resonant tube concentrically mounted within an outer resonant tube with the walls of the tubes spaced from each other forming an annular passageway for the flow of liquid from one end of the passageway to the other. One or more sets of radially spaced ultrasonic transducers are located on the outside wall of the outer resonant tube thereby to create an ultrasonic cavitation condition in the liquid as it flows through the annular passageway.

Abstract: A fluid bed reactor including a first, upstream reaction zone having a fluidized bed of particles and a second, downstream heat recovery zone having a fluidized bed of particles. The reactor is designed adjacent the heat recovery zone to withdraw heat from the heat recovery zone at a temperature lower than the temperature in the reaction zone. In operation, the particles in the heat recovery zone cool and quench the effluent from the reaction zone so as to remove fines and volatile elutriates therefrom, rendering the effluent less corrosive and preventing back or side reactions.

Abstract: A process is disclosed for contacting at least two solids and a fluid, particularly for retorting and/or gasification of solid carbonaceous materials such as coal, coke, shale or tar sands by introducing a solid heat-transfer material into an upper portion of a treatment or contacting zone and a solid carbonaceous material into a lower portion of the treatment or contacting zone. The solid heat carrier is fluidized by an upflowing gas and moves downwardly, while the solid carbonaceous materials are entrained and move upwardly. The fluidizing gas may be inert or reactive. Substantially countercurrent plug flow of the two solids in the treatment or contacting zone is maintained by including means for preventing back mixing, such as a packing material filling the treatment or contacting zone.

Abstract: A method of operating a fluidized bed system in a single vessel, typically as a combustor system for power or steam generation burning high-sulfur coal or as a gasifier for high-sulfur coal, which comprises forming an entrained fluidized bed in a first space region containing a first solid bed particle component, such as sand or hematite ore containing over 90% Fe.sub.2 O.sub.

Abstract: A method of carrying out air oxidation comprises substantially continuously feeding liquid and air to an oxidizing tank (A) via a bubble forming device (D) which is fixed at the bottom of the tank, feeding a part of the liquid out of the tank via a lower port to a gas-liquid separating device (B) and then returning the liquid free from gas from the separating device to the oxidizing tank via the bubble forming device. Air separated from the liquid in the separating device is returned to the oxidizing tank and the finished solution is overflowed out from an upper portion of the oxidizing tank. The bubble forming device operates by feeding air into the lower chamber thereof via a nozzle which is aligned with and directed toward an orifice in a partition which divides the bubble forming device into two chambers. The liquid is fed into the lower chamber and the liquid and air are fed as a mixture through the orifice to impinge an upper wall of the upper chamber of the bubble forming device to more fully mix same.

Abstract: A continuous reaction is carried out between gaseous SO.sub.2, I.sub.2 and liquid H.sub.2 O in a substantially vertical reaction zone. H.sub.2 O plus I.sub.2 in a substantial excess are supplied to an upper location at preselected rates. SO.sub.2 is injected into the zone at a lower location, and a desired temperature is maintained at an intermediate location where the reaction proceeds to produce sulfuric acid and hydrogen iodide. The reaction products are removed from a location near the bottom at a rate proportional to the preselected rates to cause a continuous downward flow within the reaction zone. The SO.sub.2 flow rate assures that substantially all of the SO.sub.2 either reacts or is absorbed by the downward traveling nongaseous reactants.

Abstract: A process for purifying organically polluted salts comprising forming a melt of said salts at a temperature of from about 600.degree.to 1000.degree. C., and contacting salt melt with an oxygen-containing gas. Acidic or basic fluxes may be present. The heat to maintain the mass molten may be supplied by electrodes which dip into the melt and which may be hollow so oxygen can be introduced therethrough. A suitable apparatus is also described.

Abstract: A method for neutralizing nitric acid with ammonia comprising feeding nitric acid into a first aqueous reaction zone, feeding ammonia into a second aqueous reaction zone which has an inlet at the lower portion of the first reaction zone and is in circulating communication therewith, circulating the nitric acid downward within the first reaction zone into the inlet of the second reaction zone so that it is substantially diluted before entering the second reaction zone, whereby a predominent proportion of the nitric acid is reacted with the ammonia in the second reaction zone so as to form an ammonium nitrate solution, and removing the ammonium nitrate containing solution from the second reaction zone and recirculating the ammonium nitrate containing solution from the second reaction zone to the first reaction zone so that the solution and gases therefrom are substantially completely introduced into the first reaction zone with sufficient force so as to create a scrubbing turbulence of the gas as gas bubbles in

Abstract: Finely divided, sulfur bearing carbonaceous materials are carried by hydrogen in counter-current flow at elevated temperatures to the flow of relatively large, metal oxide, hydrogen sulfide accepting pellets. The sulfur contained in the carbonaceous material reacts with the carrier hydrogen to form hydrogen sulfide which, in turn, reacts with the metal oxide to form the corresponding metal sulfide and water. The water and unreacted carrier hydrogen are then separated from the desulfurized carbonaceous material and following separation of water from the residual hydrogen, the hydrogen is recycled with make up hydrogen at elevated pressures to the desulfurization zone. The formed metal sulfide pellets are removed from the base of the desulfurization zone and oxidized back to the oxide state for recycle back to the opposed end of the desulfurization zone.

Abstract: Gas-liquid contacting system featuring, in an SO.sub.2 scrubbing embodiment, reduced liquid entrainment which, in various aspects, eliminates the need for liquid recirculation, and permits spray regime operation increasing the ratio of SO.sub.2 absorption to sulfite oxidation. In various embodiments the entrainment is reduced by closely spaced vertical baffles above the tray, or a perforated plate or porous mesh beneath the tray.

Abstract: Fine solid material is preheated in a first zone, then heated to the final treatment temperature by passing it through a flame in a second zone, and then separated in a third zone from the hot exhaust gases leaving the second zone. The separated exhaust gases are led to the first zone for preheating the material. A fuel feed stock is gasified to produce a combustible gas, and such gas is burned in the second zone to produce said flame.

Abstract: A high pressure, high temperature, piston-cylinder type apparatus utilizing a soft, ductile, electrically conductive material as a driver element to transmit pressure from the piston to a charge in the cylinder. The driver element, preferably made of lead, or the like, is placed in the pressure cylinder between an advanceable piston and a stationary sleeve of insulating material surrounding an electrically heatable core of charge material. As the piston is advanced, the lead driver element deforms into the end of the sleeve of insulating material and maintains pressure on the core without deformation of the sleeve of insulating material.

Abstract: A monovalent thallium compound is converted to a trivalent thallium compound by treating the thallium (I) compound with an organic hydroperoxide in the presence of a Group VIII noble metal catalyst in a liquid medium to oxidize the thallium (I) compound to a thallium (III) compound.