Abstract: The present application relates to an encapsulating composition and an organic electronic device comprising the same, and provides an encapsulating composition which can effectively block moisture or oxygen introduced into an organic electronic device from the outside to secure the lifetime of the organic electronic device, is possible to realize a top emission type organic electronic device, is applicable to an inkjet method and can provide a thin display.

Abstract: The present invention provides compositions, methods and kits for the temporal control induction time for a polymerization reaction.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a liquid crystal display device including a specific liquid crystal composition and a sealant in which a cured product of a specific curable resin composition is used. The present invention provides a liquid crystal display device which prevents a decrease in the voltage holding ratio (VHR) of the liquid crystal layer and which enables elimination of problematic defective display such as voids, uneven alignment, and screen burn-in. Since the liquid crystal display device of the present invention prevents a decrease in the voltage holding ratio (VHR) of the liquid crystal layer and enables a reduction in defective display such as uneven alignment and screen burn-in, it is particularly useful for active-matrix liquid crystal display devices of a VA mode and PSVA mode and can be applied to liquid crystal display apparatuses such as liquid crystal TVs, monitors, mobile phones, and smartphones.

Abstract: Provided are: an epoxy resin composition which enables the production of a carbon-fiber-reinforced composite material having excellent tensile strength and compressive strength and suitable as a material for structures; a prepreg; and a carbon-fiber-reinforced composite material. An epoxy resin composition characterized by comprising at least [A] an epoxy resin having a structure represented by formula (1), [B] an epoxy resin having at least one amine-type glycidyl group or at least one ether-type glycidyl group and having a liquid form at 40° C. and [C] a curing agent; and a prepreg and a carbon-fiber-reinforced composite material, each produced using the epoxy resin composition. (In the formula, R1 to R4 independently represent at least one atom or group selected from the group consisting of a hydrogen atom, an aliphatic hydrocarbon group having 1 to 4 carbon atoms, an alicyclic hydrocarbon group having 4 or less carbon atoms, and a halogen atom.

Abstract: There are provided a radically curable adhesive composition maintaining adhesiveness thereof even in high-humidity environments, and a polarizing plate including the radically curable adhesive composition. The radically curable adhesive composition includes: a compound represented by Formula 1; a vinyl ether-based compound; a carboxylic acid compound having at least one unsaturated double bond; and a radical initiator.

Abstract: A display apparatus that accommodates a display panel of displaying an image in a housing, the display apparatus comprises: a transparent protective member that covers a part of the housing and is arranged at a display face of the display panel; a transparent adhesive member that is arranged at a position corresponding to a display area of the display panel on a face of the transparent protective member, which faces the display panel, so that the display panel is stuck; and an adhesive member that is arranged at a peripheral area, which is provided from an outside of the display area of the display panel up to an end portion of the transparent protective member.

Abstract: The invention relates to a photosensitive resin composition, and it has the advantages of a high development speed and good compatibility. The invention also provides a method for manufacturing a color filter, color filter and liquid crystal display device.

Abstract: A sealant composition particularly suitable for a plastic substrate is disclosed. The sealant composition contains: a partially (meth)acrylated epoxy resin, a hydrophobic oligomer having a flexible hydrophobic backbone moiety and at least one functional group co-curable with the partially (meth)acrylated epoxy resin, and a latent epoxy-curing agent.

Abstract: An acrylic adhesive composition includes: an acrylic resin; an epoxy resin; and a cationic photoinitiator, the acrylic adhesive composition having a storage modulus of about 6×106 dyne/cm2 to about 1×108 dyne/cm2 at 25° C. and a storage modulus of about 5×103 dyne/cm2 to about 1×106 dyne/cm2 at 80° C. A polarizing plate includes a polarizing film and an adhesive layer on one or both sides of the polarizing film, the adhesive layer including a cured product of the acrylic adhesive composition. A liquid crystal display including a liquid crystal panel and the polarizing plate on one or both sides of the liquid crystal panel is also disclosed.

Abstract: An optical element and a stereoscopic image display device are provided. The optical element is a light-dividing element, for example an element that can divide incident light into at least two kinds of light having different polarized states. Therefore, the optical element can be used to realize a stereoscopic image.

Abstract: An optical device and a stereoscopic image display device are provided. The optical device according to one embodiment may be a light-dividing device, for example, a device that can divide incident light into at least two kinds of light having different polarized states. For example, the optical device can be used to realize a stereoscopic image.

