Abstract: Photosensitive devices and associated methods are provided. In one aspect, for example, a photosensitive imager device can include a semiconductor substrate having multiple doped regions forming at least one junction, a textured region coupled to the semiconductor substrate and positioned to interact with electromagnetic radiation, and an electrical transfer element coupled to the semiconductor substrate and operable to transfer an electrical signal from the at least one junction. In one aspect, the textured region is operable to facilitate generation of an electrical signal from the detection of infrared electromagnetic radiation. In another aspect, interacting with electromagnetic radiation further includes increasing the semiconductor substrate's effective absorption wavelength as compared to a semiconductor substrate lacking a textured region.

Abstract: A post-processing method of a quantum dot light-emitting diode, which includes the following steps: providing a quantum dot light-emitting diode, the quantum dot light-emitting diode includes a cathode and an anode arranged oppositely, and a quantum dot light-emitting layer arranged between the cathode and the anode; energizing the cathode and anode of the quantum dot light-emitting diode, and performing a light irradiation treatment on the quantum dot light-emitting diode.

Abstract: Embodiments include package substrates and a method of forming the package substrates. A package substrate includes a self-assembled monolayer (SAM) layer over a first dielectric, where the SAM layer includes first end groups and second end groups. The second end groups may include a plurality of hydrophobic moieties. The package substrate also includes a conductive pad on the first dielectric, where the conductive pad has a bottom surface, a top surface, and a sidewall, and where the SAM layer surrounds and contacts a surface of the sidewall of the conductive pad. The hydrophobic moieties may include fluorinated moieties. The conductive pad includes a copper material, where the top surface of the conductive pad has a surface roughness that is approximately equal to a surface roughness of the as-plated copper material. The SAM layer may have a thickness that is approximately 0.1 nm to 20 nm.

Abstract: The embodiment of the present invention discloses a display panel, a manufacturing method thereof, and a display device. In the embodiment of the present invention, a liquid crystal layer of the display panel includes a plurality of dichroic dye liquid crystal microcapsules, a dichroic dye in dichroic dye liquid crystal microcapsules can absorb incident light such that when the display panel performs no signal transmission, the dichroic dye polymer network liquid crystal can effectively absorb incident light to lower a dark state transmittance of the display panel to further enhance contrast of the display panel and improve optical characteristics thereof.

Abstract: A silicon solar cell and a method of manufacturing the same are disclosed. The silicon solar cell includes a silicon semiconductor substrate doped with first conductive impurities, an emitter layer doped with second conductive impurities having polarities opposite polarities of the first conductive impurities on the substrate, an anti-reflective layer on an entire surface of the substrate, an upper electrode that passes through the anti-reflective layer and is connected to the emitter layer, and a lower electrode connected to a lower portion of the substrate. The emitter layer includes a first emitter layer heavily doped with the second conductive impurities and a second emitter layer lightly doped with the second conductive impurities. A surface resistance of the second emitter layer is 100 Ohm/sq to 120 Ohm/sq.

Abstract: A solar cell extrusion printing system includes a printhead assembly having one or more elongated valve structures that are adjustably disposed adjacent to the outlet orifices of selected nozzle channels, and a valve control device for controlling the position of the valve structures to facilitate controllable ink flow through selected nozzle channels of the printhead assembly during the gridline printing process. The printhead assembly defines an elongated opening (e.g., a slot or hole) that that intersects (i.e., passes through) each of the selected nozzle channels, and an elongated member is movably disposed in the slot and is selectively movable between a first (opened) position, in which the valve structure extrusion material is passed by the valve structure through the nozzle channel and out of the printhead, and a closed position, in which the extrusion material is blocked by the valve structure and prevented from passing through the nozzle channel.

