Abstract: A photosensitive resin composition and a manufacturing method thereof, a black matrix, a pixel layer, a protective film, a color filter, and a liquid crystal display apparatus are provided. The photosensitive resin composition includes an alkali-soluble resin (A), a compound (B) containing an ethylenically-unsaturated group, a photoinitiator (C), and a solvent (D), wherein the alkali-soluble resin (A) contains a first alkali-soluble resin (A-1) having all of a fluorene group, a polymerizable unsaturated group, and a carbamate group. The photosensitive resin composition contains a specific alkali-soluble resin (A-1), so that a pattern formed by the photosensitive resin composition has no development residue and good sputtering resistance.

Abstract: There are provided a phase difference control component, which can realize a liquid crystal display device having a wide angle of visibility, has excellent phase difference symmetry and can realize optical compensation, and a process for producing the same. The phase difference control component comprises a base material; and a phase difference control layer formed of a fixed liquid crystal material provided on the base material through an aligning film and is characterized in that the angle of liquid crystal molecules, present at the interface of the aligning film and the phase difference control layer, to the base material being substantially 0 (zero) degree.

Abstract: A liquid crystal display device containing a color filter layer, and a light-emitting device which contains a light source and a color conversion layer containing a quantum dot; wherein the color filter layer at least contains a blue color filter, a green color filter and a red color filter, as defined in the specification; an emission spectrum of light emitted from the light-emitting device has a first emission peak, a second emission peak and a third emission peak; the wavelength (?1) of the first emission peak ranges from 420 to 480 nm, the wavelength (?2) of the second emission peak ranges from 500 to 550 nm, and the wavelength (?3) of the third emission peak ranges from 580 to 650 nm.

Abstract: An embedded touch panel (100) having a high resistance film (70) comprises a sequentially stacked first substrate (10), thin-film transistor substrate (20), liquid crystal layer (30), color filter (40), touch sensing layer (50), second substrate (60), and the high resistance film (70). A plurality of mutually insulated sensing wires are disposed on a surface of the thin-film transistor substrate (20) facing toward the liquid crystal layer (30). The thin-film transistor substrate (20) and the touch sensing layer (50) work together to embed a functionality of a touch panel into liquid crystal pixels, reducing a thickness of the touch panel (100). The high resistance film (70) is disposed on a surface of the second substrate (60) facing away from the touch sensing layer (50), and is electrically connected to the thin-film transistor substrate (20).

Abstract: The present invention provides an alignment method of an FFS liquid crystal display panel. The method includes adding a light-sensitive small-molecule compound in a rubbing alignment material, carrying out rubbing alignment after formation of an alignment film, and afterwards, conducting boxing of the FFS liquid crystal display panel, and then applying an electrical voltage to cause liquid crystal molecules to rotate to a position substantially parallel to a substrate, and carrying out UV irradiation to cause polymerization of the light-sensitive small-molecule compound to form polymer bumps so as to keep the liquid crystal molecules in parallel to the substrate. The liquid crystal molecules, after the alignment, show a pre-tilt angle having a zero angle value and can, under the condition of providing a strong anchoring force of the alignment film, reduce the pre-tilt angle of the liquid crystal molecules and improve quality of displaying of the FFS liquid crystal display panel.

Abstract: Methods for strengthening edges of a laminated glass article comprising a glass core layer positioned between a first glass clad layer and a second glass clad layer are disclosed. The methods may comprise polishing the cut edges of the laminated glass article with a slurry of polishing media applied to the edges of the laminated glass article with brushes. An edge strength of the laminated glass article is greater than or equal to about 400 MPa after polishing.

Abstract: A multilayer film including a first substrate and an optically anisotropic layer that is formed directly on the first substrate and contains cured liquid crystal molecules, wherein the first substrate has an orientation regulating force, and the first substrate has a tensile elastic modulus at 23° C. of 2,500 MPa or more.

Abstract: The organic electroluminescence display device of an embodiment of the present invention includes a substrate, a plurality of pixels formed on the substrate, and a sealing film that covers the plurality of pixels. The sealing film includes a first barrier layer, a base layer covering the top surface of the first barrier layer, an inter layer locally formed on the top surface of the base layer, and a second barrier layer covering the top surface of the base layer and the top surface of the inter layer. The inter layer is formed so as to cover a step or the top surface of the base layer.

