Abstract: The present invention is directed to a synergistic multilayer anti-corrosion resistant coating for a metal surface, the coating having three subcoatings, a) a self assembled monolayer nanoprimer; b) a polymeric primer; c) a polymeric top coat containing microcapsules for self-healing. The present invention is further direction to systems and methods for producing the coating in situ on the metal surface. The present invention provides an economical, non-epoxy-based, corrosion coating having favorable resistance to acid and to salt water, and having favorable adhesion properties.

Abstract: This innovation is relevant to a surface preparation of pre-fabricated steel parts, able to guarantee an excellent contact between the surface to be coated, and the molten bath, based on a Zinc-alloy containing Aluminum between 0.01 and 0.1 wt %. In a greater detail this invention is related to a procedure for hot-dip coat steel parts with a Zn—Al-alloy, according to which the parts are properly pickled and then immersed into an aqueous flux solution containing ZnCl2, NH4Cl, Bi2O3, and KCl, at a pH between 0.1 and 1.5 and a temperature in the range 4 and 50° C., for an immersion time between 10 s and 10 minutes. Using the flux solution according to the present innovation, it is possible to coat discontinuously with a Zn—Al-alloy, parts fabricated either with plain Carbon steels either high-strength steels. Furthermore, steels known commercially as Sandelin or Iper-sandelin, may be also coated without surface defects and with a glossy appearance.

Abstract: A synergistic antimicrobial composition containing a glyphosate compound and thiabendazole is provided. Also provided is a method of inhibiting the growth of or controlling the growth of microorganisms in a building material by adding such a synergistic antimicrobial composition. Also provided is a coating composition containing such a synergistic antimicrobial composition, and a dry film made from such a coating composition.

Abstract: A housing of electronic device includes a metallic substrate, a copper layer formed on the metallic substrate, and a heat dissipation layer formed on the copper layer. A method for manufacturing the housing is also provided.

Abstract: Methods of providing a corrosion-resistant plating on a steel bumper are provided. A galvanized zinc layer is deposited over a steel substrate. A plurality of nickel layers is deposited over the zinc layer. The plurality of zinc layers has at least a first porosity and a second porosity. A chrome layer is applied over the plurality of nickel layers. The porous nickel layer is immediately adjacent the chrome layer such that a stress applied to the chrome layer is distributed over the porous nickel layer. The porous nickel layer delocalizes a stress applied at an impact area to a dispersed area and the dispersed area is larger than the impact area.

Abstract: A high-strength quenched formed body containing a layer on the surface of an after-quenching formed-body steel material in which layer Zn is a major component and which layer contains 30% by mass or less of Fe, and which layer is present in an amount of 30 g/m2 or more. A quenched formed body is produced by quenching a zinc-plated steel material which includes a zinc-plated layer containing each of Al and Si having alloying-retarding function and readily-oxidizing function independently or compositely, in an amount of 0.15% by mass or more, after heating it to 800° C. or more and 950° C. or less in an oxidizing atmosphere containing 0.1% by volume or more of oxygen.

Abstract: A coating for a metal surface that provides excellent resistance to both electrochemical corrosion and mechanical insult is provided. The coating involves at least an inner coating that is a sacrificial anodic layer and an outer coating that is a protective dielectric material made of inorganic metal oxide. Some versions of the coating include an intermediate layer as well that serves to improve adhesion between the coatings and may provide additional galvanic protection. Although the coating can be made by a variety of methods, advanced methods of spray application are provided for making high-quality lightweight versions the coating.

Abstract: A process for reduction of friction of a surface comprising the application to the surface of a coating composition comprising particles in a resin binder, characterised in that the particles are ceramic particles having a bimodal particle size distribution in which 15 to 75% by volume of the particles have a particle size in the range 10 to 250 nm and 25 to 85% by volume of the particles have a particle size in the range 3 to 25 ?m, at least 90% by volume of the ceramic particles having particle size in the stated ranges. The process may be preceded with coating the surface with a corrosion inhibiting coating comprising aluminium particles and/or zinc particles in a silicate or organic titanate binder.

