Abstract: Soy isolate based red meat analog products are colored red with laccaic acid and paprika.

Abstract: Disclosure is made of a process for the production of soya protein flakes having similar structure and taste to fish flakes of tuna and the like, comprising soya protein-water mixture to an extrusion process under heat and pressure by using an extruder having at least first and second dies each having at least one opening, the distance between the dies being 2-6 mm, the gap between rims of nearest openings of the dies being greater than or equal to the cross-sectional diameter of the opening of the first die.

Abstract: A method and apparatus continuously making a marbled semi-moist or dry pet food, said method comprising the steps of:(a) merging a red pet food stream with a white pet food stream by advancing the red pet food stream under a first pressure into a conduit having a substantially circular cross-section and advancing the white pet food stream into a plurality of medial locations within said conduit,(b) partially mixing the merged pet food stream by advancing the merged pet food stream through the conduit and through at least one stationary mixing element therein,(c) expressing the partially mixed pet food stream through a shaping die at a second pressure above about 40 psig, and(d) cutting the expressed pet food stream into pet food pieces.

Abstract: Vegetable protein extrudates substantially free from internal voids with a densely compacted stratum of laminae may be used to prepare imitation products which simulate the tender, succulent textural properties of freshly cooked natural products such as cooked mushrooms and shellfish products. The extrudates are prepared by the thermoplastic extrusion of proteinaceous feed material slurry containing more than 50% by weight water under conditions which prevent internal void formation and provide a highly laminated extrudate structure. The textural properties are imparted to the extrudate by retorting in the presence of pH 5.5-6.5 saline solutions.

Abstract: A soybean-based fibrous or granular food material having improved texture can be produced by incorporating edible organic acid having 2 to 6 carbon atoms and/or metal cations in a form of edible salt into fibrous or granular food material. The thus obtained food material is useful as an ingredient of meat products, fish products and son on. The fibrous or granular food material is prepared by grinding soybean material between two grindstone plates of a colloid mill.

Abstract: Protein fibres are formed by extruding an emulsion of protein micellar mass (PMM) and vegetable oil through openings into hot water. The formation of the emulsion containing a vegetable oil permits oil-soluble flavors and colorants to be present in the fibres and adds a juicy mouthfeel to the fibres. The fibres are useful in a variety of food analog products.

Abstract: The present invention teaches a novel process for preparing a meat analog product, having a texture more closely resembling that of meat, wherein a TVP is heated followed by freezing and thawing. The thawed TVP is combined with a binder composition, formed into a loaf and frozen once again. The frozen product is thawed and cooked.

Abstract: Smooth, elastic and even protein fibres are formed by extruding a mixture of protein micellar mass (PMM) and gellable starch into hot water. The starch may be present in an amount up to about 30 wt % of the PMM. A wide variety of properties can be achieved by varying the concentration of starch. An increase in fibre strength and elasticity is achieved at low concentrations of starch while softer fibres of increased moisture content result at higher concentrations of starch. The fibres are useful in a variety of food analog products.

Abstract: Simulated adipose tissue is provided by heat coagulation of an aqueous emulsion of lipid material having protein fibres dispersed therein, formed using at least one emulsifying protein isolate, egg white and gelatin in defined proportions as the emulsifying and coagulating agents. The heat coagulated material has good oil release on cooking and in the mouth and may be flavored for any desired end use. A bacon analog utilizing the simulated adipose tissue as the white (fat) phase thereof is described.

Abstract: An extrusion nozzle arrangement for the production of a product such as a comestible, including a multiple nozzle arrangement through which there can be fabricated a multi-layered slab of a meat analogue product. A bacon-like appearance is achieved in that each extrusion nozzle includes a narrow, elongate bottom outlet orifice arranged to extend transversely above a continually moving horizontal conveyor belt. An insert strip is arranged within the nozzle above the orifice and coextensive with the length thereof, which includes projections extending across the path of flow of the solution extruded through the orifice, with such projections being positioned in a predetermined manner along the insert strip as to cause either restrictions or directional changes in the flow of the solution egressing from the nozzle orifice.

Abstract: Vegetable protein particle-containing sauces, such as spaghetti sauces, which are organoleptically superior to the same sauces containing real meat can be prepared by providing protein particles having a specified particle size distribution. This is preferably accomplished by agglomerating finely comminuted protein particles with binder in a heating step.