Abstract: A fluorescent material includes at least one organic compound with molecular stacking of H-aggregate or J-aggregate. When a first color light illuminates the fluorescent material, the organic compound with molecular stacking of H-aggregate or J-aggregate converts the first color light to a second color light.

Abstract: Provided are a curved liquid crystal display device and a method of manufacturing thereof. The curved liquid crystal display device includes a bent first substrate, a second substrate which is disposed to opposite to the first substrate and bent, a liquid crystal layer disposed between the first substrate and the second substrate, a first alignment inducing layer disposed between the first substrate and the liquid crystal layer, and a second alignment inducing layer disposed between the second substrate and the liquid crystal layer. One of the first alignment inducing layer and the second alignment inducing layer includes a polymerized reactive mesogen, and the remaining alignment inducing layer includes a polyimide. Display quality of the device may be improved.

Abstract: A polarizing plate includes: a bonding layer; a polarizer on a first surface of the bonding layer; and a polarizer protective film on a second surface of the bonding layer, and a ratio (?1/?3) of a measured tensile modulus (?1), in a transverse direction (TD), of the polarizing plate to a sum (?3) of a measured thickness (?1) of the polarizer and a measured thickness (?2) of the polarizer protective film is greater than 0.27 and less than 0.50, and a ratio (?2/?3) of a measured tensile modulus (?2), in the TD, of the polarizer to a measured tensile modulus (?3), in the TD, of the polarizer protective film is greater than 0 and less than 0.2.

Abstract: A method of fabricating a flexible substrate assembly includes forming a first polyimide layer on a rigid support base, wherein the step of forming the first polyimide layer includes incorporating in a polyamic acid solution, an adhesion promoting agent and a release agent for achieving different adhesion strength at two opposite sides of the first polyimide layer, and forming a flexible second polyimide layer on the first polyimide layer, the second polyimide layer being adhered in contact with the first polyimide layer, and a peeling strength between the first and second polyimide layers being less than a peeling strength between the first polyimide layer and the support base so that the second polyimide layer is peelable from the first polyimide layer while the first polyimide layer remains adhered in contact with the support base.

Abstract: There is provided a liquid crystal composition that exhibits a sufficiently low viscosity (?), a sufficiently low rotational viscosity (?1), and a large elastic modulus (K33) without decreasing the refractive index anisotropy (?n) and the nematic phase-isotropic liquid phase transition temperature (Tni) and without increasing the solid phase-nematic phase transition temperature (Tcn). The liquid crystal display element that uses this liquid crystal composition satisfactorily obtains a pretilt angle and has a high voltage holding ratio (VHR) and high-speed response. Thus, a liquid crystal display element that has no or less alignment defects and display defects such as image sticking, and has high display quality and high response speed is obtained.

Abstract: A sheet for an image display unit to be provided on the front face side of an image display unit includes a substrate layer containing a cycloolefin copolymer as a principal component and an elastomer having a refractive index substantially equal to the refractive index of the cycloolefin copolymer, in an amount of no less than 2 parts by mass and no greater than 7 parts by mass with respect to 100 parts by mass of the cycloolefin copolymer. The substrate layer preferably has an average thickness of no less than 100 ?m and no greater than 500 ?m, a water absorbing rate preferably no greater than 0.5%, a tensile strength of preferably no less than 40 MPa and no greater than 70 MPa, and a tensile elongation in a longitudinal direction at 25° C. is preferably no less than 4% and no greater than 15%.

Abstract: Systems and methods of fabricating electrodes, including thin metallic films, include depositing a first metallic layer on a substrate and passivating the deposited layer. The processes of deposition and passivation may be done sequentially. In some embodiments, a plurality of substrates may be coated with a metallic layer and further processed at a later time, including passivation and disposal of additional layers as discussed herein.

Abstract: A touch display device is provided. The touch display device includes a substrate and a plurality of display units disposed on the substrate, wherein the display units form a display region and the display region has a first outline. The touch display device further includes an insulating layer disposed on the display units and a plurality of touch units disposed on the insulating layer, wherein the touch units form a touch region, and the touch region has a second outline. The touch display device further includes a reflection reducing layer disposed on the touch units, the reflection reducing layer is in contacted with the touch units and has a third outline, wherein the first outline and the second outline are located within the third outline in a view of a first direction perpendicular to the substrate.

