Abstract: Embodiments of films and material layers comprising PEDOT. These embodiments are the result of methods that utilize polymerization processes including vapor phase polymerization (VPP) to form the conductive film comprising PEDOT. In one embodiment, the film can result from a method that includes steps for depositing a coating solution onto a substrate, exposing the substrate to a monomer source, and cleaning the subsrate after polymerization. The coating solution can comprise an initiating oxidant, which facilitates growth of PEDOT from 3,4 ethylenedioxythiophene (EDOT), as well as a quenching agent that neutralizes acid that results from polymerization.

Abstract: An impression medium usable with an impression member of a printing system is disclosed. The impression medium includes a top layer and a backing layer disposed between the top layer and the impression member.

Abstract: A nonwoven, moldable material and method of construction thereof is provided. The nonwoven material includes at least one nonwoven mat formed from blended and bonded natural cellulosic fibers and Polypropylene containing Maleic Anhydride grafted Polypropylene fibers. A scrim layer is at least partially melted and diffused into the nonwoven mat to form an alloy region containing material of both the nonwoven mat and the scrim layer, which provides the nonwoven, moldable material having a density between about 300-1200 gsm with a flexural strength across machine direction of about 76N.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for cleaning a process chamber are provided. In one embodiment, a process chamber is provided that includes a remote plasma source and a processing chamber. The processing chamber includes a substrate support assembly disposed in the bottom portion of the processing chamber, a gas distribution system configured to provide gas into the processing chamber above the substrate support assembly, a removable liner layer the chamber interior walls. An adhesion layer is disposed on the substrate support. A protective layer is disposed on the adhesion layer. Pluralities of intermediate layers are created between the substrate support layer and the adhesion layer, and the adhesion layer and the protective layer through a thermal treatment in a non-reactive environment.

Abstract: Laminates and methods of making them are generally provided. The methods of making a laminate for use as a clothing tag can include laminating a first fibrous web to a second fibrous web. Both the first and second fibrous webs can include cellulosic fibers and a binder composition present in the respective fibrous web from about 10% by weight to about 100% by weight of the dry weight of the fibrous web. Both the first and second binder composition can include a curable latex polymer and a crosslinker. The second fibrous web can be creped and can have a thickness less than 10 mils. The laminate can be aged for at least about 1 hour at an aging temperature of greater than about 150° F. The resulting laminated and their use in clothing are also provided.

Abstract: A thermoplastic single ply protective roof covering may have two pressure sensitive rubber-based adhesive backings These dual-adhesive backings may be used to provide for a non-heat welded seam having a combination of good seam strength and fire performance.

Abstract: Described herein is a meltspun laminate comprising two or more layers of meltspun fabrics, wherein layers that are adjacent to one another are in situ entangled with one another to define an interfacial region of mixed fibers between the layers. Also described herein is a method of making a meltspun in situ laminate comprising simultaneously meltspinning two or more polymer melts adjacent to one another to form adjacent fabrics, wherein layers that are adjacent to one another are in situ entangled with one another to form an interfacial region of mixed fibers between the layers. Also described herein is a meltspinning apparatus comprising one or more dies, each die comprising two or more meltspinning zones, wherein each zone comprises a plurality of nozzles that are fluidly connected to the corresponding zone, and wherein each zone is fluidly connected to a melt extruder.

Abstract: A molding packaging material 1 of this invention contains a biaxially stretched polyamide film layer 2 as an outer layer, a thermoplastic resin layer 3 as an inner layer, and a metal foil layer 4 disposed between the both layers 2 and 3, in which a biaxially stretched polyamide film in which when the fracture strength of the film is defined as “X” and the fracture strain of the film is defined as “Y”, the X/Y value is 230 MPa to 360 MPa is used as the biaxially stretched polyamide film 2. The molding packaging material can secure excellent moldability even when the molding packaging material is not coated with a slipperiness imparting component.