Abstract: Coating steel strips comprising, in % by weight, C: ?1.6%, Mn: 6-30%, Al: ?10%, Ni: ?10%, Cr: ?10%, Si: ?8%, Cu: ?3%, Nb: ?0.6%, Ti: ?0.3%, V: ?0.3%, P: ?0.1%, B: ?0.01%, the rest being iron and unavoidable impurities, and a method of forming steel strips are described. Up to now, such steel strips were not adequately coatable, with a metal coating ensuring outstanding corrosion-resistance and good welding properties. This is ensured by applying an aluminium layer to the steel strip before final annealing and applying the metal coating to said aluminium layer after final annealing.

Abstract: A high-strength quenched formed body containing a layer on the surface of an after-quenching formed-body steel material in which layer Zn is a major component and which layer contains 30% by mass or less of Fe, and which layer is present in an amount of 30 g/m2 or more. A quenched formed body is produced by quenching a zinc-plated steel material which includes a zinc-plated layer containing each of Al and Si having alloying-retarding function and readily-oxidizing function independently or compositely, in an amount of 0.15% by mass or more, after heating it to 800° C. or more and 950° C. or less in an oxidizing atmosphere containing 0.1% by volume or more of oxygen.

Abstract: A method for a surface being plated locally includes a fixture for holding at least a work piece and the fixture is supported with two opposite lateral walls of a plating tank. Hence, a plated zone on a surface of the work piece can be immerged into the liquid contained in the plating tank for the plated zone being coated with de-oxide layer and plating layer sequentially.

Abstract: A coated metal formed article includes: a metal formed article, a zinc-containing porous coating layer laminated on a surface of the metal formed article, a phenol-modified silicon compound layer laminated on the zinc-containing porous coating layer, and a fluorine resin-containing layer laminated on the phenol-modified silicon compound layer. The fluorine resin containing layer contains a fluorine resin and at least one organic resin selected from a polyester resin, a polyacryl resin, a polyolefin resin, a polyurethane resin, and a polycarbonate resin. An amount of the fluorine resin ranges from 1 to 200 parts by weight with respect to 100 parts by weight of the organic resin. When a thickness of the phenol-modified silicon compound layer is t2 (?m) and a thickness of the fluorine resin-containing layer is t1 (?m), a ratio of t1 to t2 ranges from 0.05 to 50 so that dimensional accuracy and mechanical properties are increased.

Abstract: A ball stud having a ball at one end of a rod-shaped stud. The ball stud comprises: a metal plating film formed on the surface of the stud; and a trivalent chromate film continuously formed over both the surface of the metal plating film formed on the stud and the surface of the ball, whereby rust is inhibited in the boundary of the metal plating film. An externally threaded portion is also coated, if formed in the ball stud, on its surface with the metal plating film and the trivalent chromate film.

Abstract: The present invention is directed to a method of refining spangle facet size in a hot-dip coated product by applying grain-refining particles to the surface of a steel substrate before immersion into the hot-dip coating bath, to an intermediate coated steel sheet, and to a finish coated steel sheet having a different coating spangle facet size on opposite surfaces.

Abstract: The present invention provides a non-cyanide aqueous acidic immersion plating solution having a pH of from about 3.5 to about 6.5 and comprising zinc ions, nickel ions and/or cobalt iron ions, and fluoride ions. In one embodiment the immersion plating solutions of the invention also contain at least one inhibitor containing one or more nitrogen atoms, sulfur atoms, or both nitrogen and sulfur atoms. The present invention also relates to methods for depositing zinc alloy protective coatings on aluminum and aluminum alloy substrates comprising immersing the aluminum or aluminum alloy substrate in the non-cyanide acidic immersion plating solutions of the invention. Optionally, the zinc alloy coated aluminum or aluminum alloy substrate is plated using an electroless or electrolytic metal plating solution.

Abstract: A wire for external exposure, i.e. without chemical binding with a polymer or rubber matrix. The wire has a steel core, a nickel sub-coating and a zinc or zinc alloy top coating above the nickel sub-coating. The steel core has a carbon content exceeding 0.20%. The wire is in a work-hardened state by drawing or rolling. The wire has an excellent corrosion resistance and provides an excellent barrier against hydrogen. Preferable uses are wires in off-shore applications.

Abstract: The present invention is a method for zinc plating a meter set assembly used in gas delivery applications, wherein a zinc plating is applied to a steel substrate formed in the configuration of a meter bar. Once the zinc plating is applied through electrodeposition, the meter set assembly is then outgassed in an oven as by curing at 425°-475° F. for 20-35 minutes to drive away any gasses that may be trapped within the zinc coating. Following the outgassing process, a polyester powder coating is applied to the external surfaces of the meter bar.