Abstract: A liquid crystal composition containing a polymerizable compound of the present invention has excellent characteristics of being able to prepare a PSA type liquid crystal display element with no problem of depositing in a wide temperature range, having high polymerization speed, high liquid crystal alignment regulation force after polymerization, excellent display qualities with no display unevenness, and excellent display characteristics with no defects in display characteristics such as image sticking and is appropriate as a liquid crystal composition in a practical use. Further, the liquid crystal display element with the above-described liquid crystal composition can be appropriately used for a PSA type liquid crystal display element.

Abstract: A pixel structure and a liquid crystal display panel are provided. The pixel structure includes a first common electrode, a second common electrode set, a plurality of pixel units formed by a plurality of scanning lines crossing a plurality of data lines. Each of the pixel units corresponding to one of the scanning lines and one of the data lines. Each of the pixel units includes a main electrode, a secondary electrode, and a thin-film transistor. The main electrode corresponds to the first common electrode. The secondary electrode corresponds to the second common electrode set.

Abstract: A display device and a method of manufacturing the same are disclosed. In one aspect, the display device includes a flexible substrate having a display area and a peripheral area outside the display area, and a second surface opposite to the first surface, and a display unit located on the display area. The display device also includes an adhesive layer located on the second surface of the flexible substrate, wherein a first groove is formed in a first portion of the adhesive layer and wherein the first portion corresponds to the peripheral area. The display device further includes a lower protective film located on the adhesive layer and having a first opening passing therethrough and overlapping the first groove in the depth dimension of the display device, and a first planarization layer at least partially filling the first groove.

Abstract: In an aspect, an liquid crystal display including a first substrate, a second substrate facing the first substrate, and a liquid crystal layer interposed between the first substrate and the second substrate and including liquid crystals, a first alignment polymer, and a second alignment polymer is provided, In an aspect, the first alignment polymer is formed by radiating electromagnetic radiation on a first alignment aid photoreactive in a first wavelength region, the second alignment polymer is formed by radiating electromagnetic radiation on a second alignment aid photoreactive in a second wavelength region, and the first wavelength region and the second wavelength region are different from each other.

Abstract: The present invention provides a liquid-crystal display device capable of maintaining a high voltage holding ratio even without an alignment film. The liquid-crystal display device of the present invention includes a pair of substrates, a liquid crystal layer which is sandwiched between the substrates and which contains a liquid crystal material, and a polymer layer which is disposed on a surface of each of the substrates and which controls the alignment of liquid crystal molecules. The outermost surfaces of both the substrates comprise substantially no alignment film. The polymer layer is formed by polymerizing one or more radical polymerizable monomer species added to the liquid crystal layer. At least one species of the one or more radical polymerizable monomer species is a biphenyl compound having a specific structure.

Abstract: A liquid crystal composition has a negative dielectric anisotropy and contains a specific compound having large negative dielectric anisotropy as a first component, and a specific compound having small viscosity as a second component. The composition may contain a specific compound having high maximum temperature or small viscosity as a third component, a specific compound having negative dielectric anisotropy as a fourth component, or a specific compound having a polymerizable group as an additive component.

Abstract: An alignment film includes a copolymer containing a repeating structural unit represented by the following formula (1), wherein X1 and X2 may be the same as or different from each other and are each represented by any one of several formulas; and Y is represented by any one of several formulas

Abstract: The present application relates to monomers, methods for preparing block copolymers, block copolymers and their applications. The monomers may form a block copolymer which has an excellent self assembling property and phase separation and to which various required functions can be freely applied as necessary.

Abstract: The present invention provides a method for producing a stretched film, the method including: (a) a first step of stretching a long-length pre-stretch film in a diagonal direction at a stretch ratio B1 to obtain a long-length intermediate film; and after the first step, (b) a second step of performing free uniaxial stretching of the intermediate film in a flow direction at a stretch ratio B2 while continuously conveying the intermediate film to obtain a long-length stretched film, wherein the stretch ratios satisfy B1>B2.