Abstract: This invention relates to protective, multi-layered, breathable fabric constructs. The constructs which are flexible employ a fabric layer and a breathable coating layer applied to the fabric. Under certain preferred embodiments, the fabric constructs also employ an energy dissipating fiber material disposed opposite the coating layer. Also, the present invention teaches a method of protecting a valuable or sensitive object from damage caused by corrosion, weather, bio mass, or other environmental related conditions using the fabric material. The fabric constructs may be post-formed using heat or other methods to create shaped-to-form covers.

Abstract: The disclosure is directed to enhanced silver coated aluminum substrates for use as optical mirrors in which galvanic corrosion between the silver and aluminum is prevented and a method of making such silver coating and mirrors. The optical mirror according to the disclosure has an in-situ formed “barrier” layer inserted between the aluminum substrate and the silver layer. In addition, selected layers are densified by carrying out their deposition using a high power RF ion source during their deposition.

Abstract: A patch for reworking an inconsistent area in a composite structure includes a composite laminate patch and a layer of adhesive for bonding the laminate patch to the composite structure. The laminate patch has at least first and second regions for releasing strain energy around the inconsistent area respectively at different rates.

Abstract: Fabrication of ballistic resistant fibrous composites having improved ballistic resistance properties. More particularly, ballistic resistant fibrous composites having enhanced flexural properties, which correlates to low composite backface signature. The composites are useful for the production of hard armor articles, including helmet armor.

Abstract: A surface treatment method of oil contaminated xerographic prints which increases the surface energy of the print to levels close to the values corresponding to the original uncontaminated paper. Subjecting the contaminated surface to both ultraviolet (UV) radiation and ozone can change the chemical structure of the surface of the paper in such a way that a highly polar surface is created as a consequence of this treatment, leading to enhanced adhesion properties of the xerographic print.

Abstract: The invention relates to a process for obtaining a hydrophobic coating on a substrate, preferably consisting of a glass material, a ceramic or a glass-ceramic, said process being characterized in that it comprises: a) a first deposition step, consisting in applying a primer first layer essentially consisting of the silicon oxycarbide SiOxCy type on said substrate, said primer layer having an RMS surface roughness of greater than 4 nm; b) an activation step, in which said SiOxCy primer layer is activated by a plasma of a gas chosen from the noble gases of the Ar or He type and the gases N2, O2 or H2O or by a plasma of a mixture of these gases; and c) a second deposition step, in which a hydrophobic coating comprising at least one fluorocompound, preferably a fluoroalkylsilane, is deposited on said first layer. The invention also relates to hydrophobic glazing comprising or formed by a substrate as defined above, this glazing being in particular used as glazing for transport vehicles or for buildings.

Abstract: Disclosed therein is a sheet for green roof that includes a copper or aluminum thin film or a nonwoven fabric having a predetermined thickness firmly laminated on both sides of a glass fabric having a predetermined area through an adhesive to prevent the root growth of plants and maximizes insulation from moisture, thermal insulation, and reduction of thermal conductivity, thereby extending the lifetimes of the sheet, the waterproof layer and the building structure.

Abstract: A reversible camouflage material including a textile layer having a woodland camouflage print thereon, an infrared suppressing layer, and a textile layer having a desert camouflage print thereon is provided. The infrared suppressing layer may include a polyurethane layer sandwiched between a carbon-containing ePTFE layer and an ePTFE layer. The carbon may be provided in an oleophobic layer on the ePTFE or within the ePTFE film. In one embodiment, the desert camouflage textile is absent and a coating composition that includes a colorant and infrared suppressive additives is applied to the outer surface of the ePTFE layer. The inventive camouflage material demonstrates camouflage concealment in the near IR (nIR) and short wave infrared (SWIR) wavelengths of the electromagnetic spectrum. In addition, the camouflage material is highly breathable and lightweight. The material is particularly suitable for making reversible camouflage garments such as jackets and pants.