Abstract: Bacon-like products are formed from separate "fat" and "lean" components in a continuous process in which the bacon-like product is frozen or refrigerated. The bacon-like product is formed directly upon a freezer drum by means closely regulating the percentages of the various components, the bacon-like product then being compressed upon the drum and chilled or frozen as a sheet during rotation of the drum. The frozen or chilled bacon-like sheet is then removed and passed to further processing preferably including means for cutting the sheet into strips and means for packaging the strips.

Abstract: A textured protein product having a protein content of up to 80% is produced by mixing soy meal (grits, flakes or flour) with water containing a protein insolubilizing agent to prepare a homogeneous mass; forming from said mass discrete pieces of a desired configuration under temperature and pressure conditions which retain the proteins in the undenatured state and retain the protein and carbohydrate molecules thereof substantially in the original matrix relationship of the starting material; and cooking the pieces in water in order (1) to denature the proteins in situ whereby contiguous protein molecules interlock to form a three dimensional network structure throughout each of the pieces, and (2) to leach out soluble carbohydrates from within the protein structure.

Abstract: A fibrous food product is produced by the steps of: adding salt to fish and/or animal meat; kneading the resulting mixture to prepare a paste; and extruding the paste into an aqueous solution of a protein modifier through a nozzle having fine orifices to produce filaments. By varying the conditions of this process, the food filaments of various textures or mouth feeling can be produced. Further, the filaments can be aggregated in a variety of ways to further increase the variety of textures or mouth feeling and to produce various muscle-like fibrous food products.

Abstract: An apparatus for continuously manufacturing fibrous high protein foods comprises an apparatus for supplying a fixed quantity of fibrous structure formable food raw material from a nozzle, said food material being obtained through the steps of curdling cow's milk such as whole milk or skim milk by the addition of a coagulating agent and removing whey from the resulting curds, an apparatus for extending the raw material supplied from the supplying apparatus by applying a fixed tension thereto while delivering the raw material by the aid of free rollers and drive rollers, an apparatus for cooling the extended raw material supplied from the extension apparatus; and an apparatus for cutting the raw material supplied from the cooling apparatus in fixed lengths.

Abstract: A method for the production of formed food products of a microfibrillar milk protein, which comprises mixing an aqueous gel of a milk protein comprising mainly calcium caseinate with a specific amount of dehydrating agent (e.g. sodium chloride) and a specific amount of a dispersant (e.g. dextrin, sodium caseinate) and optionally fats and oils at a specified temperature and forming the mixture at the same temperature range into the desired shapes. The formed food products are obtained in various states of from comparatively soft products (e.g. imitation cheese) to comparative hard products (e.g. imitation jerky) by controlling the temperature in the mixing and forming steps and/or the amounts of the dehydrating agent and dispersant.

Abstract: A wide variety of meat-like textures are simulated by a process requiring the unidirectional freezing of an aqueous mixture of protein and alginate to form vertically-aligned protein fibers, slicing the frozen mass to form fiber bundles, gelling the alginate in each bundle to reinforce the well-defined fiber structure, permanently heat-setting the protein fiber structure and then adjusting the texture with a sequestering agent. The resulting product has certain textural and nutritional properties of natural meat and can be flavored, colored, texturized, shaped, molded, cooked and substituted for meat.

Abstract: A chewable, digestible, high protein product for canine pets which has physical properties and appearance resembling rawhide is prepared by extruding a mixture of an oil seed protein, a polyol plasticizer, lecithin and water, and impacting the surface of the extrudate with a stream of particles until the leather-like appearance is obtained.

Abstract: A fabricated seafood product is prepared by shaping a blend of seafood meat and as a binding agent therefor a combination comprising a whey protein concentrate composition having at least 30% protein wherein at least 50% of the protein in the whey protein concentrate composition is whey protein, and either (a) from about 1.25% to about 3% sodium tripolyphosphate or (b) from about 0.4 to about 1.25% sodium tripolyphosphate in combination with a food grade, nonphosphorus-containing alkalizing agent, the pH of said fabricated seafood product being within the range of from about 7.0 to about 7.75.

Abstract: A shrimp analog product with the taste, texture and appearance of real shrimp is prepared by: extracting from a fish the myofibrillar proteins; solubilizing the myofibrillar proteins with salt; adding to the solubilized protein a starch, flavor and an organic acid to form a paste; heat setting the paste to set the paste and denature the protein; shredding the heat set paste into filaments; mixing the filaments with a protein based binder followed by molding the mixture into shrimp-like pieces; and setting the filament-binder matrix to provide a cohesive shrimp analog product.