Abstract: Methods for mechanochemically synthesizing compositions comprising bridged bicyclic-based compounds such as iptycene-based compounds are generally provided. In some cases, two or more polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons may be mechanochemically reacted such that the product comprises the bridged bicyclic-based compound. In some embodiments, the product (e.g., the bridged bicyclic compound) may comprise two or more [2.2.2] bicyclic cores. In certain embodiments, the mechanochemical reactions described herein may produce higher order bridged bicyclic-based compounds such as oligoiptcyenes or poly-iptycenes. In certain embodiments, the bridged bicyclic based compound comprises a molecular cage.

Abstract: Provided is an LCD device having excellent high speed responsiveness. This LCD device contains a polymer or a copolymer in a liquid crystal composition sandwiched between two transparent substrates, at least one of which has an electrode, and the content of the polymer or the copolymer is 1% by mass or greater and less than 40% by mass of the total mass of the liquid crystal composition and the polymer or the copolymer. This LCD device can be applied to various operation modes such as TN, STN, ECB, VA, VA-TN, IPS, FFS, a ? cell, OCB, and cholesteric liquid crystals.

Abstract: There is provided a thin polarizing plate with a retardation layer excellent in reworkability. A polarizing plate with a retardation layer according to the present invention includes: a polarizing plate including a polarizer and a protective layer on at least one side of the polarizer; a retardation layer; a first adhesive layer configured to bond the polarizing plate and the retardation layer; and a second adhesive layer arranged as an outermost layer on an opposite side of the retardation layer to the polarizing plate. An average linear expansion coefficient of the second adhesive layer when an ambient temperature is changed from ?150° C. to 20° C. is 38.0(×10?5/° C.) or more, and is larger than an average linear expansion coefficient of the first adhesive layer when an ambient temperature is changed from ?150° C. to 20° C.

Abstract: Method for fabrication of vector vortex waveplates of improved quality due to reduced singularity size and widened spectral band, the method comprising creating a boundary condition for vortex orientation pattern of a liquid crystal polymer on a substrate using materials with reversible photoalignment, equalizing exposure energy over the area of the waveplate by redistributing the energy of radiation used for photoalignment from the center of the beam to its peripheries, and using vector vortex waveplate as a linear-to-axial polarization converter. Fabrication of spectrally broadband vector vortex waveplates further comprises two or more liquid crystal polymer layers with opposite sign of twist.

Abstract: Provided is a touch panel comprising: a transparent substrate, a transparent conductive material disposed on the 5 substrate, and a Ag—Pd—Nd alloy layer disposed on the transparent conductive material. Provided are also a preparation method of the touch panel and a display comprising the touch panel. Provided are also a Ag—Pd—Nd alloy for touch panel, comprising: 97.9 to 99.2 weight % of Ag, 0.7 to 1.8 weight % of Pd, and 0.1 to 0.3 weight % of Nd, based on 100 weight % of the alloy.

Abstract: A liquid crystal display including a first substrate, a second substrate overlapping with the first substrate, and a liquid crystal layer provided between the first substrate and the second substrate, wherein the liquid crystal layer includes a liquid crystal compound represented by Formula 1 and a liquid crystal stabilizing agent: wherein A, B, n1, n2, R, R?, Z1, and Z2 are the same as described in the specification.

Abstract: The invention relates to the field of liquid crystal technology, and more particularly to an alignment film being applied in a PSVA liquid crystal display panel and including a first branched chain M and a second branched chain Q bonded on polyimide as a main chain and thus having a structure as shown in the following formula: The first branched chain M is a group applied to deflect the liquid crystal in a distribution state; the second branched chain Q is a group containing nitrobenzophenone or benzoquinonyl. The invention also provides a liquid crystal display panel using the alignment film. The invention can effectively suppress the broken bright point issue of panel and thereby improve panel quality.

Abstract: An alignment layer composition includes a reactive monomer of Formula 1 below.

Abstract: A corona polarization (also denoted “poling”) process and associated apparatus polarizes a ferroelectric polymer thin film while monitoring and evaluating a substrate current whose magnitude, slope and noise profile (Barkhausen noise) varies in accordance with phase transformation processes of crystallites within the film and, thereby, provides an indication of the polarization status. The electric current flowing through the microstructures of the thin film can be modeled by an equivalent circuit, within which electrical charges stored in the respective microstructures are denoted by a plurality of discrete components (e.g., capacitors). Alternatively, the process can be modeled in terms of a hysteresis loop of polarization vs. electric field, corresponding to the availability of recombination sites on the thin-film surface.