Abstract: A process is disclosed for the preparation of a steel surface for single-dip aluminium-rich zinc galvanizing. The process steps comprise: cleaning the surface so as to obtain less than 0.6 ?g/cm2 residual dirt; pickling the surface; applying a protective layer to the surface by immersion in a flux solution comprising bismuth. This invention also relates to a continuous steel product coated with a layer of metallic bismuth.

Abstract: The present invention provides a black, chrome-free, multilayer corrosion protection finish designed to meet extended corrosion properties. This corrosion-resistant finish is engineered to meet a minimum of 500 salt spray testing hours to white corrosion, and 1500 salt spray testing hours to red corrosion when tested to ASTM B117 standards. It is also designed to comply with the European Union Directive on End of Life Vehicles. This multilayer system is designed for use on automotive body sheet steel, automotive underbody parts, automotive under-hood parts, and some automotive interior parts specifying a gloss requirement greater than 4. This chrome-free, multilayer finish is a combination of a zinc-iron electroplated substrate, a non-electrolytic phosphate crystal conversion layer using orthophosphoric acid, and a Xylan/Teflon fluorocarbon sealer coating to form a three layer total corrosion protection system.

Abstract: Coatings containing particulate metal alloy are disclosed. The coatings provide corrosion protection to a substrate, such as a metal substrate. The coatings contain zinc-metal-containing alloy in flake form, most particularly an alloy flake of zinc and aluminum. The coating can be from compositions that are water-based or solvent-based. The compositions for providing the coating may also contain a substituent such as a water-reducible organofunctional silane, or a hexavalent-chromium-providing substance, or a titanate polymer, or a silica substance constituent. The coating may desirably be topcoated.

Abstract: The present invention is directed to a process for preparing aluminum and aluminum alloy surfaces in heat exchangers for brazing by depositing thereon a kinetic sprayed brazing composition. The process simultaneously deposits monolith or composite coatings that can include all braze materials and corrosion protection materials used in the brazing of aluminum fins to plates and tubes in a single stage.

Abstract: An improved protective coating, for parking meters or other equipment that is subject to environmental deterioration and/or vandalism, having thereon at least a three layer coating of a composite thickness sufficiently thick to avoid pinholes and sufficiently thin to avoid crazing and cracking due to variations in the ambient environment. The coating has a conventional lower layer of zinc on or proximate to the equipment surface (in the alternative the substrate may be a zinc part); a second layer of a thermosetting polymer that has been applied by a powder coating electrostatic method, and a third, top, coating of an epoxysiloxane polymer. The total coating thickness should preferably not exceed about 6 mils.

Abstract: A tin layer and a zinc layer are stacked sequentially on a given substrate to form a multilayered film composed of the tin layer and the zinc layer. Then, the multilayered film is heated to a given temperature to form a tin-zinc alloy film through the diffusion of the tin elements of the tin layer into the zinc layer.

Abstract: The zinc-base plated steel sheet has a steel sheet, a zinc-base plating layer on the steel sheet, and a composite coating film formed on the plating layer, which composite coating layer contains a P ingredient, an N ingredient, and at least one element selected from the group consisting of Mg, Al, Ca, Ti, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, and Mo, and is prepared by applying an aqueous solution containing a cationic ingredient (?) and a phosphoric acid ingredient (?) onto the surface of plating layer on the zinc-base plated steel sheet, and then drying the applied aqueous solution, without giving washing with water, and which cationic ingredient (?) consists essentially of at least one metallic ion selected from the group consisting of Mg, Al, Ca, Ti, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Mo, and NH4+ ions.

Abstract: Carbon nanotubes are directly grown on a substrate surface having three metal layers thereon by a thermal chemical vapor deposition at low-temperature, which can be used as an electron emission source for field emission displays. The three layers include a layer of an active metal catalyst sandwiched between a thick metal support layer formed on the substrate and a bonding metal layer. The active metal catalyst is iron, cobalt, nickel or an alloy thereof; the metal support and the bonding metal independently are Au, Ag, Cu, Pd, Pt or an alloy thereof; and they can be formed by sputtering, chemical vapor deposition, physical vapor deposition, screen printing or electroplating.