Abstract: The invention relates to an acrylic adhesive composition, more particularly, to an adhesive composition which: specifies the contents of a (meth)acrylic ester-based monomer and an aromatic group-containing monomer of an acrylic copolymer as a composition having little or no difference of birefringence; has excellent durability; and can reduce light leakage due to flexure by mixing a crosslinkable functional group-containing acrylic copolymer (A) and an acrylic copolymer (B) which does not contain the crosslinkable functional group, in a ratio of 1:9 to 5:5.

Abstract: The present invention relates to an adhesive composition including 100 parts by weight of a first epoxy compound having a glass transition temperature of a homopolymer of not less than 120° C., 30 parts by weight to 100 parts by weight of a second epoxy compound having a glass transition temperature of a homopolymer of not more than 60° C., and 0.5 parts by weight to 20 parts by weight of a cationic photopolymerization initiator, and a polarizing plate using the same.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a pressure sensitive adhesive composition, a polarizer and a liquid crystal display device. The present invention may provide a pressure sensitive adhesive which can have excellent stress relaxation characteristic to effectively inhibit light leakage by dimension change of optical films such as polarizing plates. In addition, a pressure sensitive adhesive having excellent physical properties such as adhesion durability and workability may be provided.

Abstract: A sealant that can be used in a liquid crystal display device without contaminating the liquid crystal layer is presented. The sealant includes an acrylic-based compound having at least two acryl groups per molecule and an epoxy-based compound having an epoxy group and a dihydrazide compound. A liquid crystal display using the sealant is provided. The liquid crystal display includes a first substrate having a display area, a second substrate on the first substrate and a liquid crystal layer interposed between the first and second substrates. A sealant pattern is formed on any one of the first and second substrates in an outer portion of the display area by using the sealant.

Abstract: Provided are a bonded structure, a sealed structure, an electronic component including the same, a bonding method, and a sealing method, the bonded structure and sealed structure allow hermetic adhesion using an adhesive even when the materials of the bonding surfaces are different, or the bonding surfaces have low wettability for the adhesive. A sealed structure 21 used for an electronic component or the like includes a first bonding surface 17 on a first adherent 11 bonded to a second bonding surface 18 on a second adherent 16 via an adhesive layer 24, the first and/or second bonding surfaces 17 and 18 having films 22 and 23 of film-forming compounds, the film-forming compounds being bound to the surfaces 17 and 18 at one end of the molecule thereof, and bound to a molecule of the adhesive at the functional group at the other end of the molecule.

Abstract: A sealant for a one drop fill process is characterized by curing through two steps consisting of photocure using visible light from which 400 nm or shorter wavelengths are cut off and thermal cure and, when in contact with a liquid crystal composition, is less contaminating to the liquid crystal composition with a photo radical initiator, and exhibits high adhesive strength to a substrate. The sealant contains (1) a titanocene photo radical initiator, (2) a photocuring resin, (3) a latent epoxy curing agent and, if necessary, (4) a monomer having at least two glycidyl ether groups per molecule as a thermosetting resin.

Abstract: Disclosed is a sealant composition for a liquid crystal display device, the sealant composition including a (meta) acrylate compound as expressed in Chemical Formula 1 below

Abstract: A sealant for a one drop fill process of the invention contains the following components (1), (2), (3), and (4): (1) a curing agent composed of a reaction product produced by reacting an acid compound and a polyamine containing, within its molecule, at least one active hydrogen and at least two nitrogen atoms; (2) a heat-curable resin; (3) an acylphosphine-based photoinitiator; and (4) a photo-curable resin. A heat-curable resin containing a bisphenol A propylene oxide-modified epoxy resin is preferably used as the heat-curable resin (2), and a photo-curable resin containing a bisphenol A acrylate-modified resin is preferably used as the photo-curable resin (4).

Abstract: The invention provides a composition for sealing a semiconductor, the composition being able to form a thin resin layer, suppress the diffusion of a metal component to a porous interlayer dielectric layer, and exhibit superior adherence with respect to an interconnection material. The composition for sealing a semiconductor contains a resin having two or more cationic functional groups and a weight-average molecular weight of from 2,000 to 100,000; contains sodium and potassium each in an amount based on element content of not more than 10 ppb by weight; and has a volume average particle diameter, measured by a dynamic light scattering method, of not more than 10 nm.

