Abstract: Fibrous proteinaceous material useful in the formation of shrimp or crabmeat analog products is prepared by extruding an aqueous solution containing both protein and alginate into a gelling bath wherein the extrudate is subject to boiling conditions in the gelling bath.

Abstract: A material mainly composed of ground fish meat is molded into the form of a strip, which is then set by heating. After the material has been solidified, it is then cut into the form of filaments. A plurality of these filaments are bundled and integrated without use of any binder but by applying a combination of a predetermined uniform peripheral pressure and local extra pressure to form peripheral circular recesses on cylindrically compacted material at a constant interval. Under this pressed state, the material is heated by boiling to obtain a cylindrical material. The cylindrical material is then cut along the center of each peripheral annular recess to obtain a food product resembling the scallop meat and having round opposite end corners.

Abstract: Fibrous simulated sea foods packaged in hermetically sealed containers are produced by kneading a minced fish meat to which sodium chloride has been added, molding the kneaded meat into the form of noodle-like strips, preparing fibrous fish meat by forming cuttings like the teeth of a comb on the noodle-like strips or cutting the noodle-like strips into the form of noodle-like filaments, sheafing and binding the fibrous fish meat by the use of a binder containing kneaded krill meat, and, after coloring a part of the surface of the bound product according to necessity, heating under pressurization the bound product packaged in a heat-resistant container.

Abstract: A process for controlling the particle size distribution of a particulate meat analog formed from a wet, agglomerated textured protein during continuous heat-setting of the protein is disclosed. The improvement in the continuous heat-setting, preferably by continuous frying, of textured protein comprises feeding the wet agglomerate as particles to the heat source, e.g. a fryer, as a continuous layer of constant bulk density and thickness. The agglomerate is placed on a continuous belt within the heating unit via a feed belt. The particle size distribution of the wet analog and thus the heat-set analog is controlled by the ratio of the continuous heat-setting unit belt to the feed belt speeds.

Abstract: A method of preparing a gelled product from an ungelled aqueous hydrolyzed collagen, such as gellatin or glue, concentrate containing 10-60 weight percent hydrolyzed collagen and a lyotropic agent is disclosed. The concentrate has a hydrolyzed collagen-to-lyotropic agent weight ratio of 1:0.1 to about 1:4.5, a pH value of 2.5-7 and gels at less than 20.degree. C. On dilution with water to a hydrolyzed collagen concentration of about 2 weight percent while substantially maintaining the pH value of the concentrate, the diluted composition gels at a temperature above that of the concentrate. Specific concentrates, food products, industrial applications and methods for using the concentrates are disclosed.

Abstract: A fish-paste product colored only on its surface and not in its inner parts is produced by applying a sugar or a sugar-amino acid mixture as a coating onto the surface of a ground fish meat molded product and then heating the molded product thus coated thereby to develop the desired color on the surface thereof.

Abstract: The present invention teaches a novel process for preparing a meat analog product, having a texture more closely resembling that of meat, wherein a TVP is heated followed by freezing and thawing. The thawed TVP is combined with a binder composition, formed into a loaf and frozen once again. The frozen product is thawed and cooked.

Abstract: Smooth, elastic and even protein fibres are formed by extruding a mixture of protein micellar mass (PMM) and gellable starch into hot water. The starch may be present in an amount up to about 30 wt % of the PMM. A wide variety of properties can be achieved by varying the concentration of starch. An increase in fibre strength and elasticity is achieved at low concentrations of starch while softer fibres of increased moisture content result at higher concentrations of starch. The fibres are useful in a variety of food analog products.

Abstract: A process for producing a refrigerated minced flesh of fish, which comprises adding (a) a sugar and/or a sugar alcohol and (b) lactalbumin and/or blood plasma to a dehydrated fish flesh, mincing the mixture and then refrigerating the minced product.

Abstract: Simulated adipose tissue is provided by heat coagulation of an aqueous emulsion of lipid material having protein fibres dispersed therein, formed using at least one emulsifying protein isolate, egg white and gelatin in defined proportions as the emulsifying and coagulating agents. The heat coagulated material has good oil release on cooking and in the mouth and may be flavored for any desired end use. A bacon analog utilizing the simulated adipose tissue as the white (fat) phase thereof is described.