Abstract: A fuel tank and a fuel-filler tube, which maintain excellent corrosion-resistance over a long term even in a severely corrosive atmosphere, is made of a ferritic stainless steel sheet good of formability. The steel sheet, which has elongation of 30% or more after fracture by a uniaxial tensile test and minimum Lankford value (value-rmin) of 1.3 or more, is formed to a product shape, and paint is cathodically electrodeposited on a surface of the formed stainless steel sheet. The stainless steel sheet may be one coated with an Al or Zn plating layer. When the fuel tank or fuel-filler tube is fabricated by welding, Zn-rich paint is preferably applied to a welded part in prior to cathodic electrodeposition coating.

Abstract: A zinc whiskerless galvanized product has a multi-layer rust prevention film that provides excellent rust prevention, self-repair ability, and coating adhesion. A manufacturing method provides a zinc whiskerless galvanized product having the multi-layer rust prevention film. The multi-layer rust prevention film can be provided without the use of chemicals injurious to the environment such as sexivalent chrome. The multi-layer rust prevention film can be applied to various electronic components including computer equipment, communication equipment, or the like.

Abstract: A tin layer and a zinc layer are stacked sequentially on a given substrate to form a multilayered film composed of the tin layer and the zinc layer. Then, a laser beam is irradiated onto the multilayered film to produce a tin-zinc alloy film through the inter-diffusion between the tin elements of the tin layer and the zinc elements of the zinc layer.

Abstract: A method for locally nickel-plating an aluminum alloy fin structure including placing the aluminum alloy fin structure on a sponge that is located at the bottom of a “zinc” tank containing a volume of zinc chemical solution for zinc plating; and thereafter rotating the aluminum alloy fin structure and immersing the rotated aluminum alloy fin structure in a volume of nickel chemical solution of a “nickel” tank to plate nickel onto the aluminum alloy fin structure.

Abstract: The invention provides a pretreatment process for electroplating aluminum parts or strip, in which the zincating solution is modified to improve the adhesion of the subsequent electroplate to the substrate. The aluminum part or strip, such as an aluminum coin blank or strip for coin blanks, is pretreated with an improved zincate solution which provides hydroxide ions in an amount in the range of 75-175 gpl, zinc ions in an amount in the range of 15-40 gpl, nickel ions in an amount in the range of 2-10 gpl and copper ions in an amount in the range of 1.5-5 gpl. The pretreatment process preferably includes a copper strike applied from a copper cyanide strike bath at a pH in the range of 8.5-11.0, using a current density in the range of 0.1-10 A/dm2. The pretreatment and electroplating steps are preferably conducted by barrel plating, in accordance with another aspect of the invention.

Abstract: The present invention provides a method of forming a zinc coating that can form a chromate film, capable of withstanding hydrogen embrittlement-preventive treatment, by optimizing the conditions under which chromating is conducted.

Abstract: The invention concerns a method for producing an anticorrosive coating for metal parts, free of chromium and chromium-based derivatives and in particular hexavalent chromium, preferably to be applied in thin layers while providing highly efficient protection. Said coating consists of the synergistic association of a first metal zinc layer and one or several coating layers obtained by using an aqueous composition containing a particulate metal, an appropriate solvent, a thickening agent and a binder consisting of a silane.

Abstract: The method for manufacturing coated steel sheet has the steps of: immersing a steel sheet in a hot-dip coating bath to form an Al—Zn base coating layer containing 20 to 95 mass % Al on the steel sheet, forming a passivated layer on the coating layer; and applying thermal history to the coating layer. The thermal history is applied immediately after the steel sheet left the hot-dip coating bath or in a temperature range of from T(° C.) between 130° C. and 300° C. to 100° C.

Abstract: The object of the present invention relates to a plated steel material and a method of production the same, having enhanced corrosion resistance and workability required for outdoor and exposed uses such as structures, revetments, fishing nets, fences, etc.

Abstract: Disclosed is a coating composition for DACROTIZED™ film comprising Cr-containing inorganic acid, Ni carbonate, reductant, surfactant and water which has excellent corrosion resistance, weather resistance and chemical resistance thus being widely applicable to anticorrosion treatments of metals such as various alloys, sintering metals, and the like.