Abstract: A photocationically polymerizable adhesive composition and an optical member, the photocationically polymerizable adhesive composition including about 75 to about 99.8 parts by weight of a compound including one of aliphatic epoxy, alicyclic epoxy, oxetane, and vinyl ether compounds, about 0.1 to about 5 parts by weight of a titanate coupling agent, and about 0.1 to about 20 parts by weight of a photopolymerization initiator, wherein a sum of weights of the compound, the titanate coupling agent, and the photopolymerization initiator is 100 parts by weight.

Abstract: Disclosed is an adamantane derivative which provides a cured product excellent in optical characteristics such as transparency and light resistance, long-term heat resistance, electrical characteristics such as and dielectric constant, and low water absorption. Also disclosed are a resin composition containing the adamantane derivative, a sealing agent for electronic circuits, optical electronic member, semiconductor device and copper-clad laminate all using the resin composition, and a radiation-sensitive resin composition which contains the above-mentioned adamantane derivative as a crosslinking agent.

Abstract: There has been a need for an overcoat film composition that functions as an overcoat film in terms of high transparency and flatness, and that also functions as an aligning film in terms of liquid crystal molecular alignment. There has also been a need to lower the cost of manufacturing a liquid crystal display element. There is provided an overcoat film composition comprising one or more compounds selected from the group of polyester-polyamic acids (A1) obtained using at least a polyhydric hydroxy compound (a1), a diamine (a2), and a compound having two or more acid anhydride groups (a3), and polyester-polyimides (A2) that are imidization products thereof, and a polyamic acid (B).

Abstract: An adhesive film used for bonding a semiconductor component or a liquid crystal display component with a substrate, the adhesive film being composed of a resin composition containing a curable resin and a filler, and the adhesive film showing a water vapor transmission rate of 30 [g/m2·24 h] or above, wherein the curable resin preferably contains photo-curable resin, thermosetting resin, or curable resin cured both by light and heat. The filler preferably contains a porous filler, the filler preferably has a mean void diameter of 0.1 to 5 nm, and the adhesive film preferably shows a water vapor transmission rate at 25° C. of 4 [g/m2·24 h] or above.

Abstract: A sealing material for a flat panel display contains 100 parts by weight of a compound (A) containing at least one epoxy group in the molecule, and 0.01 to 40 parts by weight of a compound (B) that generates a base upon irradiation. The compound (B) that generates a base upon irradiation is preferably a compound that generates a tertiary amine upon irradiation. The sealing material has favorable curability at low temperature, and a long pot life at room temperature, and does not cause deterioration of display members with ionic components and acids.

Abstract: Provided are multilayer laminates having one or more layers comprising twisted nematic liquid crystals and one or more layers of a polymeric sheet comprising a polymer with a modulus between 20,000 psi (138 MPa) and 100,000 psi (690 MPa). The twisted nematic liquid crystal layers reflect infrared radiation. Thus, the multilayer laminates are useful to reduce the transmission of infrared energy. For example, in some embodiments the multilayer laminates are useful as windows to reduce energy consumption necessary to cool the interior of a structure such as an automobile or building. Preferably, the multilayer laminates retain the beneficial properties of safety glass. The multilayer laminates may include additional layers such as infrared absorbing layers, half wave plates, and the like, to minimize the transmission of infrared energy. The multilayer laminates may also include further additional layers such as polymeric films, polymeric sheets, rigid sheets, and the like.

Abstract: Provided are multilayer laminates having one or more layers comprising twisted nematic liquid crystals and one or more layers of a polymeric sheet comprising a polymer with a modulus of 20,000 psi (138 MPa) or less. The twisted nematic liquid crystal layers reflect infrared radiation. Thus, the multilayer laminates are useful to reduce the transmission of infrared energy. For example, in some embodiments the multilayer laminates are useful as windows to reduce energy consumption necessary to cool the interior of a structure such as an automobile or building. Preferably, the multilayer laminates retain the beneficial properties of safety glass. The multilayer laminates may include additional layers such as infrared absorbing layers, half wave plates, and the like, to minimize the transmission of infrared energy. The multilayer laminates may also include further additional layers such as polymeric films, polymeric sheets, rigid sheets, and the like.