Abstract: A method of coating a substrate is disclosed. The method includes providing a substrate; depositing an infrared reflecting layer over at least a portion of a substrate; depositing a primer layer over at least a portion of the infrared reflective layer; depositing a dielectric layer over at least a portion of the primer layer; and forming an absorbing layer. The absorbing layer includes an alloy and/or mixture of (a) a metal having an index of refraction at 500 nm less than or equal to 1.0 and (b) a material having a ?G°f of greater than or equal to ?100 at 1000° K. The metal can be silver and the material can be tin.

Abstract: One limitation to the realisation of mass produced electrochemical cells is a lack of high resolution patterning techniques providing accurate alignment. A method of fabricating a patterned structure on a polymer layer for the manufacture of an electrochemical cell is provided. The method comprises: depositing a polymer layer upon a substrate; and stamping the polymer layer to form an embossed polymer layer using an embossing tool, the embossing tool having a first array of adjacent cells, spaced from one another and extending from the stamping face of the embossing tool and thereby forming a second array of adjacent cells, spaced from one another and extending as cavities within the embossed polymer layer.

Abstract: Provided are a method and device for marking an article for security, tracking or authentication. The method includes depositing a solution comprising a nucleic acid marker onto at least a portion of the article. The nucleic acid marker may be activated, for example, by adding a functional group to the nucleic acid marker. The activation of the nucleic acid marker may be performed by exposure to alkaline conditions. The method is well suited for marking fibers and textiles, as well as many other items.

Abstract: Among other things, two networks, one on top of the other, are formed on a substrate based on coating materials containing emulsions or foams. The two networks can be formed of the same material, e.g., a conductive material such as silver, or can be formed of different materials. The coating materials forming the different networks can have different concentration of network materials.

Abstract: The present invention provides a polymer molecular film, a photo-electronic element comprising the same and method for manufacturing the same. The polymer molecular film of the invention is formed via a deformation process on a substrate. Particularly, the polymer molecular film includes a plurality of conjugated polymers, therein at least one of the conjugated polymers has a stretched molecular structure. As a result, the photo-electronic element having said polymer molecular film performs with good lighting or power generating efficiency.

Abstract: A method for producing a metal contact structure of a photovoltaic solar cell, including: applying an electrically non-conductive insulating layer to a semiconductor substrate, applying a metal contact layer to the insulating layer, and generating a plurality of local electrically conductive connections between the semiconductor substrate and the contact layer right through the insulating layer. The metal contact layer is formed using two pastes containing metal particles: the first paste containing metal particles is applied to local regions, and the second paste containing metal particles is applied covering at least the regions covered with the first paste and partial regions located therebetween.

Abstract: A film-formation method whereby a minute pattern thin film can be formed on a deposition substrate, without provision of a mask between a material and the deposition substrate. Moreover, a light-emitting element is formed by such a film-formation method, and a high-definition light-emitting device can be manufactured. Through a film-formation substrate in which a reflective layer, a light-absorbing layer and a material layer are formed, the light-absorbing layer is irradiated with light, so that a material contained in the material layer is deposited on a deposition substrate which is disposed to face the film-formation substrate. Since the reflective layer is selectively formed, a film to be deposited on the deposition substrate can be selectively formed with a minute pattern reflecting the pattern of the reflective layer. A wet process can be employed for formation of the material layer.

Abstract: An optical board includes a plate-shaped resin base material including a slit-shaped optical fiber housing portion formed thereon, a metal layer formed on a surface of the based material, and a reflective layer for reflecting light propagating in an optical fiber housed in the optical fiber housing portion. The base material further includes an inclined surface inclined with respect to the surface of the base material at a terminal end of the optical fiber housing portion. The reflective layer is formed over an end face of the metal layer and the inclined surface, the end face forming a flat surface continuously with the inclined surface.