Abstract: This invention provides a plated steel wire with high corrosion resistance and excellent workability, wherein the average composition of the plating alloy in the plated steel wire comprises, in terms of weight percentage, Al: 4-20%, Mg: 0.8-5%, and if necessary one or more from among Si: ≦2%, Na: 0.001-0.1% and Ti: 0.01-0.1%, with the remainder Zn, and an Fe—Zn alloy layer of no greater than 20 &mgr;m thickness is present at the plating-base metal interface; it is produced by coating a steel wire with a molten zinc plating composed mainly of zinc as the first stage and then.coating it with a molten zinc alloy plating with the aforementioned average composition as the second stage. The maximum plating bath immersion time is 20 seconds, and the part of the plated steel wire drawn out from the plating bath is purged with nitrogen gas.

Abstract: Enameled steel and process for enameling a zinc or zinc-alloy precoated steel surface includes providing steel having a surface to be precoated and enameled; applying a zinc or zinc-alloy coating having a thickness ranging from 1 to 30 &mgr;m to the surface of the steel to provide the zinc or zinc-alloy precoated steel surface; subjecting the zinc or zinc-alloy precoated steel surface to a heat pretreatment at a temperature of at least 500° C.; and enameling the zinc or zinc-alloy precoated steel surface with a vitreous enamel composition which has a content of adherence-providing oxides selected from the group consisting of Co, Ni, Cu, Sb and Mn of less than 0.1% by weight for a white enamel layer and less than 2.5% by weight for a colored enamel layer by firing the vitreous enamel composition to provide a vitreous enamel layer thereon.

Abstract: A tin layer and a zinc layer are stacked sequentially on a given substrate to form a multilayered film composed of the tin layer and the zinc layer. Then, a laser beam is irradiated onto the multilayered film to produce a tin-zinc alloy film through the inter-diffusion between the tin elements of the tin layer and the zinc elements of the zinc layer.

Abstract: A method of producing high quality optical surfaces is disclosed. The invention allows for the production of optical surfaces with complex geometry while retaining the high quality of the optical surface. A top layer is provided on a substrate. In order to adhere the top layer to the substrate, an adhesion layer is applied first. In the preferred embodiment, the substrate is an aluminum substrate, the adhesion layer includes a layer of zinc and a layer of nickel and the top layer is gold. The substrate is generally stress free in order to provide a flat surface with no undulations. This allows a relatively thin layer of gold to be applied which then can be diamond turned in order to achieve a reflective layer.

Abstract: Conductive and weldable anti-corrosive compositions based on (blocked) polyurethane resins, epoxy resins, together with curing agents containing nitrogen and conductive extenders are suitable for coating metal surfaces, in particular sheet steel in the coil coating process. These compositions are distinguished by a low stoving temperature, a distinct reduction in white rust on galvanized sheet steel in the salt spray test and by an improvement in the adhesion of the organic coating on the metallic substrate. These coatings furthermore also achieve adequate corrosion protection with a thin chromium coating, preferably also in Cr-free pretreatment processes. Sheet metal coated in this manner may be spot welded using any conventional processes.

Abstract: A zinc coating directly covers a bare ferrous base of parking meter housing parts. A non-epoxy thermosetting electrically insulating organic non-epoxy powder coating directly covers the zinc coating. The organic coating is directly applied to the zinc coating by electrostatically charging the powder and parts with opposite d.c. voltage polarities and by heating the powder so it adheres to and covers the zinc coating. Alternatively, the base is zinc, directly covered by the organic powder coating.

Abstract: The present invention relates to galvanized steel having a high aluminum content in the coating, as well as a batch hot-dip galvanization process for making such steel. The galvanized steel herein has a coating comprising an inner layer of intermetallic iron aluminum compounds, such as Fe2Al5 (which may have some zinc present), and an outer layer of intermetallic zinc aluminum compounds containing from about 17% to about 40% (preferably about 22%, the Zn—Al eutectoid) aluminum (which may have some iron present). The batch hot-dip galvanization process for making such steel comprises: (a) fluxing the steel by electroless plating on the surface of the steel of a metal such as tin, copper or nickel; and (b) dipping the fluxed steel into a molten galvanization bath comprising zinc and from about 17% to about 40% aluminum.