Abstract: Disclosed is a paste pattern formation method comprising the steps of: forming a transfer pattern material on a film base material to prepare a transfer film; sticking the transfer film on a substrate on which a transfer pattern is formed so that the transfer pattern material contacts the substrate; separating the film base material from the transfer pattern material; filling a paste into the transfer pattern depression; solidifying the paste; and removing the transfer pattern material.

Abstract: An objective of this application is to provide a sealant for liquid crystals witch is extremely less apt to contaminate liquid crystals and has high adhesion strength. This application discloses a sealant for liquid crystals comprising as essential ingredients (a) a radiation-curable resin represented by the general formula (1): wherein R1 represents a hydrogen atom or a methyl group, R2 represents a hydrogen atom, a halogen atom, a hydroxyl group, a linear, branch or cyclic monovalent alkyl group having 1 to 10 carbon atoms, or an alkoxy group having 1 to 10 carbon atoms, m represents an integer of 1 to 4, and may be the same or different, R3 represents a hydrogen atom or a methyl group, and the number n of the repeating units is a positive number in the range of 0 to 20; (b) a photopolymerization initiator; and (c) an inorganic filler having an average particle diameter of 3 ?m or less.

Abstract: An adhesive film used for bonding a semiconductor component or a liquid crystal display component with a substrate, the adhesive film being composed of a resin composition containing a curable resin and a filler, and the adhesive film showing a water vapor transmission rate of 30 [g/m2·24 h] or above, wherein the curable resin preferably contains photo-curable resin, thermosetting resin, or curable resin cured both by light and heat. The filler preferably contains a porous filler, the filler preferably has a mean void diameter of 0.1 to 5 nm, and the adhesive film preferably shows a water vapor transmission rate at 25° C. of 4 [g/m2·24 h] or above.

Abstract: There is provided a photosensitive composition excellent in photo-curability which comprises an epoxy compound having two or more epoxy groups, a polynuclear phenol compound having a specific structure and an energy beam-sensitive cationic polymerization initiator, and optionally a predetermined percentage of a hydroxyl group-containing compound having one or more hydroxyl groups and one or more of at least one of a vinyl ether group and an oxetanyl group in a molecule, and a cured product of the same whose film is excellent in adhesion to various substrates, water resistance and flexibility.

Abstract: A sealant composition for a plastic liquid display cell is composed of a one-component epoxy resin composition of a base resin liquid and a curing agent liquid, wherein the base resin is a liquid epoxy resin having from 1.7 to 6 in weight average of epoxy groups in one molecule and an ionic conductivity of 2 mS/m or less; and the curing agent has an ionic conductivity of 0.6 mS/m or less. The sealant composition facilitates the fabrication of plastic liquid crystal displays having enhanced durability and sealant properties, particularly in high temperature and high humidity environments.

Abstract: An object of the present invention is to provide an optical film assured of reflectance low enough to suppress glaring and excellent in the scratch resistance, antifouling property and antistatic property, and another object is to provide a polarizing plate and a display, using such an antireflection film. These objects can be attained by an optical film, particularly, an antireflection film, containing a support and a thin film layer formed by coating a composition containing fine particles and a binder, in which the SP value ((B/A)×100)) which is a ratio of an average particle filling factor (B) in the region of 30% of the film thickness on the upper side opposite the support to an average particle filling factor (A) in the entirety of the thin film layer is 90% or less; and a polarizing plate and an image display, using the optical film.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a sealant for liquid crystals having extremely low contamination nature to a liquid crystal, excellent coatability and bondability to a substrate, long service life and pot life and high adhesive strength. A sealant for liquid crystals of the present invention is characterized by comprising (a) an epoxy resin represented by general formula (1): (wherein a represents an integer of 2 to 4; n represents 0 to 3 (average value); R represents a divalent hydrocarbon group of 2 to 6 carbon atoms; A represents a polyvalent aromatic group; and G represents a glycidyl group, provided that when n is 0, (a) an epoxy resin represented by general formula (1) is a bisphenol S-type.), (b) a thermo-curing agent, (c) and a filler having average particle diameter of not larger than 3 ?m.

Abstract: An optically transparent touch panel includes an upper substrate provided with an upper conductive layer formed on a lower surface thereof, and a lower substrate provided with a lower conductive layer formed on an upper surface thereof in a manner to confront the upper conductive layer with a predetermined space. The upper and lower substrates are bonded together with a spacer having a modulus of elasticity between 104 and 106 Pa. The touch panel has a long usable life with the capability of downsizing the whole body, while maintaining a required effective operating area.

