Abstract: A vegetable protein crumble for use as a meat extender to replace portions of lean and/or fat is made from one part soy protein isolate hydrated in about 3.5-5.0 parts water at ambient temperature and then chopped. A vegetable protein and/or complex carbohydrate is added to the resulting mixture, and again chopped. Then the resulting composition is cooled overnight before being chopped or ground into crumbles. By way of example, a use of the crumble is described as a meat extender in pepperoni.

Abstract: Biodegradation additive characterized in that it consists of a mixture of (i) at least one assimilable nitrogen source composed of at least one unsubstituted or substituted amino acid; (ii) at least one phosphorus source, the ratio of nitrogen to phosphorus ranging from 2 to 100, said additive being subjected to a treatment to make it oleophilic. The invention also concerns an additive in accordance with any of the foregoing claims for the biodegradation of hydrocarbons.

Abstract: From 2% to 15% by weight of solid pieces of a gel having a water content of above 95% and a size of from 2 mm to 10 mm are mixed with a meat base or fish base to obtain a heterogeneous composition which has a water content of at least 82% by weight. The gel is prepared with K-carragheenin or gellane.

Abstract: This invention relates to a method for eliminating or lessening the incidence of boar odor in meat reared from male pigs which comprises administering to such male pigs an effective amount of a boar 4-ene-5-.alpha.-reductase inhibiting compound with or without further active ingredients. Also provided is a method for preventing the formation of 5-.alpha.-androst-16-en-3-one in male pigs which comprises administering to such male pigs a presently discovered boar 4-ene-5-.alpha.-reductase inhibiting compound.

Abstract: An animal fat replacement product of an aqueous gel of one or more dextrins, each of dextrose equivalent less than 20, entrapped in a matrix of an alginate, gum, pectin or Konjae can be effectively used in meats and meat products without adverse organoleptic consequences. The fat mimetic, which can be generally used to replace animal fats, provides excellent lubricity and juiciness while being "rendered" under appropriate conditions, thus behaving quite similarly to animal fat. The animal fat replacement product also is an excellent vehicle for incorporation of other agents often added to meats, such as flavors, colors, preservatives, and so forth.

Abstract: A cereal or grain hydrolysate-containing composition which is derived from the enzymatic, e.g., amylase, hydrolysis of cereal or grain in combination with a hydrocolloid, preferably carrageenan or a blend of xanthan gum and locust bean gum, can be effectively used as a fat mimic in preparing low fat comminuted meat products. Thermo-irreversible gels useful for providing non-fat fat mimics can also be prepared in accordance with the invention. In addition to amylase, the enzyme used for the hydrolysis of the cereal/grain substrate can be selected from the group consisting of amyloglucosidases (.alpha.-1,4-glucan glucohydrolase), cellulases (.beta.-1,4-glucanohydrolase), pullulanases (pullulane 6-glucanohydrolase), cyclodextrine glycosyltransferase (.alpha.-1,4-glucan-4-glycosyltransferase), proteases and mixtures thereof.

Abstract: A hamburger type food material to be stuffed with an edible stuffing which comprises as a main ingredient granular soybean proteins and 0.5 to 5% by weight of casein as dry weight, 0.5 to 6% by weight of egg white as dry weight, 0.2 to 9% by weight of m-starch as dry weight and 55 to 79% by weight of water based on the total weight of the raw material, and being substantially free from minced meat is disclosed. A hamburger type food containing an edible stuffing therein prepare by using this food material is also disclosed.

Abstract: A process for producing a flake style food which comprises adding a dehydrated vegetable and a polysaccharide thickener to a seasoning solution, emulsifying the obtained mixture by stirring at a high speed of from 1,000 to 10,000 rpm within a temperature zone of from 10.degree. to 80.degree. C. for 1 to 10 minutes and mixing the emulsified product thus obtained with one or more of fish meat, poultry meat or cattle meat which is in the form of flakes.

Abstract: A composition which is suitable for use as a replacement for gum arabic in foodstuff applications, the replacement is a combination of hydroxypropylated starch and hydrolysed collagen.

Abstract: A fried food, consisting essentially of one or more solid foodstuffs and a paste-like foodstuff. The paste-like foodstuff includes a cohesive foodstuff and a condiment. The cohesive foodstuff includes one or more selected from the group of alginic acid, an alginate and glucomannan. The paste-like foodstuff coats the solid foodstuffs. The coated foodstuff is subsequently frozen or dried and then fried to produce the fried food.