Abstract: A matrix for incorporating titanium dioxide into extruded plant protein extenders for natural meat products is disclosed. In particular, this matrix made from vegetable protein is useful for incorporating TiO.sub.2 tracer in extruded plant protein extenders in such a way that there will be reduced optical contrast with natural ground meat fibers.

Abstract: A fish meat-like flaky food is obtained by treating a granular vegetable protein with warm water containing an alkaline earth metal salt, molding the treated granular vegetable protein to a flake, washing and dehydrating the flake, and seasoning the flake. As the alkaline earth metal salt, there are used calcium or magnesium salts of sulfuric acid, hydrochloric acid, phosphoric acids and organic acids.

Abstract: Simulated adipose tissue is provided by heat coagulation of an aqueous emulsion of lipid material having protein fibres dispersed therein, formed using at least one emulsifying protein isolate, egg white and gelatin in defined proportions as the emulsifying and coagulating agents. The heat coagulated material has good oil release on cooking and in the mouth and may be flavored for any desired end use. A bacon analog utilizing the simulated adipose tissue as the white (fat) phase thereof is described.

Abstract: There is disclosed a method of texturizing at ambient temperature a mass consisting essentially of fungal mycelia and moisture comprising a combination of steps involving only rolling the mass and juxtaposing sections of said mass. There is also disclosed the meat-like or fish-like product made from the method.

Abstract: A process is disclosed for producing a simulated sausage product that resembles the natural product in appearance, cooking characteristics, flavor, eating qualities and texture. The simulated sausage is produced by hydrating textured vegetable protein with an aqueous solution containing flavors, spices, and coloring, followed by mixing with a heat denaturable protein ingredient, a soluble sugar system that browns upon heating, and sodium caseinate. To this mixture, a fat system is added. The mixture is then formed into sausage like patties or links and may be heat treated before storage.

Abstract: In a process for producing an edible roe-like multilayer spherical structure composed of at least two layers including an inner layer and an outer layer occluding the inner layer, which comprises a step of synchronously discharging at least two edible materials through a multi-tubular nozzle having at least two different passages including an inner passage and an outer passage surrounding the inner passage and a step of chemically gelling the resulting multilayer spherical structure with a metal ion acceptable for human intake, the outer layer in said resulting multilayer spherical structure being chemically gellable with said metal ion; the improvement wherein(i) said at least two edible materials are at least two edible aqueous sol materials having different properties of being chemically gelled with said metal ion, and(ii) among said edible aqueous sol materials, a material forming the inner layer is convertible to a softer aqueous gel than a material forming the outer layer or is present as an aqueous sol

Abstract: Method for making a room temperature storage stable meat-containing solid pet food having a moisture content within the intermediate moisture range and simulating in appearance and texture marbelized lean red meat in chunk form which is prepared by the co-extrusion and blending of a first ingredient phase simulating lean meat and a second ingredient phase simulating fat.

Abstract: Seafood products, such as shrimp, may be produced in any desired shape by a process which includes the steps of mechanically working small pieces of a selected seafood under vacuum, to form a shapeable mash having textural and eating characteristics comparable to those of the selected seafood in its natural form. In a preferred method, the seafood pieces are mechanically worked under vacuum and a matrix mix comprising a cookable binder is thereafter carefully folded-in to the worked seafood pieces under vacuum to thereby yield a shapeable mash which can be extruded or molded, to produce seafood products having highly desirable texture and eating characteristics.

Abstract: A high polymer material, e.g. polyvinylpyrrolidone, is mixed with an aqueous protein slurry composed of helical protein molecules. The pH of the slurry is then raised to about 8 to 12 to allow ingress of the high polymer material internally in the protein molecules. Thereafter, the slurry pH is reduced to about 5 to less than 8 to entrap a portion of the high polymer material within the protein molecules.

Abstract: A textured soybean product is produced from full-fat soybean by hydrating whole soybean by treatment with a dilute alkaline solution; mixing the hydrated soybean with full-fat soy flour and equilibrating the moisture content thereof; and passing the mixture through an extrusion cooker. The textured product has excellent flavor, color, and appearance, and can be formulated into an all-vegetable ground meat analogue or it can be used as an extender in blends with ground meat.