Abstract: An electrophoretic display device includes an electrophoretic displaying layer, a photoconductive layer and a top electrode layer. The electrophoretic displaying layer includes a number of pixels. The top electrode layer and the photoconductive layer are respectively disposed at two opposite sides of the electrophoretic displaying layer. The photoconductive layer includes a number of photoconductive units spaced apart from each other. Each of the pixels corresponds to at least one photoconductive units. The present invention also provides a method for manufacturing the electrophoretic display device and a method for driving the electrophoretic display device.

Abstract: Improved methods and apparatus for forming thin-film layers of chalcogenide on a substrate web. Solutions containing the reactants for the chalcogenide layer may be contained substantially to the front surface of the web, controlling the boundaries of the reaction and avoiding undesired deposition of chalcogenide upon the back side of the web.

Abstract: Patterned multilayer films, such as those used in electronic devices, solar cells, solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs), and solid oxide electrolysis cells (SOECs) may be deposited and annealed in a single tool. The tool includes an inkjet printer head, a heater, and a laser. The inkjet printer head deposits on a substrate either suspended particles of a functional material or solvated precursors of a functional material. The head is mounted on a support that allows the head to scan the substrate by moving along the support in a first direction and moving the support along a second direction. After the head deposits the material the heater evaporates solvent from substrate, and the depositing and heating may be repeated one or more times to form a patterned multilayer material. Then, a laser, microwave, and/or Joule effect heating device may be used to anneal the multilayer material to a desired pattern and crystalline state.

Abstract: A micro-extrusion printhead assembly utilized in a micro-extrusion system to form parallel extruded lines of material on a substrate includes a material feed mechanism for pushing/drawing materials out of dispensing orifices defined in the printhead assembly, a Z-axis positioning mechanism, and a base. A production method utilizes the micro-extrusion system to directly print endpoint structures at the end of each gridline, and by extruding these gridlines immediately after forming the busbars. In accordance with an embodiment of the invention, the micro-extrusion system is controlled to manipulate the printhead speed and/or gridline material extrusion pressure at the beginning, middle and end of each gridline printing process such that teardrop-shaped endpoint structures are formed at the ends of each gridline, whereby each endpoint structure has a substantially greater width than that of the main “central” gridline structure extending between the endpoint structures.

Abstract: A thin film and a method of making a thin film. The thin film comprises a patterned substrate, a smooth film of electric field tuned quantum dots solution positioned on the patterned substrate, and a thin layer of metal positioned on the thin film. The method begins by drop-casting a quantum dots solution onto a patterned substrate to create a thin film. While the quantum dots solution is drying, a linearly increasing electric filed is applied. The thin film is then placed in a deposition chamber and a thin layer of metal is deposited onto the thin film. Also included are a method of measuring the photoinduced charge transfer (PCT) rate in a quantum dot nanocomposite film and methods of forming a Shottky barrier on a transparent ITO electrode of a quantum dot film.

Abstract: There is provided a photoelectric composite substrate including: a wiring substrate comprising a first region and a second region; an optical waveguide disposed on the first region of the wiring substrate and including: a first cladding layer on the wiring substrate; a core layer on the first cladding layer; a second cladding layer on the core layer; a wiring layer on the second region of the wiring substrate; and an insulating layer having an opening portion on the wiring layer such that the wiring layer is exposed through the opening portion, wherein the insulating layer is made of the same material as that of the core layer.

Abstract: When forming an electrode by printing several times, the cross section area of the electrode is increased and the resistance is reduced while more electrode material is required, which leads to a cost up and waste of resources. There is provided a solar cell manufacturing method for forming an electrode of a predetermined pattern by repeating printing on a substrate surface by a predetermined number of times. A mask pattern for printing the entire predetermined pattern is used at least once among the predetermined number of printings while mask patterns, each for printing a part of the predetermined pattern, are used in the other printings, thereby forming the electrode of the predetermined pattern.

Abstract: A transfer film includes a substrate, a decorative layer, and an adhering layer. The decorative layer is positioned by solidifying ultraviolet curing ink on the substrate. The adhering layer is positioned on the decorative layer.