Abstract: A grillable/broilable food product is disclosed. The product is based upon meat, fish or other seafood, poultry or vegetables, and is coated with an edible artificial skin forming composition which reduces sticking or charring of the food product to or on a hot surface. The composition utilizes a blend of an alkyl cellulose ether and a protein, e.g. a plasma protein, and optionally a gum or browning agent, and a flavorant.

Abstract: A grillable/broilable food product is disclosed. The product is based upon meat, fish or other seafood, poultry or vegetables, and is coated with an edible artificial skin forming composition which reduces sticking or charring of the food product to or on a hot surface.The composition utilizes a blend of an alkyl cellulose ether and a protein, e.g. a plasma protein, and optionally a gum or browning agent, and a flavorant.

Abstract: An improved low temperature process for extracting oil from oil-bearing materials by extracting the oil-bearing material in an extraction zone with a normally gaseous solvent selected from propane, butane, and mixtures thereof. As the resulting solvent/oil mixture is passed through the bed of extracted oil-bearing material, from the extraction zone, and to a separation zone, it is done so under conditions that will maintain the solvent in liquid form. The resulting extracted materials have substantially more of their protein and vitamin value intact when compared with similar materials extracted by more conventional high temperature methods. The present process is also a lower energy consuming process than more conventional, extractive processes.

Abstract: An enzyme preparation for bound-formed food use which comprises transglutaminase, a casein and an edible surface active agent. The enzyme preparation strongly binds raw food materials, and the resulting bound-formed foods have an excellent taste and savor.

Abstract: A stable liquid suspension of an encapsulated flavor oil, oleoresin or spice in a gel matrix is prepared by forming a gel matrix with high shear mixing of a colloidal gelling agent at a temperature of about 15.degree. C., and dispersing the encapsulated flavor oil, oleoresin or spice in the gel matrix during the formation of the gel matrix.

Abstract: In a method for preparing grain cake health food, a crunchy grain component is prepared separately from a water-saturated meat and/or bone component. The grain cake is prepared according to the steps of: providing grain powder; mixing the grain powder with salt, water, and starch to provide a first mixture; cooking the first mixture to form a cake; pressing the cake to form a cake bar; and freeze drying the cake bar to remove a quantity of water therefrom. The cake bar is partially cooked so as to resist water absorption during storage and becomes fully cooked during final preparation for consumption. At least one of meat and bone is separately prepared according to the steps of: providing at least one of meat and bone; mixing at least one of meat and bone with salt and water to produce a second mixture; cooking the second mixture to form a broth; and cooling the broth. The cake bar and broth are mixed together so as to form a soup and the soup is then dispensed into a container.

Abstract: A method for preparing a product containing a continuous phase of heat set lean meat emulsion having dispersed therein a water-in-oil emulsion of a water-in-oil emulsion. The discontinuous phase has a continuous phase of fat and a discontinuous aqueous phase containing a gellable meat broth. A product prepared by the method is also disclosed.

Abstract: A method for preparing a product containing a continuous phase of heat settable lean meat emulsion having dispersed therein a discontinuous phase of a water-in-oil emulsion. The water-in-oil emulsion has a continuous phase of fat and a discontinuous aqueous phase containing a gellable meat broth. A product prepared by the method is also disclosed.

Abstract: A ground or chopped meat product containing a continuous phase of heat settable meat emulsion and dispersed therein a discontinuous phase of a water-in-oil emulsion. The discontinuous phase itself has a continuous phase of fat and an aqueous gelling solution as a discontinuous phase. A process for preparing the product is also disclosed.

Abstract: A low calorie meat product comprising a mixture comprising comminuted lean meat and a vegetable fat replacement ingredient comprising dietary fiber and starch.

Abstract: A process wherein KONJAK mannan and minced meat are used as the main raw materials which comprises obtaining a hydrated gel of KONJAK mannan by making a coagulant act on a mixture of KONJAK mannan and water, mixing and kneading the hydrated gel and minced meat, forming the kneaded mixture into a desired shape, and freezing the shaped product, heating and freezing the shaped product, or retorting the shaped product whereby dietary fibrous food can be economically manufactured.