Abstract: The present invention generally relates to a sheetlike composite (3) comprising a layer configuration with the following layers: 0. optionally a layer of thermoplastic KSu (13); 1. a carrier layer (4); ii. a first layer of thermoplastic KSv (35); iii. a barrier layer (5); iv. a second layer of thermoplastic KSa (6); v. at least one further layer of thermoplastic KSw (7); wherein the Vicat softening temperature of the layer of thermoplastic KSv (35) and the Vicat softening temperature of the layer of thermoplastic KSa (6) is in each case higher than the Vicat softening temperature of the layer of thermoplastic KSw (7). The present invention furthermore relates to a process for the production of the sheetlike composite, a container which surrounds an interior and comprises at least one such sheetlike composite, and a process for the production of this container.

Abstract: Some embodiments of the present invention include elastomeric films with a basis weight of about 40 gsm or less or about 25 gsm or less. Other embodiments include elastomeric laminates comprising the elastomeric film bonded to one or more substrates (such as nonwoven fabrics). Methods of making the elastomeric films and elastomeric laminates are also provided.

Abstract: A magnetic sheet of an embodiment includes a laminate of a plurality of magnetic thin plates. The laminate constituting the magnetic sheet includes a first magnetic thin plate and a second magnetic thin plate different in kind from the first magnetic thin plate. The first magnetic thin plate has a magnetostriction constant exceeding 5 ppm in an absolute value, and the second magnetic thin plate has a magnetostriction constant of 5 ppm or less in an absolute value. Alternatively, the first magnetic thin plate has a thickness of from 50 to 300 ?m, and the second magnetic thin plate has a thickness of from 10 to 30 ?m.

Abstract: A multi-layer film including a cavitated core layer, two skin layers and at least one tie layer between the core layer and one of the skin layers, said tie layer including from about 1 to about 25 wt % of a soft polymer having a density in the range of 0.850 g/cm3 to 0.920 g/cm3 and a Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) melting point in the range of 40° C. to 125° C., said multi-layer film having a density between 0.50 to 0.85 g/cm3.

Abstract: A biaxially oriented laminate film including a core layer including a blend of crystalline polylactic acid polymer and a minority amount of polyolefin with a compatibilizing resin which is biaxially oriented such that a matte or opaque appearance is obtained. The laminate film may further have additional layers such as a heat sealable layer disposed on one side of the core layer including an amorphous polylactic acid resin and/or a polylactic acid resin-containing layer disposed on the side of the core layer opposite the heat sealable layer, a metal layer, or combinations thereof.

Abstract: The invention relates to a transparent or semi-transparent substrate having, over at least a portion of at least one of its surfaces, a photocatalytic coating based on titanium oxide and characterized in that the coated surface has a luminous reflectance less than that of a non-coated surface of the substrate. The invention also relates to methods for obtaining a substrate of this type and to uses for this substrate.

Abstract: A composite sheet material and method for forming the same is provided that includes a substrate, a matrix, and a cover sheet. The substrate has a first face surface, a second face surface, and a plurality of edges, and includes a thermoplastic material. The matrix is attached to the substrate. The matrix includes a support component having a first melting point, and a thermoplastic component having a second melting point. The second melting point is less than the first melting point. The cover sheet imparts one or more surface characteristics to the composite sheet material during thermo-pressure formation of the composite sheet material.

Abstract: The invention is directed to coextruded tapes, films, yarns and the likes of polylactic acid (PLA) and methods of preparation thereof. The present invention is directed to an extruded tape, film or yarn comprising a first phase, in particular a first layer, based on PLA and a second phase, in particular a second layer, also based on PLA, but having different sealing properties, wherein the peak melt temperature or seal initiation temperature of the second layer is lower than the peak melt temperature and/or the melt seal initiation temperature of the first layer, or wherein the Vicat softening point of the second layer is lower than the Vicat softening point of the first layer.