Abstract: A part is stamped from a steel sheet having a textured surface. The stamped part is coated with a zinc layer. The zinc layer is coated with a chromate conversion layer, either yellow-colored or black-colored. Preferably, the textured surface is produced by embossing the steel sheet. Alternatively, the textured surface is produced by etching, shot peening, or sand blasting the sheet steel. An exterior surface comprised of at least some of the textured surface of the part, as coated with such layers, has a finish simulating the similarly-colored, textured finish that the part would have if the part were stamped from a steel sheet so that the part would have a smooth, exterior surface and if the smooth, exterior surface were to be electrostatically coated with a black-colored, epoxy powder, which would be heat-cured.

Abstract: The present invention relates to galvanized steel having a high aluminum content in the coating, as well as a batch hot-dip galvanization process for making such steel. The galvanized steel herein has a coating comprising an inner layer of intermetallic iron aluminum compounds, such as Fe2Al5 (which may have some zinc present), and an outer layer of intermetallic zinc aluminum compounds containing from about 17% to about 40% (preferably about 22%, the Zn—Al eutectoid) aluminum (which may have some iron present). The batch hot-dip galvanization process for making such steel comprises: (a) fluxing the steel by electroless plating on the surface of the steel of a metal such as tin, copper or nickel; and (b) dipping the fluxed steel into a molten galvanization bath comprising zinc and from about 17% to about 40% aluminum.

Abstract: A process for non-continuous galvanization of a metal object with a Zn—Al alloy including the steps of pre-coating the object with a metallic layer of sufficient thickness to protect the object from oxidation and yet sufficiently thin to permit the pre-coating to substantially completely react with or dissolve in the molten Zn—Al bath, subjecting the precoated object to a surface activation treatment by immersing it in hydrochloric acid and thereafter allowing the surface to dry with a protective coating of a chloride salt, and thereafter immersing the object in the Zn—Al bath.

Abstract: A steel material subjected to preliminary treatments to remove an oxide film on the surface is immersed in a molten flux bath in an independent vessel and thereafter immersed in a molten zinc-aluminum alloy bath in a separate vessel to be galvanized with a coating of the alloy. The molten flux bath consists essentially of 5-25 wt % of an alkali metal chloride, typified by sodium chloride, or an alkaline earth metal, and the balance being zinc chloride. The flux bath may additionally contain 1-5 wt % of an alkali metal fluoride typified by sodium fluoride. The method allows for inexpensive, efficient and one-stage galvanizing with a corrosion-resistant molten zinc alloy of a high aluminum content to produce a smooth, uniform and beautiful galvanized layer on the surfaces of various steel materials.

Abstract: A rust preventive composition including (a) a silicic acid compound and (b) an aromatic amine-based condensation product is provided, which is effective in preventing a Zn-based metallic coating from rusting. Rusting is prevented by forming a coating film contaning the components (a) and (b) on the surface of the Zn-based metallic coating formed on a base such as a metal plate. The resulting coating film exhibits an excellent corrosion resistance, gives no fear of a health problem such as carcinogensis and provides a desirable black or blackish appearance to a metal surface. In an embodiment wherein a second coating film containing a silicic acid compound is formed on the first coating film, the corrosion resistance is further improved.

Abstract: A method of treating a metal object having an outer layer including zinc includes applying to the object a treating material in the form of an alkaline solution or a gas. The treating material reacts to form a reaction layer on the outer layer. The reaction layer includes a zinc reaction product. A protective coating such as lubricant is applied to the object, wherein the reaction layer is present in an amount effective to increase a lubricity of the object. In another embodiment the metal object includes an outer layer including zinc which may be substantially non-oxidized. A reaction layer comprising zinc carbonate is disposed on the outer layer. The reaction layer is present in an amount effective to increase a lubricity of the object during a forming process. A protective coating may be in contact with the reaction layer.

Abstract: The method for improving the corrosion resistance of reinforced concrete coated with a thermal spray coat of metals, especially of zinc or zinc alloys, is effected by electrically connecting said spray coat with the armour and additionally coating it with a polyurethane resin which is applied as a low-viscosity solution in organic solvents.

Abstract: In a method of hot-galvanizing ferrous materials, in order to improve results, there is provision, during the course of the galvanizing, for a step for the introduction of various suitable metals, preferably selected from aluminum, potassium, nickel, magnesium and manganese, which are introduced in the form of their salts.