Abstract: A process for the production of a a protein granule is described in which a vegetable protein isolate is hydrated to a weight ratio of about 1.5-6 parts of water to 1 part of isolate, at a temperature of about 0.degree. C. to 10.degree. C. The hydrated isolate is then blended and held at the indicated temperature range for a time sufficient to form a gel. The gel is then subdivided into individual granules which have improved meat like characteristics.

Abstract: A process of producing a texturized protein product having a layered meat-like texture and appearance in which only vegetable protein material, particularly soy flour, and water are used as ingredients. A dough-like slurry of soy flour and water is pumped into the gap between a fixed plate and a rapidly rotating plate in a high speed emulsion mill under conditions which rapidly heat the slurry to a temperature above 100.degree. C. to rapidly texturize the protein. The hot slurry is pumped under positive pressure by centrifugal force from the emulsion mill directly into an elongated process tube in which the texturized protein slurry rapidly coagulates to form in the tube a continuous loaf having distinct parallel layers of soy protein bonded together which maintains its structure upon discharge from the tube.

Abstract: A dietary product includes granules having an outer layer of a viscous aggregate-stable emulsion, with the following ratio of components forming the granules, % by mass:______________________________________ egg white 13-30 egg yolk 45-71 oil material 9.0-30 food colorant 1.0-3.0. ______________________________________heating of the egg white to a temperature not below 35.degree. C., introducing egg yolk, oil material and fool colorant in the indicated ratios until formation of a viscous emulsion which is fed dropwise into food vegetable oil heated to a temperature of 80.degree.-95.degree. C.

Abstract: An edible material comprising partially gelled mannan paste prepared by adding an alkali to a mass of mannan paste to cause gelation thereof to proceed, and adding an acid to said mannan paste thereby to suppress the gelation of said mannan paste. The material has a high degree of affinity for fish meat protein paste or gel.

Abstract: A gelled sheet of food product is prepared by passing a wet dough of edible substance, such as meat or meat by-product, having food value and comprising a gellable substance, such as sodium alginate, onto a rotating roller to form a sheet and initiating gelation of the gellable material, for example, in the case of sodium alginate, by spraying the material with calcium ions. The sheet can subsequently be processed, for example by being folded and cut to form chunks, which may be useful in a petfood product.

Abstract: A meat product comprising a meat phase and an aqueous phase, said aqueous phase comprising at least two gelling agents which form at least two distinct gelled phases, each gelling agent having a gel-melting temperature of at least 40.degree. C.

Abstract: Doughs and batters are prepared which contain hydrated polysaccharide hydrocolloid and hydrated insoluble fiber and/or hydrated protein preferably at a weight ratio of 1:0.8-6:1.1-4.5. Preferably the hydrated materials are added to the dough or batter formulation as an aqueous dispersion. The resulting dough and batter can be baked in a conventional manner. This invention is particularly useful in the preparation of fat-free baked goods.

Abstract: A formulation and process is provided for the production of firm, irreversible protein-containing elastic gels which can be used in the production of food analogs including kamaboko or seafood analogs. In this process a mixture of calcium caseinate, sodium hexametaphosphate, and either a carrageenan or a combination of lactalbumin and egg albumin, are blended in an aqueous mixture to form a homogeneous blend. The blend, upon heating to form a uniformly viscous solution, is subsequently cooled to form an edible gel.

Abstract: The invention concerns ready-to-use bakery custard with long shelf-life. These products comprise:60-95 wt % of a fat emulsion0.01-20 wt % of a sweetener2-10 wt % of a UHT-stable starch1-5 wt % of a gelatin0.01-5 wt % of a UHT stable hydrocolloid and has a pH=6.5-7.5Stevens hardness of the product is 50-250 and viscosity at 50 s.sup.-1 ranges from 3,000-20,000 mPa.

Abstract: A process for producing processed minced meat foods comprising adding from 0.01 to 0.04 parts by weight of an alkaline substance to an aqueous sol containing at least 1 part by weight of konjak mannan, 0.2 to 10 parts by weight of other gel-forming materials and 15 to 50 parts by weight of water, mixing the resulting swollen gel with minced meat and, optionally other food ingredients, and then freezing the resulting mixture.