Abstract: Vegetable protein particle-containing sauces, such as spaghetti sauces, which are organoleptically superior to the same sauces containing real meat can be prepared by providing protein particles having a specified particle size distribution. This is preferably accomplished by agglomerating finely comminuted protein particles with binder in a heating step.

Abstract: A fibrous food product is produced by the steps of: adding salt to fish and/or animal meat; kneading the resulting mixture to prepare a paste; and extruding the paste into an aqueous solution of a protein modifier through a nozzle having fine orifices to produce filaments. By varying the conditions of this process, the food filaments of various textures or mouth feeling can be produced. Further, the filaments can be aggregated in a variety of ways to further increase the variety of textures or mouth feeling and to produce various muscle-like fibrous food products.

Abstract: Shaped gelled food products manufactured from comminuted, granulated or chopped foodstuffs, such as vegetables, fruits, meats, fish, and a process therefor.

Abstract: A method for the production of formed food products of a microfibrillar milk protein, which comprises mixing an aqueous gel of a milk protein comprising mainly calcium caseinate with a specific amount of dehydrating agent (e.g. sodium chloride) and a specific amount of a dispersant (e.g. dextrin, sodium caseinate) and optionally fats and oils at a specified temperature and forming the mixture at the same temperature range into the desired shapes. The formed food products are obtained in various states of from comparatively soft products (e.g. imitation cheese) to comparative hard products (e.g. imitation jerky) by controlling the temperature in the mixing and forming steps and/or the amounts of the dehydrating agent and dispersant.

Abstract: What are disclosed are edible materials containing a thickened or gelled phase comprising a mixture or a reaction product of at least one carrageenan and at least one glucomannan, wherein the gelled phase may be either a thermo-irreversible gel or a thermo-reversible gel and the pH of the edible material is below 8.

Abstract: A wide variety of meat-like textures are simulated by a process requiring the unidirectional freezing of an aqueous mixture of protein and alginate to form vertically-aligned protein fibers, slicing the frozen mass to form fiber bundles, gelling the alginate in each bundle to reinforce the well-defined fiber structure, permanently heat-setting the protein fiber structure and then adjusting the texture with a sequestering agent. The resulting product has certain textural and nutritional properties of natural meat and can be flavored, colored, texturized, shaped, molded, cooked and substituted for meat.

Abstract: A fabricated seafood product is prepared by shaping a blend of seafood meat and as a binding agent therefor a combination comprising a whey protein concentrate composition having at least 30% protein wherein at least 50% of the protein in the whey protein concentrate composition is whey protein, and either (a) from about 1.25% to about 3% sodium tripolyphosphate or (b) from about 0.4 to about 1.25% sodium tripolyphosphate in combination with a food grade, nonphosphorus-containing alkalizing agent, the pH of said fabricated seafood product being within the range of from about 7.0 to about 7.75.

Abstract: A soluble meat protein product in the form of a dry protein powder or concentrated solution is produced from any meat muscle. The preferred route is via pre-rigor meat finely comminuted, in the presence of a solution of sodium chloride and food phosphate. The resulting slurry may be spray dried to produce a powder which is stable at ambient temperatures and from which can be prepared a solution with the property of forming strong gels on heating.

Abstract: A shrimp analog product with the taste, texture and appearance of real shrimp is prepared by: extracting from a fish the myofibrillar proteins; solubilizing the myofibrillar proteins with salt; adding to the solubilized protein a starch, flavor and an organic acid to form a paste; heat setting the paste to set the paste and denature the protein; shredding the heat set paste into filaments; mixing the filaments with a protein based binder followed by molding the mixture into shrimp-like pieces; and setting the filament-binder matrix to provide a cohesive shrimp analog product.

Abstract: A method for making a simulated tofu product (soy milk curd) comprising mixing soybean protein and fish protein with water and salt and heating the mixture to cause it to coagulate by heat. The simulated tofu product so made has physical properties much similar to the genuine tofu made by the traditional method.

Abstract: A matrix for incorporating titanium dioxide into extruded plant protein extenders for natural meat products is disclosed. In particular, this matrix made from vegetable protein is useful for incorporating TiO.sub.2 tracer in extruded plant protein extenders in such a way that there will be reduced optical contrast with natural ground meat fibers.