Abstract: It is an object of the present invention to provide a photo-curable resin composition which provides a sealing agent for a flat panel display with good moisture permeation resistance and excellent adhesion. The present inventors have conducted extensive studies to solve the above-described problems, and as a result, they have found a photo-curable resin composition which comprises a cationic photopolymerization initiator (A), a cationically polymerizable compound (B), a cyclic polyether compound (C) and another organic compound (D), wherein the amount of (B) is 1.0 to 99.9% by mass and the amount of (C) is 0.0 to 10.0% by mass, both based on the sum of (B), (C) and (D), and the sum (F) of the fluorine atoms in a fluorine-containing organic compound is 0.0 to 40.0% by mass, based on the sum of (B), (C) and (D), and wherein at least 1/1000 mass ratio of the (B) component is a compound containing an oxetanyl group, and both of the contents of (C) and (F) are not 0.0% by mass at the same time.

Abstract: A sealant is provided. The sealant includes an acrylic type compound having at least two acrylic groups per one molecule, an epoxy type compound having at least one epoxy group per one molecule, and a dihydrazide compound. The dihydrazide compound includes 4-isopropyl-2,5-dioxoimidazolidin-1,3-di(propyonohydrazide) and adipic acid dihydrazide. A display device is also provided. The display device includes a pair of substrates and a sealing pattern between the pair of substrates. The sealing pattern includes the sealant.

Abstract: A radiation-curable desiccant-filled adhesive/sealant composition comprising a radiation-curable resin, one or more desiccant fillers, one or more photoinitiators or photosensitizers, and optionally, one or more inorganic or organic fillers.

Abstract: [PROBLEMS] To provide a liquid crystal sealant that exhibits high bonding strength at high temperatures even at a cell gap as narrow as =3 m, being able to provide a liquid crystal display cell of high reliability, and that with respect to the production process, is applicable to both of the conventional thermosetting sheet-fed process and jig press process. [MEANS FOR SOLVING PROBLEMS] There is provided a liquid crystal sealant comprising as essential components (a) epoxy resin, (b) curing agent containing at least one type of each of novolak resin and polyfunctional hydrazide compound, and (c) inorganic filler.

Abstract: The present invention provides a liquid crystal sealing composition and a liquid crystal display panel excellent in adhesion, moisture permeation resistance and heat resistance and superior for use in a sheet press heating bonding system. The liquid crystal sealing composition comprises (1) an alkoxysilyl group-containing modified epoxy resin obtained by de-alcohol condensation reaction of (a) an epoxy resin having at least one hydroxyl group in one molecule and (b) an alkoxysilyl group-containing compound, (2) a heat latent epoxy curing agent, (3) a filler having an average particle diameter of 0.1 to 10 ?m, and if necessary (4) an epoxy resin having at least 1.2 epoxy groups on average in one molecule, (5) an aprotic solvent having a boiling point in the range of 140 to 220° C., compatible with epoxy resin and inert to an epoxy group, and (6) other additives.

Abstract: Disclosed is a display panel including a lower substrate, upper substrate, and a patterned spacer that causes the lower substrate and upper substrate to be spaced apart from each other by a predetermined distance, wherein the patterned spacer is obtained from a photo-sensitive resin composition comprising: (a) a triazine-based photopolymerization initiator represented by the following formula 1; (b) an alkali-soluble photo polymerizable reactive resin binder; and (c) a polymerizable compound: (wherein each of R1-R5 has the same meaning as defined herein). A photosensitive resin composition for use in a patterned spacer is also disclosed, the composition comprising: (a) a triazine-based photopolymerization initiator represented by the following formula 1; (b) an alkali-soluble photopolymerizable reactive resin binder; (c) a polymerizable compound; and (d) a solvent.

Abstract: The invention provides a cured film, which is particularly excellent in flatness and heat resistance and is also excellent in solvent resistance, chemical resistance such as acid resistance, alkali resistance and the like, water resistance, ability to adhere to a substrate such as glass and the like, transparency, scratch resistance, coatability and light resistance, and a resin composition providing the cured film.