Abstract: There is disclosed a food additive comprising a water soluble hemicellulose resulting from a degradation of a protein by degrading water insoluble vegetable fibers containing protein under acidic conditions of at about the isoelectric point of the protein and at a temperature of 130.degree. C. or lower, and composed of rhamnose, fucose, arabinose, xylose, galactose, glucose and uronic acid. This food additive is useful as a dispersant, a protein stabilizer, a modifier, and/or a foaming agent for food. Food containing the food additive is also disclosed.

Abstract: Food products, typically having a moisture content above 50% by weight, are prepared which contain polysaccharide hydrocolloid and insoluble fiber at a weight ratio of 1:0.2-3.5:1.1-4.5. These materials are preferably added to the food product as an aqueous dispersion. The aqueous dispersion preferably also contains a protein material. This invention is particularly useful in the preparation of fat-free food products.

Abstract: Free-flowing formations of spherules of loose knit microcrystals of the polymorphs of sorbitol and mannitol are useful in fast-frozen food products as cryoprotectants due to their improved rate of solubility and dispersion. The free-flowing formations are also helpful in formulating confectionary and pharmaceutical products by improving processing efficiencies and texture and are useful in selected industrial applications as a result of their improved rate of solution and free-flowing characteristics.

Abstract: Oxidation of cooked, dehydrated meat is inhibited by incorporating a combination of ascorbic acid and a Maillard meat flavor reaction product prepared from at least one reducing sugar and at least one sulfur-containing amino acid into the meat prior to dehydrating the meat.

Abstract: Pieces of meat are cooked and then separated from a bouillon and cooled to at least a refrigeration temperature. A thickening agent is mixed with a sauce, which may include the bouillon as an ingredient, at a temperature of from 60.degree. C. to 80.degree. C., and the mixture is cooled and allowed to stand to gel the thickening agent to obtain a gelled sauce which is mixed with the meat pieces and formed into a block which then is frozen. The frozen block is packed in a tray package together with at least one vegetable. The thickening agent is a gelling agent which breaks down at a temperature at which the frozen block is heated for consumption so that upon heating for consumption, the meat and sauce mixture spreads out.

Abstract: A method of producing a ready-to-eat intermediate-moisture texturized protein foodstuff which simulates meat and has an extended shelf life comprises pretexturizing a vegetable protein source with a first source of water such as meat, meat by-products or other liquids by cooking/extrusion, combining the texturized fraction with other ingredients in a second cooking/extrusion step, and pasteurizing the final mixture. Shelf stability is achieved through control of free water content and activity in the product.

Abstract: The novel agents for preventing dental calculus in domestic animals of the present invention are sequestering agents that are applied as coatings to commercially-prepared diets for domestic animals and that are significantly superior in terms of their anticalculus efficacy to the soluble pyrophosphate crystal growth inhibitors of the prior art. The sequestering agents of the present invention form soluble calcium complexes in saliva and dental plaque fluids thereby preventing the calcification of dental plaque. Sodium hexametaphosphate has been utilized as the preferred sequestering agents of the invention to date.

Abstract: A cereal hydrolysate containing composition which is derived from the amylase hydrolysis of cereal in combination with a hydrocolloid, preferably carrageenan or a blend of xanthan gum and locust bean gum, can be effectively used as a fat mimic in preparing low fat comminuted meat products.

Abstract: The present invention provides a fat substitute for meat food, which comprises a gelling material comprising a whey protein concentrate and a casein protein, the amount of the whey protein concentrate being from about 5 to about 20 percent by weight of the weight of the gelling material and the amount of the casein protein being from about 1 to about 10 percent by weight of the weight of the gelling material.

Abstract: The process for producing a flake style food of the present invention comprises adding a dehydrated vegetable to a seasoning solution, emulsifying the obtained mixture by stirring at a high speed of from 1,000 to 10,000 rpm within a temperature zone of from 10.degree. to 80.degree. C. for 1 to 10 minutes and mixing the emulsified product thus obtained with fish meat, poultry meat, cattle meat or artificial meat.

Abstract: Meat products which, before and after preparation, have the aroma, appearance, and taste of meat products of a comparable character but contain substantially less cholesterol and/or saturated fats and typically retain their juiciness and taste upon standing after being cooked for a longer time than conventional meat products do. The reduced cholesterol/saturated fat content is realized by in part substituting for natural adipose an artificial adipose based on an emulsion of: (a) blood plasma, preferably from the same specie of animal as the meat from which the product is made, and (b) cholesterol-free or low cholesterol fats and oils which may also be free of saturation or have a low degree of saturation. Various agents can be employed to convert the blood plasma/lipid emulsion to a gelatinous form in which it closely resembles a natural adipose; and the adipose can be formulated so that it will become colorless as the product is prepared by cooking like natural adipose does.