Abstract: Simulated adipose tissue is provided by heat coagulation of an aqueous emulsion of lipid material having protein fibres dispersed therein, formed using at least one emulsifying protein isolate, egg white and gelatin in defined proportions as the emulsifying and coagulating agents. The heat coagulated material has good oil release on cooking and in the mouth and may be flavored for any desired end use. A bacon analog utilizing the simulated adipose tissue as the white (fat) phase thereof is described.

Abstract: The process of preparing a semi-moist pet food product comprising the steps of: admixing and cooking ground meat or meat by-products with water, propylene glycol, phosphoric acid and one or more acids selected from the group consisting of fumaric acid and succinic acid, the admixture being a substantially soupy consistency; and, further admixing and cooking therewith water non-gellatinous absorbent ingredients in sufficient proportion to render the admixture a semi-moist relatively solid mass.

Abstract: In a method for obtaining aqueous gels based on galactomannan and xanthan, the xanthan employed has first been subjected to a treatment resulting in partial or total deacetylation before being introduced in the mixture in which the ratio of deacetylated xanthan to galactomannan is within the range of 15/85 to 90/10. Potential applications include the food industry, explosives or air-treatment products.

Abstract: A structured protein product is prepared from a protein material having a three-dimensional organization solely by applying osmotic force. The process comprises exchanging the water in said protein material with an osmotic agent by compacting the protein material in an envelope of semi-permeable material which is closed and then immersed in a solution of osmotic agent.The product obtained may be used in the production of deep-frozen, preserved or dehydrated food products.

Abstract: A product of fish meat paste simulating shrimp, prawn or lobster, prepared by mixing 1 part by weight of fish meat paste and 0.2 to 2.5 parts by weight of edible fibrous material having a three-dimensional reticulate structure, kneading the mixture and forming the kneaded mixture into pieces of a predetermined shape and size. The fibrous material may be replaced by 0.4 to 2.0 parts by weight of edible fibers of less than 0.5 mm in diameter. The edible fibrous material or fibers incorporated into the fish meat paste impart to the product a texture which gives a particular oral sensation as if real shrimp, prawn or lobster were being eaten.

Abstract: A fabricated food product is prepared by shaping a blend of edible textured protein particles, including single cell protein, bound together with a whey protein concentrate composition having more than 30% protein which is capable of forming a gel at 15% solids within 30 minutes when heated at 85.degree. C., wherein at least 50% of the protein in the whey protein concentrate is whey protein prepared by physical separation techniques.

Abstract: Simulated food products in the form of discrete shape-retaining pieces having a calcium alginate gel matrix, and in particular simulated meat petfoods, are made from a mixture produced by mixing (a) an aqueous slurry comprising a comminuted food material and having a water-soluble alginate salt dissolved therein, with (b) a slurry, usually aqueous, of a calcium salt sparingly soluble in water having a monohydric or polyhydric alcohol or a sugar comprised therein as a retardant; and thereafter allowing the mixture to gel.The alcohol may be isopropyl alcohol, glycerol, propylene glycol or butylene glycol. Corn syrup, sucrose or a mixture of sugars may be used as the sugar.

Abstract: A freezable raw custard preparation, especially for quiche having a substantial proportion which is whole egg or egg white based whole egg replacer. The composition also has an effective amount of food particulates and a milk derived portion. The egg and milk derived portions are present in a weight ratio of about 0.45:1 to about 0.75:1, the milk derived portion comprising fluid milk, a water absorbing quantity of a protein concentrate, and a thixotropic gum. The total protein content from the fluid milk and protein concentrate is at least about 4% by weight of the milk derived portion. The gum content is that effective to provide a viscosity of the raw custard sufficient for homogeneous suspension of the food particulates prior to freezing.

Abstract: A meat analog is prepared from an aqueous protein solution comprising heat-coagulable protein. The heat-coagulable protein in the solution is denatured before or after the intimate mixing with a starch and an alkali metal sulfite, the moisture level of the resulting mixture is adjusted to a level suitable for extrusion in equipment that shapes and forms a fibrous protein product having meat-like texture.