Abstract: A composite laminate having improved impact strength, which comprises: a multilayer carbon fiber fabric, wherein said carbon fiber fabric may be a bidirectional weave or a unidirectional weave; a multilayer nonwoven mat, wherein said nonwoven mat is made of para-aramid; and cured epoxy resin, wherein said cured epoxy resin is made of the epoxy resin system designed for impregnation that immersed in the carbon fiber fabric layer and at least one layer of the nonwoven mat is sandwiched between two layers of carbon fiber fabric layer and both outer surface layers of the composite laminate are carbon fiber fabric layer.

Abstract: The present invention is an array of sanitary tissue products. The array of sanitary tissue products comprises a first packaged article and a second packaged article. The first packaged article comprises a first rolled sanitary tissue product wound onto a first fibrous core. The second packaged article comprises a second rolled sanitary tissue product wound onto a second fibrous core. The second rolled sanitary tissue product is wound loosely relative to the first rolled sanitary tissue product. The second fibrous core has an axial strength greater than the first fibrous core.

Abstract: A fiber reinforced plastic profile, in particular for an aircraft or spacecraft, including a stacked ply assembly including a plurality of stacked plies each comprising fiber material, the ply assembly having a profile cross section including at least one first section, at least one second section, and at least one splice section located between the at least one first section and the at least one second section. The splice section includes a first plurality of stacked plies having fibers of a first fiber material and a second plurality of stacked plies having fibers of a second fiber material. In the splice section, respective plies of the first plurality of stacked plies are intertwiningly abutted with respective plies of the second plurality of stacked plies.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a composite sheet, to a substrate for a display element including same, and to a display device including same. More specifically, the composite sheet comprises: a reinforcement-impregnated matrix; a coating layer formed on at least one surface of the matrix; and a barrier layer formed on at least one surface of the coating layer, wherein, if an elastic modulus of the matrix is E2 at a temperature of 25° C. and an elastic modulus of the coating layer is E3 at a temperature of 25° C., the ratio of the elastic modulus, i.e. E3/E2, is approximately 5×104 or less.

Abstract: An adhesive structure of an optical component includes a horizontal surface and a vertical surface. In a structure in which an optical component is adhered to a chassis having the horizontal surface and the vertical surface, an adhesive force per unit area of the vertical surface is higher than that per unit area of the horizontal surface.

Abstract: A biaxially oriented laminate film including a core layer including a blend of crystalline polylactic acid polymer and a minority amount of polyolefin with a compatibilizing resin which is biaxially oriented such that a matte or opaque appearance is obtained. The laminate film may further have additional layers such as a heat sealable layer disposed on one side of the core layer including an amorphous polylactic acid resin and/or a polylactic acid resin-containing layer disposed on the side of the core layer opposite the heat sealable layer, a metal layer, or combinations thereof.

Abstract: Disclosed is a transparent multilayer sheet that is excellent in antistatic properties, as well as transparency. The transparent multilayer sheet includes a surface layer comprising a conductive thermoplastic polyurethane or polyurea resin containing ethylene oxide; and a back layer attached to the surface layer and comprising a transparent non-conductive polymer resin. Preferably, the polyurethane or polyurea resin is a polymerization product of (a) a polyether-based polymer containing ethylene oxide and reacting with an isocyanate group; (b) an aromatic or aliphatic diisocyanate compound; and (c) a chain extender C2 to C10 containing a primary hydroxyl group or an amine group, and the transparent non-conductive polymer resin is selected from the group consisting of polyethylene terephthalate, glycol modified polyethylene tereph-thalate, glycol modified polycyclohexaneterephthalate, polymethylmethacrylate, polycarbonate, transparent acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene (ABS), and mixtures thereof.

Abstract: Provided are a material roll and a method for manufacturing the material roll in which lifting between base films and an optical film is hardly generated. Provided is a material roll (R), wherein a first base film (F12), a first pressure-sensitive adhesive layer (F14), an optical film (F11), a second pressure-sensitive adhesive layer (F15) and a second base film (F13) are wounded together in a manner that said layers are laminated in said order from outer side. An adhesive power A of the first pressure-sensitive adhesive layer (F14) at an interface on the first base film (F12) side, an adhesive power B of the first pressure-sensitive adhesive layer (F14) at an interface on the optical film (F11) side, an adhesive power C of the second pressure-sensitive adhesive layer (F15) at an interface on the optical film (F11) side, and an adhesive power D of the second pressure-sensitive adhesive layer (F15) at an interface on the second base film (F13) side satisfy the relationships A<B and A<C<D.