Abstract: Meat products which, before and after preparation, have the aroma, appearance, and taste of meat products of a comparable character but contain substantially less cholesterol and/or saturated fats and typically retain their juiciness and taste upon standing after being cooked for a longer time than conventional meat products do. The reduced cholesterol/saturated fat content is realized by in part substituting for natural adipose an artificial adipose based on an emulsion of: (a) blood plasma, preferably from the same specie of animal as the meat from which the product is made, and (b) cholesterol-free or low cholesterol fats and oils which may also be free of saturation or have a low degree of saturation. Various agents can be employed to convert the blood plasma/lipid emulsion to a gelatinous form in which it closely resembles a natural adipose; and the adipose can be formulated so that it will become colorless as the product is prepared by cooking like natural adipose does.

Abstract: Solid lipid pellets containing 65% to 95%, or higher, lipid concentration suitable for use in or as animal food supplements and/or feed rations wherein: a mixture containing at least water and an edible algin-like coagulant is formed in a mixing chamber (11,12); a liquified lipid is added to form a gel-like algin/water/lipid emulsion; and, the emulsion is deposited in discrete quantities (30) into a metal ion bath (29) causing the emulsion to "set" in a lipid pellet integral and solid throughout its entire structure. The lipid pellets may be packaged for delivery to points of consumption and/or admixed with other feed materials to form nutritive animal feed rations. Small amounts of ammonia and/or bentonite may be added to the aqueous mixture to increase the lipid absorptive capacity thereof.

Abstract: Disclosed is a novel process for producing a cooked food analog from soybeans. The process comprises obtaining soybean milk and adding a coagulant to the soybean milk, preferably while the soybean milk is at a temperature in the range of about 70.degree.-90.degree. C. (158.degree.-194.degree. F.) to form a mixture of soybean curds and whey. The mixture of curds and whey is broken to obtain curd differentiation. The curds are then cooked, at a temperature and for a time effective to form small pieces of curd. The supernatant liquid is separated from the curds, and the curds are rapidly cooled. The present invention provides a process for obtaining food analogs having a wide range of organoleptic properties, from a scrambled egg analog, wherein the curds are soft and relatively large, to a cooked meat analog, wherein the curds are harder and relatively small.

Abstract: A poultry-derived proteinaceous material suitable as a substitute for ground meat prepared by extracting salt-soluble proteinaceous material from poultry muscle, gelling and then grinding the extract.

Abstract: Instead of using injection needles, that have to be inserted into and withdrawn from the meat with the latter substantially stationary relative to the needles, the method and apparatus of the invention use high-pressure nozzles (11) directing powerful jets of liquid penetrating into the meat to the requisite depth, preferably while the meat is being conveyed through a set of conduits, including a unit (7) containing said nozzles (11), preferably also a vibration-massage unit (8) and a deformation-massage unit (9), before being delivered through an outlet unit (10).

Abstract: Calcium lactate coated psyllium fiber composition and psyllium-containing baked cookie composition having high fiber content and good eating qualities. These baked cookies comprise calcium lactate coated psyllium fiber, insoluble dietary fiber, shortening, flour, sugar and water. Eating quality of these psyllium-containing cookies is especially enhanced by their reduced tendency for the composition to stick to and/or form a film on teeth during ingestion.

Abstract: A meat-free gel, which can be employed in the formation of artificial adiposes, comprising a fibrinogen and albumin containing protein constituent, e.g. blood, and a saccharide binder, e.g. algin, the protein constituent and binder being cross-linked to provide matrix-forming copolymeric networks. The artificial adipose contributes to a reduced cholesterol/saturated fat content in meat products and can be used in other products including skins and membranes, dewatering agents, coagulants and stabilizers for lipids.

Abstract: Gel-like food article that has satisfactory functional characteristics such as high heat and acid resistance and yet which is safe to eat, and a process for producing this gel-like food article by crosslinking primary amino groups in food ingredients such as chitosan and proteins with an iridoid compound, which crosslinking may be combined with other methods of gelation.