Abstract: A manufacturing method of an electromechanical transducing device includes forming a vibration plate on a substrate; forming a first electrode made of a metal on the vibration plate; forming a second electrode made of an electrically conductive oxide on the first electrode; coating a surface modification material and carrying out surface modification of only the first electrode; forming an electromechanical transducing film on the second electrode; and forming a third electrode made of an electrically conductive oxide on the electromechanical transducing film.

Abstract: A photodetector includes a substrate, a graphene layer disposed on the substrate, a first electrode disposed on the graphene layer, and a second electrode disposed on the graphene layer, where the first and second electrodes are spaced apart from each other, and where each of the first and second electrodes comprises a complex transparent electrode. The complex transparent electrode of the first electrode may have a different composition from the complex transparent electrode of the second electrode.

Abstract: Example embodiments relate to a method of manufacturing a polymer dispersed liquid crystal (PDLC) display device including dichroic dye. The method may include filling a mixture solution including liquid crystals, a photopolymerizable material, dichroic dyes, and liquid crystalline polymers in a space between a first electrode and a second electrode that face each other; applying an electric field between the first electrode and the second electrode; and arranging the dichroic dyes in the mixture solution.

Abstract: Processes and compositions for making photovoltaic absorber materials for thin film solar cells including CIGS are disclosed. The processes and compositions achieve high thickness per pass for efficient manufacturing. Processes include depositing one or more layers of an ink onto a substrate, wherein the ink contains one or more polymeric precursor compounds. An ink for making a photovoltaic absorber material may contain one or more precursor compounds and an additive dissolved in one or more solvents, including hydrocarbon solvents.

Abstract: Photovoltaic conductive features and processes for forming photovoltaic conductive features are described. The process comprises (a) providing a substrate comprising a passivation layer disposed on a silicon layer; (b) depositing a surface modifying material onto at least a portion of the passivation layer; (c) depositing a composition comprising at least one of metallic nanoparticles comprising a metal or a metal precursor to the metal onto at least a portion of the substrate; and (d) heating the composition such that it forms at least a portion of a photovoltaic conductive feature in electrical contact with the silicon layer, wherein at least one of the composition or the surface modifying material etches a region of the passivation layer. When the surface modifying material is a UV-curable material, the process comprises the additional step of curing the UV-curable material.

Abstract: A liquid discharge method is a method for depositing liquid on a plurality of target discharge partitioned areas formed on a substrate as the liquid is selectively discharged from a plurality of discharge nozzles while the substrate and the discharge nozzles are moved relative to each other. The liquid discharge method includes setting an arrangement pattern according to shapes and positions of the target discharge partitioned areas so that a number of the discharge nozzles selected to be used among the discharge nozzles capable of depositing the liquid in the target discharge partitioned areas is the same in each discharge timing.

Abstract: Exemplary embodiments provide methodologies for generating structures of filamentous carbon (or carbon filaments) with controlled geometries. In one exemplary embodiment of forming the carbon filament structure, a metal template can be exposed to a fuel rich gaseous mixture to form a carbon filament structure at an appropriate gas flow and/or at an appropriate temperature on the metal template. The metal template can have one or more metal surfaces with controlled geometries. Carbon filament structures can then be grown on the metal surfaces having corresponding geometries (or shapes) in the growth direction. The carbon filament structure can be two or three dimensional and can have high density. In various embodiments, the metal template can be removed to leave a self-supporting carbon filament structure.

Abstract: A structure and manufacturing method of transparent conductive circuits, comprises a base material, ink layer provided with absorbing polymer liquid characteristics and a conductive layer composed of a conductive polymer coating. The ink layer is attached to the areas on the surface of the base material not requiring electrical conductivity, and heat energy or radiation is used to accelerate drying and hardening of the ink layer. The conductive layer with an area larger than that of the ink layer is attached to and contacts the ink layer, thereby enabling the ink layer attached to the surface of the base material to increase electrical resistivity of conductive layer in contact therewith. The areas relative to the conductive layer on the surface of the base material not in contact with the ink layer are provided with electrical conductivity. Accordingly, the required conductive circuits or patterns are formed on the base material.