Abstract: Disclosed is a simulated adipose tissue which is unusually pleasing in taste and texture and is characterized by a juicy, smooth melting property closely resembling natural fat. The simulated adipose tissue can be employed alone or with any type of meat or meat analog where a degree of fatty tissue is desired, and is most desirably employed in products which are served fried. In a preferred embodiment, a simulated bacon product is prepared containing the simulated adipose tissue and a red meat simulating phase. The simulated adipose tissue has droplets of fat, approximately 10 to 120 microns in diameter, encapsulated within a matrix based on a heat coagulable, preferably proteinaceous, component, and a water-soluble, film-forming component.

Abstract: An improved method for producing refrigerated flesh of fish, which comprises mixing ground fish flesh with (1) a powdery or granular solid colloid composed of 70 to 99% by weight of a crystallized and stabilized solid sugar alcohol such as sorbitol and 30 to 1% by weight of fine particles of an oil or fat such as colza oil dispersed in the sugar alcohol and (2) a powdery or granular polyphosphate, and refrigerating the mixture. The amounts of additives (1) and (2) are 1 to 10%, and 0.1 to 0.5%, respectively, based on the weight of the ground flesh. Pastes (such as "kamaboko") of seafood prepared from the refrigerated fish have better whiteness and elasticity than conventional products.

Abstract: A bland curd-like product is derived from glandless cottonseed by an aqueous extraction process. After a heat treatment of a cottonseed "milk", coagulation is allowed to occur and the whey is separated. The coagulum is then spray-dried to provide a product with longer shelf-life.

Abstract: Baked filled pies having a meat filling which are succulent and non-soggy and have a high bacteriological standard, are obtained by dispersing chemically set gel particles, like alkaline earth metal alginate or low-methoxy pectate, into the meat filling in a weight ratio of meat filling to gel particles of 50:50 to 95:5, respectively.

Abstract: The invention relates to an improved food product for animals and a process for producing such a product. The product and process are based on whole animal blood, and/or coagulable phase(s) of such blood, which is (are) subjected to controlled stimulated coagulation.

Abstract: Filamentary edible proteins having fat globules uniformly dispersed therethrough are shaped, e.g., by wet spinning, from homogeneous protein/fat formulations, the diameters of the fat globules being from 1 to 60 microns and the fat having a degree of saponification of no greater than 5%. Such fibrous proteins are, for example, attractive meat substitutes.

Abstract: A process for the production of a dense, granulated protein gel is disclosd which is readily rehydratable with water at ambient temperatures, and upon rehydration with water functions as a meat extender in various natural meat products. The textured, granulated gel is prepared by hydrating a vegetable protein isolate having superior gel forming properties and a protein content of at least 90% by weight, followed by heating of the hydrated protein at a temperature between about 75.degree.-125.degree. C. to form a protein gel. The gel is granulated and dried to form a textured protein material which has excellent rehydration characteristics and is highly functional as a meat extender.

Abstract: There is disclosed a formed food product of microfibrillar protein comprising a bundle of microfibrillar protein having a diameter of fiber of 10.mu. or less and a high heat resistance (A) and a microfibrillar protein having a diameter of fiber of 10.mu. or less and a low heat resistance (B) and optionally one or more fillers and/or other additives, which has similar structure and texture to those of cooked natural meats and has excellent stability to hot water cooking, excellent shape retention and good texture, and hence is useful as an artificial meat product.

Abstract: A process for the preparation of a textured protein-containing material in which an amylolytic fungus is grown on a moist starch based substrate which includes a nitrogen source assimilable by the fungus the substrate being provided in the form of small, partially gelatinized particles. During growth, the fungus degrades and utilizes a large proportion of the starch, resulting in a dense matrix of closely interwoven mycelia, randomly dispersed with substances containing the residual starch or starch degradation products. On the denaturation of the fungal mycelium, the product assumes a tough but resilient texture and when diced or minced has a similar appearance to meat.

Abstract: Food functional proteins are prepared by dissolving or dispersing protein from a proteinaceous material in water containing urea or guanidine hydrochloride as dissolving or dispersing agents, separating the protein solution from nondissolved substances and recovering the protein from the protein solution by precipitation or gel formation, all additions and operations being performed in order to introduce and keep intact texturization sites in the protein. The final texture strength is then selected and affected by subjecting the protein having the preformed texture sites to changes in the chemical or physical environments involving changes of pH, electrolyte content, organic solvents, food ingredients and temperature. The final texture is eventually developed by freezing or drying.