Abstract: A structured protein product is prepared from a protein material having a three-dimensional organization solely by applying osmotic force. The process comprises exchanging the water in said protein material with an osmotic agent by compacting the protein material in an envelope of semi-permeable material which is closed and then immersed in a solution of osmotic agent.The product obtained may be used in the production of deep-frozen, preserved or dehydrated food products.

Abstract: A fibrous food material for use in meat-like products is provided.Also provided is a process for preparing the same, by other than a spinning process, which comprises intermixing a hydrous mixture of 3 to 10 parts of wheat protein and 0 to 7 parts of meat on the solid content ratio with a polysaccharide and common salt, then heating the admixture while stretching in an aqueous salt solution of an alkali metal or an alkaline earth metal.

Abstract: A product of fish meat paste simulating shrimp, prawn or lobster, prepared by mixing 1 part by weight of fish meat paste and 0.2 to 2.5 parts by weight of edible fibrous material having a three-dimensional reticulate structure, kneading the mixture and forming the kneaded mixture into pieces of a predetermined shape and size. The fibrous material may be replaced by 0.4 to 2.0 parts by weight of edible fibers of less than 0.5 mm in diameter. The edible fibrous material or fibers incorporated into the fish meat paste impart to the product a texture which gives a particular oral sensation as if real shrimp, prawn or lobster were being eaten.

Abstract: A fabricated food product is prepared by shaping a blend of edible textured protein particles, including single cell protein, bound together with a whey protein concentrate composition having more than 30% protein which is capable of forming a gel at 15% solids within 30 minutes when heated at 85.degree. C., wherein at least 50% of the protein in the whey protein concentrate is whey protein prepared by physical separation techniques.

Abstract: A room temperature storage stable meat-containing solid pet food having a moisture content within the intermediate moisture range and simulating in appearance and texture marbleized lean red meat in chunk form prepared by a process which comprises co-extruding a first ingredient phase simulating lean meat and a second ingredient phase simulating fat into and through an enclosed blending compartment having oriented therein a plurality of stationary elements which cut, divide and axially rotate substantial portions of the first and second ingredient phases and simultaneously maintaining a pressure within the blending compartment from about 250 to 400 psig sufficient to bind the phases together and to form a casting of randomly blended first and second ingredient phases; heat setting the casting of blended ingredient phases to form a structurally stable material; and subdividing and shaping the heat set casting of blended phases into small pieces resembling small cuts of lean meat marbled with fat.

Abstract: Simulated food products in the form of discrete shape-retaining pieces having a calcium alginate gel matrix, and in particular simulated meat petfoods, are made from a mixture produced by mixing (a) an aqueous slurry comprising a comminuted food material and having a water-soluble alginate salt dissolved therein, with (b) a slurry, usually aqueous, of a calcium salt sparingly soluble in water having a monohydric or polyhydric alcohol or a sugar comprised therein as a retardant; and thereafter allowing the mixture to gel.The alcohol may be isopropyl alcohol, glycerol, propylene glycol or butylene glycol. Corn syrup, sucrose or a mixture of sugars may be used as the sugar.

Abstract: A process of steaming followed by freezing a texturized mycelial fungal mass having a solids content of about 20 to 40% by weight to toughen the texture and increase the succulence of the mass.

Abstract: The present invention provides a process for preparing high nutritive fibres from fish proteins which comprises grinding whole fish or fish pieces in the presence of water and then adding alkali to the ground fish. The alkali/fish mixture is then heated and cooled and the cooled mixture is then passed through a colloid mill thereby eliminating solid particles to obtain a protein solution. The solution is then injected through a spinneret into an aqueous acid medium causing the coagulation of the proteins into fibres. The fibres are then washed, set by heating and then neutralized. The fibres obtained by this process are also described.

Abstract: A meat analog is prepared from an aqueous protein solution comprising heat-coagulable protein. The heat-coagulable protein in the solution is denatured before or after the intimate mixing with a starch and an alkali metal sulfite, the moisture level of the resulting mixture is adjusted to a level suitable for extrusion in equipment that shapes and forms a fibrous protein product having meat-like texture.

Abstract: A process for preparing fabricated meat and meat by-products comprising the steps of: emulsifying meat or meat by-products; admixing a salt with the emulsified material; admixing texturized soy with the emulsified meat and salt; forming the admixture into a desired shape; and blanching the shaped admixture in a temperature range of 170.degree. F.-210.degree. F.

Abstract: Elastic and rubbery protein fibres are formed by injection of a protein micellar mass through a screen or die into hot water or other fluid medium having a pH of about 5.5 to about 7.5 and a temperature above about 90.degree. C. The protein fibres have characteristics rendering them useful in various food analogs.