Abstract: An image sensor includes a color filter, an over-coating layer formed on the color filter, and a medium layer formed on the over-coating layer, wherein the medium layer is configured with at least two medium layers of which refractive indices are different from each other.

Abstract: A waveguide structure includes a supporting substrate and a waveguide having at least one guide layer with a refractive index n1. This layer comprises a zone of birefringence B which comprises voids provided in the thickness of the guide layer filled with a fluid or material having a refractive index n2. These are organized in at least two parallel rows, each row being in a plane perpendicular to the surface of the guide layer and parallel to the direction of propagation of the optical wave in the guide layer; each row extending over a distance equal to or greater than the wavelength of the optical wave; the width of the voids being ? 1/10th of the wavelength of the optical wave; each void within one row being at a distance from an adjacent void of ? 1/10th of the wavelength of the optical wave.

Abstract: A method of detecting the alignment of a substrate during a sequence of printing steps, comprises detecting in a detection unit a position of at least one printing track that forms a printed pattern onto a surface of the substrate in a first printing station, determining a reference point in at least a portion of the printing track, comparing the actual position of the reference point with an expected or previously detected position of the reference point, determining an offset between the actual position and the expected or previously detected position of the reference point, adjusting the reciprocal position between the printing head of a second printing station and the substrate to account for the determined offset, and then printing a second pattern over the first pattern.

Abstract: The present invention provides a method for forming an organic molecular film structure that can maintain desired functions characteristic to the organic material and that can be realized as a thin film, and the organic molecular film structure. An organic molecular film structure forming method for forming an organic molecular film on a base material comprises the steps of: i) forming a monomolecular film (12) that contains first organic molecules (12a) by chemically bonding a surface of the base material (10) and the first organic molecules (12a); and ii) causing second organic molecules (15) to be present inside the monomolecular film (12) by bringing the second organic molecules (15) into contact with the monomolecular film (12). Accordingly, it is possible to form an organic molecular film that can maintain desired functions characteristic to the organic material and that can be realized as a thin film.

Abstract: A method for manufacturing an active layer of a solar cell is disclosed, the active layer manufactured including multiple micro cavities in sub-micrometer scale, which can increase the photoelectric conversion rate of a solar cell. The method comprises following steps: providing a substrate having multiple layers of nanospheres which are formed by the aggregated nanospheres; forming at least one silicon active layer to fill the inter-gap between the nanospheres and part of the surface of the substrate; and removing the nanospheres to form an active layer having plural micro cavities on the surface of the substrate. The present invention also provides a solar cell comprising: a substrate, an active layer, a transparent top-passivation, at least one front contact pad, and at least one back contact pad. The active layer locates on a surface of the substrate and has plural micro cavities whose diameter is less than one micrometer.

Abstract: The invention is directed to a paste composition used for forming an electrode or wiring, wherein it comprises a) a conductive powder; b) a cellulose binder; c) an acrylate monomer; d) a radical polymerization initiator; and e) a solvent, and it is curable at a low temperature when compared to the prior paste compositions and it has excellent hardness, electrical resistivity and stability so that it can be usefully used for forming an electrode or wiring for a solar cell, RFID (Radio Frequency Identification) or PCB (Printed Circuit Board).

Abstract: A micro-extrusion printhead assembly utilized in a micro-extrusion system to form parallel extruded lines of material on a substrate includes a material feed mechanism for pushing/drawing materials out of dispensing orifices defined in the printhead assembly, a Z-axis positioning mechanism, and a base. A production method utilizes the micro-extrusion system to directly print endpoint structures at the end of each gridline, and by extruding these gridlines immediately after forming the busbars. In accordance with an embodiment of the invention, the micro-extrusion system is controlled to manipulate the printhead speed and/or gridline material extrusion pressure at the beginning, middle and end of each gridline printing process such that teardrop-shaped endpoint structures are formed at the ends of each gridline, whereby each endpoint structure has a substantially greater width than that of the main “central” gridline structure extending between the endpoint structures.