Abstract: The invention relates to a liquid-crystalline medium, characterized in that it comprises one or more compounds of the formula IA, and one or more compounds of the formula IB, in which RA, RB, XA, XB and Y1-13 have the meanings indicated in claim 1, and to the use thereof for electro-optical purposes, in particular for shutter glasses, 3D applications, in TN, PS-TN, STN, TN-TFT, OCB, IPS, PS-IPS, FFS, PS-FFS and PS-VA-IPS displays.

Abstract: Provided are an alignment film for a liquid crystal (LC) lens, a mold for preparing the same, a method of manufacturing the alignment film, and a method of manufacturing the mold. An alignment film in which an LC lens in which liquid crystals are well aligned, can be effectively manufactured, or a mold for preparing the alignment film can be provided. In particular, in order to implement a shape of a lens, the liquid crystals filled in a nonplanar space, such as a curved surface, are effectively aligned in the LC lens so that the LC lens can be formed. Also, a combined fine pattern can be manufactured using a simple process and can also be applied to a continuous process, such as a roll-to-roll process.

Abstract: A liquid crystal composition containing a polymerizable compound of the present invention has excellent characteristics of being able to prepare a PSA type liquid crystal display element with no problem of depositing in a wide temperature range, having high polymerization speed, high liquid crystal alignment regulation force after polymerization, excellent display qualities with no display unevenness, and excellent display characteristics with no defects in display characteristics such as image sticking and is appropriate as a liquid crystal composition in a practical use. Further, the liquid crystal display element with the above-described liquid crystal composition can be appropriately used for a PSA type liquid crystal display element.

Abstract: The present invention provides an array substrate and a manufacturing method thereof. The array substrate of the present invention comprises multiple pixel units arranged in an array, each pixel unit comprising a substrate, an active layer, a source layer and a drain layer arranged in the same layer, and a gate layer; wherein each pixel unit further comprises a power wire layer connected to the source layer via a via hole. Since the power wire layer of the present invention is separately provided as a layer, the area of the projection of the power wire layer on the substrate may be larger, that is, the conductive cross-sectional area of the power wire layer may be larger, and thus the resistance of the power wire layer is decreased. Therefore, difference among currents of different pixel units is reduced, and thus the mura phenomenon generated in displaying is alleviated.

Abstract: A curved liquid crystal display includes a first curved substrate; a second curved substrate facing the first curved substrate; a liquid crystal layer disposed between the first curved substrate and the second curved substrate; a first curved liquid crystal alignment layer disposed between the liquid crystal layer and the first curved substrate and including vertical alignment functional groups; and a second curved liquid crystal alignment layer disposed between the liquid crystal layer and the second curved substrate.

Abstract: The invention relates to liquid-crystalline media which can be used, in particular, for electro-optical displays having active-matrix addressing based on the ECB effect and for IPS (in-plane switching) displays or FFS (fringe field switching) displays.

Abstract: Provided is an alignment layer including a copolymer including a first compound and a second compound. The first compound is different than the second compound.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a liquid crystal composition used in a liquid crystal display device. A problem to be solved by the invention is to provide a liquid crystal composition and a liquid crystal display device using the liquid crystal composition, the liquid crystal composition being suitable for a liquid crystal display device, causing little dropping marks during manufacture and realizing stable discharge of a liquid crystal material in an ODF process without degrading characteristics as a liquid crystal display device, such as dielectric anisotropy, bulk viscosity, nematic phase upper limit temperature, rotational viscosity ?1, voltage holding ratio, etc. and image sticking characteristic of a display device. The present invention relates to a liquid crystal composition having negative dielectric anisotropy and containing compounds represented by formula (i) and formula (XIII-1-2) or formula (XIII-1-4) and also relates to a liquid crystal display device using the liquid crystal composition.

Abstract: According to one embodiment, deposition supporting system, depositing apparatus and manufacturing method of a semiconductor device includes a depositing apparatus that deposits stacked bodies on wafers allocated to stations and a host computer. The host computer evaluates feature amounts convertible to misalignments at predetermined points on the stacked bodies of the respective wafers, and specifies the stations to which the wafers are to be allocated based on the feature amounts of the stacked bodies in the respective stations. The depositing apparatus allocates the wafers to the stations based on the specification from the host computer.