Abstract: Meat from mollusks, especially clam and oyster meat, and isolated soy protein fibers are integrally bound by parboiling the meat, buffering the fibers, and mixing the two under agitation followed by forming and cooking.

Abstract: The invention relates to a method for the processing, sterilization and packaging of a food product starting from a raw material basically consisting of Krill, in order to obtain a protein rich food product with good taste, consistency, structure, preparing abilities and keeping properties. Said method includes the steps of breaking down the whole Krill into small particles, sterilization of the broken down Krill, cooling and grinding the sterilized product into liquid or semi-liquid form and packaging the liquid substance under aseptic conditions, whereby the liquid substance is solidified in the aseptic packages.

Abstract: The disclosure is of the extraction by ion exchange and use, especially in edible materials, of functional protein material having one or more useful surface-active properties such as foaming, foam stabilization, gelation, or water-or fat-binding characteristics.

Abstract: Sporozoa-contaminated fish meat can be processed to coagulated fish meat paste ("neriseihin") by admixing about 4 to 40 parts of egg white with 100 parts of the fish meat.

Abstract: A sterile canned food paste and process for preparing the same is provided herein. The food paste includes, in the same sterile can, a food paste composition having a homogenized mixture of about 30 to about 50% by weight of the final product of water, about 2 to about 5% by weight of the final product of gelatinized wheat flour, about 0.5 to about 2% by weight of the final product of tomato paste, about 2 to about 8% by weight of the final product of vegetable oil, about 10 to 35% by weight of the final product of cheese, (e.g. mozarella), and vinegar, and, dispersed therein, about 1 to about 35% by weight of the final product of sliced cured meat product in discrete sliced form (e.g. a sausage-like product such as pepperoni), as well as such other ingredients as about 0.5 to about 1.5% by weight of the final product of spices, about 0.3 to about 2% by weight of the final product of onion paste, about 0.5 to about 1.

Abstract: A method is disclosed for preserving proteinaceous animal food materials useful as bait for fish and crustaceans, such as crab. The animal food material is comminuted together to a finely divided state of the consistency of a thick soup with at least 4% by weight, based on the weight of the animal food material, of a polyol having from 2 to 8 carbon atoms and 2 to 6 hydroxyl groups. Edible polyols are used when the end product is to be used as a bait or foot supplement. Anti-oxidants and/or mold inhibitors are also preferably added to the animal food material/polyol mixture. The mixture is further stabilized against decay for extended periods of time when stored at ambient temperatures by incorporating into the mixture a sufficient amount of attapulgus clay to dehydrate the animal food material/polyol mixture. The resulting mixture may be extruded into a shaped form for use as a crab bait or used in granular form.

Abstract: Surimi suitable for the production of Kamaboko (fish meat jelly) can be obtained at high yield by compounding (1) a salt-soluble protein fraction prepared by mincing fish meat taken from raw fish into a sol-form, water-washing the resulting sol and dewatering and then subjecting the same to a salt-solution treatment, with (2) heat-denaturated water-soluble protein fractions prepared by heating to coagulation water-soluble protein fractions leached out in the water-wash and salt-solution treatment.

Abstract: A vegetable protein composition which is suitable as a replacement for fresh or frozen fish in Kamaboko products is disclosed. The composition comprises a mixture of a vegetable protein isolate and a fat emulsion containing fat at a level exceeding about 20% by weight. The composition does not detract from the color, texture, and flavor of Kamaboko products when used as a replacement for fish.

Abstract: A vegetable protein composition which is suitable as a replacement for fresh or frozen fish in Kamaboko products is disclosed. The composition comprises a vegetable protein isolate and an added amount of a polysaccharide effective to whiten Kamaboko type products in which the vegetable protein composition is used as an ingredient.

Abstract: A protein food product is described, together with a process for making it. Whey protein derived from milk is adjusted to a pH of 6 to 9 and coagulated by heat, thereby giving a firm, non-brittle material which is useful as a protein food in its own right, or as a matrix for composite products, or in the manufacture of pieces resembling meat offals such as kidney, to improve the texture of meat-containing mixes, for example of sausage type, and for other food products, all of which are useful as protein foods for animals and also for human beings.