Abstract: A protective film (1) includes a substrate (10), an upper hardened layer (20), a lower hardened layer (22), a mirror-effect layer (30), and a DLC (Diamond-Like Carbon) film (40). The substrate is made of transparent plastic material, and has an upper surface (100) and a lower surface (102). The upper hardened layer is formed on the upper surface of the substrate, and the lower hardened layer is formed on the lower surface of the substrate. The mirror-effect layer is formed on a surface of the lower hardened layer. The DLC film is formed on a surface of the upper hardened layer. A method for making the protective film is also provided.

Abstract: The invention provides a color filter substrate and a method for manufacturing the same, including a substrate, a plurality of color filters, and a plurality of banks. The banks separate the color filters, and the angle between the sidewall and the substrate is about 60° to 90°. The banks of the invention efficiently prevent cross-contamination of color materials, thereby improving the resolution of an LCD panel.

Abstract: Disclosed is a sealing material for liquid crystals having high adhesion strength and excellent gap-forming power at bonding of panels. Also disclosed are a method for producing such a sealing material and a method for producing a liquid crystal display cell which is improved in productivity, high-speed response and reliability. The sealing material for liquid crystals is produced through a step wherein fine particles (D) having an average particle size of not more than 3 ?m are dispersed, using a wet dispersion unit (A), in a reactive resin (C) having an epoxy group and/or a (meth)acryloyl group which resin has been dissolved in a solvent (B) and a following step wherein the solvent (B) is removed.

Abstract: A photopolymerizable composition comprising a polymerizable compound and a photopolymerization initiator, wherein the polymerizable compound is characterized by comprising (a) a bifunctional (meth)acrylic acid (thio)ester compound containing a sulfur atom in the molecule and (b) at least one of a (meth)acrylic acid ester compound represented by the general formula (1) or a bifunctional (meth)acrylic acid ester compound having a urethane linkage: wherein R1 and R2 are each independently a hydrogen atom or a methyl group; R3 and R4 are each independently an alkyl group, an aralkyl group, an aryl group or a halogen atom; m and n are each an integer of 0 to 2; X1 is an alkylidene group having 1 to 3 carbon atoms; and Y1 and Y2 are each independently a poly(oxyalkylene) group with the proviso that at least one of Y1 and Y2 is a poly(oxyalkylene) group having a hydroxy group.

Abstract: An epoxy resin composition for semiconductor encapsulation in producing surface mount lead-less thin semiconductor devices. The epoxy resin composition for surface mount lead-less semiconductor device encapsulation which device comprising an encapsulating resin layer and, encapsulated therein, a substrate, a semiconductor element mounted on the substrate, two or more conductive parts disposed around the semiconductor element, and wires which electrically connect electrodes of the semiconductor element to the conductive parts, wherein the bottom face of the substrate and the bottom face of each conductive part are exposed without being encapsulated in the encapsulating resin layer, and the epoxy resin composition used for forming the encapsulating resin layer has the following properties (?) and (?): (?) a melt viscosity of 2-10 Pa.s at 175° C.; and (?) a flexural strength of cured state of 130 MPa or higher at ordinary temperature.

Abstract: An alignment film for avoiding the degradation of the charge holding rate of a LCD, due to ionic impurity of the liquid crystal materials, and the LCD that is made of the same is disclosed herein. The alignment film 10 includes derivatives of polyimides or polyamides and low molecular thermosetting resins having a viscosity of 1–3000 Poise within the temperature of 25° C. Through the use of the alignment film 10 produced by the thermosetting resin monomers, the ionic impurity is prevented from contact with the pixel electrode 16. The performance of the LCD with the alignment film is improved during the test of reliability, even though a liquid crystal material with high dielectric anisotropy is used.

Abstract: A liquid crystal sealant comprising an epoxy resin represented by the following formula (1): [Formula 1] (in the formula, n denotes an average polymerization degree and is a positive number of 0–5) as a resin component, a curing agent, a curing accelerator and an inorganic filler is excellent in screen printability as a liquid crystal sealant in making a liquid crystal display device and can provide excellent reliability in moisture resistance for the liquid crystal display device obtained).

Abstract: The LCD according to present invention includes a first substrate and a second substrate, two protective layers including at least one layer formed on outer surface of the first and second substrates, a transparent electrode formed on inner surface of the first substrate or the second substrate, an alignment layer formed on the transparent electrode, and two polarizers attached on the first and second substrates.