Abstract: A liquid crystal display device which prevents a decrease in the voltage holding ratio (VHR) of a liquid crystal layer and an increase in ion density (ID) therein and which overcomes problems of defective display such as voids, uneven alignment, and screen burn-in. The liquid crystal display device prevents a decrease in the voltage holding ratio (VHR) of a liquid crystal layer and an increase in ion density (ID) therein and reduces defective display such as screen burn-in; hence, such a liquid crystal display device is particularly useful as liquid crystal display devices of a VA mode and PSVA mode which involve active matrix driving and can be applied to the liquid crystal display devices of liquid crystal TV sets, monitors, mobile phones, and smartphones.

Abstract: Nano-sized mixed metal oxide carriers capable of delivering a well treatment additive for a sustained or extended period of time in the environment of use, methods of making the nanoparticles, and uses thereof are described herein. The nanoparticles can have a formula of: A/[Mx1My2Mz3]OnHm where x is 0.03 to 3, y is 0.01 to 0.4, z is 0.01 to 0.4 and n and m are determined by the oxidation states of the other elements, and M1 can be aluminum (Al), gallium (Ga), indium (In), or thallium (Tl). M2 and M3 are not the same and can be a Column 2 metal, Column 14 metal, or a transition metal. A is can be a treatment additive.

Abstract: A method of manufacturing a light refection film includes: preparing a precursor, the precursor includes white pigments and liquid UV (ultraviolet) curing material. The white pigments are evenly dispersed in the UV curing material, and a weight ratio of the white pigments and the UV curing material ranges from 20:80 to 38:62. Then the following step is providing a first base, and arranging a blocking part on the first base to limit a receiving area of the precursor. The precursor is thereafter dropped into the receiving area of the precursor. A second base is then brought to press the precursor, the precursor is cured by exposure UV to form the light reflection film, finally the first base, the second base, and the blocking part are removed to obtain the light reflection film. The present disclosure also provides a light reflection film obtained by the method.

Abstract: Provided are an optical film and a display device including the same. The optical film may be disposed at the outermost side of a display device, such as a liquid crystal display or an organic light emitting display, or at an outside of a polarizing layer of the display in which the polarizing layer is disposed at a visible side. The film disposed as described above may overcome degradation of brightness that may occur when an observer watches an image with polarizing sunglasses. The optical film may also have hardness suitable for its use.

Abstract: A method for manufacturing a glass cover is provided, which includes following steps. A glass substrate is provided, wherein the glass substrate has a front surface and a back surface opposite to the front surface, and the front surface has a display region and a non-display region adjacent to the display region. The non-display region of the glass substrate is hazed. A glass cover and an electronic device are also provided. The glass cover is adapted to be disposed at an installation opening of a casing of the electronic device. The glass cover includes a glass substrate. The glass substrate has a front surface and a back surface opposite to the front surface, and the front surface has a display region and a non-display region adjacent to the display region, and the non-display region is hazed.

Abstract: Described is a liquid crystal composition which satisfies at least one of such characteristics as high upper limit temperature of the nematic phase, low lower limit temperature of the nematic phase, low viscosity, adequate optical anisotropy, large negative dielectric anisotropy, high resistivity, high stability to ultraviolet light and high stability to heat, or which has an adequate balance between at least two of the above-mentioned characteristics. Also described is an AM element having a short response time, high voltage holding ratio, high contrast ratio, long life and the like. The liquid crystal composition contains a specific compound having a large negative dielectric anisotropy and a low lower limit temperature as a first component, a specific compound having a low viscosity or a high upper limit temperature as a second component, and a specific compound having a polymerizable group as a third component. The AM element contains the composition.

Abstract: An in-plane switching type liquid crystal display comprising (a) first and second polarizing plates facing each other and spaced from each other; (b) a liquid crystal cell situated between said first and second polarizing plates; and (c) a compensation structure located between the liquid crystal cell and the first polarizing plate; wherein the director orientation of the liquid crystal layer being controlled by an electric field parallel to the polarizing plates; one said compensation structure is positioned between the liquid crystal cell and the first polarizing plate; the polarizing plates have transmission axes perpendicular to each other, and the compensation structure comprises at least one retardation layer of supramolecules involving at least one polycyclic organic compound with a conjugated ?-system and functional groups which are capable of forming non-covalent bonds between said supramolecules.