Abstract: An electrophoretic display device includes an electrophoretic displaying layer, a photoconductive layer and a top electrode layer. The electrophoretic displaying layer includes a number of pixels. The top electrode layer and the photoconductive layer are respectively disposed at two opposite sides of the electrophoretic displaying layer. The photoconductive layer includes a number of photoconductive units spaced apart from each other. Each of the pixels corresponds to at least one photoconductive units. The present invention also provides a method for manufacturing the electrophoretic display device and a method for driving the electrophoretic display device.

Abstract: The invention discloses a method and an apparatus for production of series-connected thin-film solar cells on rigid substrates. A semi-finished product having a rigid mount substrate is arranged on a receptacle, and is introduced into a deposition chamber having a deposition device. Furthermore, a masking device having at least one masking means, which is in the form of a strand and is prestressed in the longitudinal direction, is applied to a surface of the semi-finished product facing the deposition device, wherein the masking means which is in the form of a strand preferably has a plurality of filaments which rest on one another. In order to structure a material layer to be deposited, the surface of the semi-finished product is partially shadowed by means of the masking device with respect to the deposition device.

Abstract: A foam mount of an aircraft window has a groove to receive an electro chromic window. The foam mount is painted by placing a blank in the groove to divide the foam mount into a first section designated to face the exterior of the aircraft and an opposite second section. The groove and the first section are coated with an electric conductive paint, and the second section is covered with a decorative paint. The conductive coating on the foam mount and the conductive coating of the electrodes of the electro chromic window provide an RF shielding to prevent electronic signals from personal electronic equipment from passing through the cabin and door windows of the aircraft. A mask is also provided to coat one section of the foam mount while covering the other section.

Abstract: A transparent electrically conductive substrate having a high photovoltaic conversion efficiency surface electrode, and a method for its manufacture, are disclosed. A thin-film solar cell and a method for its manufacture are also disclosed. An indium oxide based amorphous transparent electrically conductive film is formed on the substrate as an underlying film 21 and a zinc oxide based crystalline transparent electrically conductive film is formed on the so formed amorphous transparent electrically conductive film to form a surface electrode 2 of an optimum uneven surface structure. As a consequence, the surface electrode 2 having a high light confining effect may be provided and a thin-film solar cell 10 may be provided which exhibits higher photovoltaic conversion efficiency (FIG.

Abstract: There is provided a process for vacuum drying. The process includes the steps of: depositing a liquid composition containing a film-forming material and at least one solvent onto a workpiece to form a wet layer; placing the wet layer on the workpiece into a vacuum chamber including a condenser; and treating the wet layer at a controlled temperature in the range of ?25 to 80° C. and under an applied vacuum in the range of 10?6 to 1,000 Torr for a period of 1-100 minutes; wherein the condenser is maintained at a temperature at which the solvent will condense as a liquid at the applied vacuum.

Abstract: The invention relates to a waveguide structure comprising a supporting substrate and a waveguide comprising at least one guide layer having a refractive index n1. This layer comprises a zone of birefringence B which comprises voids provided in the thickness of the guide layer filled with a fluid or material having a refractive index n2.

Abstract: A screen-printing method for forming a screen-printing layer on an object includes following steps. A screen is disposed on the object and ink is applied on the screen. The screen comprises a screen frame, a screen cloth, and an emulsion layer. Each warp and each weft of the screen are respectively parallel with or perpendicular to the screen frame. Each warp is perpendicular to each weft. The emulsion layer having a screen-printing pattern is disposed on the screen. A flood bar is moved along a first direction for covering the screen cloth with the ink. The ink is pressed downward by a scraper and the scraper is moved along a second direction for transferring part of the ink on the object through the screen-printing pattern, wherein a first angle between the scraper and the warps is in a range of 15° to 20° while the scraper is moved.