Abstract: Disclosed is a simulated adipose tissue which is unusually pleasing in taste and texture and is characterized by a juicy, smooth melting property closely resembling natural fat. The simulated adipose tissue can be employed alone or with any type of meat or meat analog where a degree of fatty tissue is desired, and is most desirably employed in products which are served fried. In a preferred embodiment, a simulated bacon product is prepared containing the simulated adipose tissue and a red meat simulating phase. The simulated adipose tissue has droplets of fat, approximately 10 to 120 microns in diameter, encapsulated within a matrix based on a heat coagulable, preferably proteinaceous, component, and a water-soluble, film-forming component.

Abstract: A process for preparing textured oil seed protein products is provided. The process enables the use of fat-containing oil seeds without the need for removing the fat prior to processing. According to the process, an aqueous dispersion of oil seed protein is concentrated under conditions effective to prevent any significant protein denaturation while allowing sufficient removal of water to obtain a viscous dispersion having a solids concentration of greater than 30% by weight, and is shaped by expressing the dispersion through a die and into an aqueous bath. According to a preferred embodiment, the oil seed material comprises full fat soybeans. Both fibers and films can be formed.

Abstract: A process for producing a soybean and other vegetable protein based food product having an enhanced protein content and the texture and mouth feel of meat and other chewy foods which comprises contacting a compacted, defatted, vegetable protein containing seed meal material with water at a pH ranging from about 2.0 to about 6.5 at elevated temperatures and superatmospheric pressures for a time sufficient to extract a substantial amount of the non-proteinaceous solubles and increase the protein content thereof while essentially maintaining the structural integrity of the starting material, recovering the product from the aqueous liquor and reducing the moisture content thereof to produce a porous product.

Abstract: A bland curd-like product is derived from glandless cottonseed by an aqueous extraction process. After a heat treatment of a cottonseed "milk", coagulation is allowed to occur and the whey is separated. The coagulum is then spray-dried to provide a product with longer shelf-life.

Abstract: A bacon analogue and similar multi-phased meat products which can duplicate the texture, appearance and content of natural bacon and other multi-phased meat products is obtained by preparing a comminuted fat component which is treated with a curing pickle and preparing a separate comminuted lean component which may be mixed with optional additives such as flavoring, seasoning and preservatives and thereafter utilized to form a layered product by such processes as extruding the comminuted fat and lean components through a predetermined forming die to unite the fat and lean components to form a bacon analogue or other such multi-phased meat products. This multi-phased meat analogue may then be placed in pans and heated, smoked and cured and then be cooled, sliced and packaged and thereafter be ultimately used and cooked like natural multi-phased meat products.

Abstract: The present invention concerns a process for producing a food product imitating the appearance of marbled meat. The food product according to the invention is obtained by the mixture of at least two compositions of different color, of which a first imitates the color of lean meats or of offals and a second imitates the color of fat, the consistencies preferably also the elasticities of the compositions at the moment of mixing being different from one another. The consistencies preferably differ by from 20 to 700 Brabender units when measured at the same temperature. The use of compositions of different consistencies enables simple mixing or blending techniques and conventional apparatus to be used to obtain the desired random marbling effect. Particularly good results are achieved by incorporating a stiffening or texturizing agent such as wheat gluten. Preferred embodiments of the product comprise protein materials and are stable semi-moist products.

Abstract: A process of texturizing a mycelial fungal mass and resultant product is disclosed. The fungal mycelial mass containing 20% to 35% and preferably 23% to 33% solids in water is extruded through a die containing a foraminous member and a compression zone whereby a meat-like material is obtained.

Abstract: Filamentary edible proteins having fat globules uniformly dispersed therethrough are shaped, e.g., by wet spinning, from homogeneous protein/fat formulations, the diameters of the fat globules being from 1 to 60 microns and the fat having a degree of saponification of no greater than 5%. Such fibrous proteins are, for example, attractive meat substitutes.

Abstract: A process for the manufacturing of a meat-analog foodstuff using an aqueous protein paste as the starting material. In this process, the aqueous paste which is prepared by grinding meat, poultry or fish offals is cooled until it partly solidifies as a plastic mass whereafter it is subjected to mechanical forces which cause the protein fibrils of the mass to reorient themselves in a preferred direction thus imparting to the mass a texture resembling that of muscular fibers.