Abstract: A method for patterning a thin film photovoltaic panel on a substrate characterized by a compaction parameter. The method includes forming molybdenum material overlying the substrate and forming a first plurality of patterns in the molybdenum material to configure a first patterned structure having a first inter-pattern spacing. Additionally, the method includes forming a precursor material comprising at least copper bearing species and indium bearing species overlying the first patterned structure. Then the substrate including the precursor material is subjected to a thermal processes to form at least an absorber structure.

Abstract: The invention provides an electrode comprising an electrically conductive material having a surface capable of producing surface enhanced Raman scattering of incident light from a complex adsorbed at the surface of the electrode, the complex including the electrically conductive material combined with a second material that is substantially reducible and not substantially oxidizable. The surface of the electrode can be microroughened. The invention also includes a method for making various embodiments of the electrode, and a method of generating electricity using the electrode. In accordance with a further aspect of the invention, a fuel cell is provided including the electrode of the invention.

Abstract: Disclosed is a method for manufacturing a solar cell. The method includes forming an impurity layer on a substrate of a first conductive type, the impurity layer having impurities of a second conductive type opposite the first conductive type; forming a first emitter portion having a first impurity concentration in the substrate using the impurity layer by heating the substrate with the impurity layer; forming a second emitter portion having a second impurity concentration at the first emitter portion using the impurity layer by irradiating laser beams on a region of the impurity layer, the second impurity concentration being greater than the first impurity concentration; and forming a first electrode connected to the second emitter portion and a second electrode connected to the substrate.

Abstract: A compact, optical measurement system has a non-flat detector array having multiple detector elements arranged on a flexible substrate in a monolithic fashion, one or more illumination sources arranged to provide more than one angle of incidence of light on a subject being measured, and a detection system in electrical communication with the detector array, the detection system arranged to receive inputs from the detector array and provide a measurement from the inputs. A method of measuring reflectance of a surface includes placing the surface adjacent a hemispherical detector array, illuminating the surface from a predetermined angle of incidence, simultaneously detecting reflectance at multiple emission angles using the hemispherical detector array, and repeating the illuminating and detecting processes at different angles of incidence. Optional arrays of lenses, baffles and filters may be employed by the system.

Abstract: A method of depositing a kesterite film which includes a compound of the formula: Cu2?xZn1+ySn(S1?zSez)4+q, wherein 0?x?1; 0?y?1; 0?z?1; ?1?q?1. The method includes contacting hydrazine, a source of Cu, and a source of at least one of S and Se forming solution A; contacting hydrazine, a source of Sn, a source of at least one of S and Se, and a source of Zn forming dispersion B; mixing solution A and dispersion B under conditions sufficient to form a dispersion which includes Zn-containing solid particles; applying the dispersion onto a substrate to form a thin layer of the dispersion on the substrate; and annealing at a temperature, pressure, and length of time sufficient to form the kesterite film. An annealing composition and a photovoltaic device including the kesterite film formed by the above method are also provided.

Abstract: Simplified patterning of layers of a thin film is disclosed. In some embodiments, the patterning can include patterning a first conductive layer using a patterned dielectric layer as a mask and patterning a second conductive layer using a patterned passivation layer as another mask. In other embodiments, the patterning can include patterning a first conductive layer using a removable photosensitive layer as a mask, patterning a black mask layer using a removable photo mask, and patterning a second conductive layer using a patterned passivation layer as another mask. In still other embodiments, the patterning can include patterning a first conductive layer using a patterned black mask layer as a mask and patterning a second conductive layer using a patterned passivation layer as another mask. An exemplary device utilizing the thin film so patterned can include a touch sensor panel.