Abstract: A dark-colored siding panel product includes a shell having a layered structure. The layered structure can include a substrate comprising polyvinylchloride. The substrate may be located between inner and outer layers. The inner and outer layers may be formed from a weatherable polymer. In addition, at least the outer layer may have a CIE color unit L*<75. An insulation layer may be mounted to the shell.

Abstract: The present invention provides a method and a system for manufacturing a circuit board for use during fabrication of LEDs. The method includes individual processes (in no particular order) like continuous contacting of various layers of the circuit board, B-staging of an adhesive used in the circuit board, pre-heating of the various layers when the various layers are arranged in an adjacent manner to each other, applying pressure to the circuit board when the various layers are arranged in an adjacent manner to each other, thermal curing of the adhesive and singulating the circuit board.

Abstract: A hard, transparent coating for a substrate and associated method for coating is disclosed. The coating includes alternating layers of a soft coating and a hard coating. The coating further includes a sensor. The electrical resistivity of the sensor may be measured to determine if the coating has been degraded. The coating may further include a hydrophobic outer layer.

Abstract: The present disclosure relates to a heat-emitting composition coated on the surface of a heat-resistant ceramic ware and emitting heat by absorbing microwaves, which includes a heat-emitting metal oxide material and a binding material, a transfer paper for a ceramic ware including same, a far-infrared-emitting ceramic ware including same, and a method for preparing same. The heat-emitting composition coated on the surface of the ceramic ware absorbs microwaves from a microwave oven and emits heat and far-infrared light, such that food can be cooked evenly in short time by the emitted far-infrared light without burning or drying on the food surface. Further, the far-infrared-emitting ceramic ware can be used as a far-infrared-emitting medical device for fomentation. Also, because of superior heat resistance, the far-infrared-emitting ceramic ware of the present disclosure can be directly heated. Accordingly, cooking can be performed using various means such as gas stove, oven, etc.

Abstract: The invention relates to a packing- and/or transport unit comprising several fibrous insulation elements (4, 5) for flat roof insulation being arranged in at least one stack (2) and at least one support means (3) being arranged under the stack (2), whereby the stack (2) contains at least two different types of insulation elements (4, 5), which differ with respect to the material properties. A packing- and/or transport unit which is easy to handle and which allows to arrange most of the materials close to the places where it is needed is achieved in that the stacked insulation elements (4, 5) comprise lamellas (4) and/or lamella boards having a high compression strength but low point load resistance due to their fiber orientation and at least one insulation board (5) having an even higher compression strength and high point load resistance.

Abstract: A component according to an exemplary aspect of the present disclosure includes, among other things, a substrate, a thermal barrier coating deposited on at least a portion of the substrate, and an outer layer deposited on at least a portion of the thermal barrier coating. The outer layer includes a material that absorbs energy in response to an impact event along at least a portion of the outer layer.

Abstract: An electronic device includes a case having an opening, an electronic circuit and a dust cover. The electronic circuit is disposed in the case and includes a circuit board, a switch, and an expansion card slot. The switch and the expansion card slot are electrically connected at the circuit board. The opening exposes the switch and the expansion card slot. The expansion card slot includes an electrical connector used for electrical connection with an expansion card. The dust cover is detachably disposed at the opening The dust cover includes a cap portion, a press portion and an elastic portion. The cap portion closes the opening. The press portion faces the switch. The elastic portion is respectively connected to the cap portion and the press portion, so the press portion is capable of moving relative to the cap portion and hence has a trigger position and a release position.

Abstract: A composite material (1) comprising at least one prepreg (3), said prepreg comprising at least one polymeric resin and optionally at least one fibrous reinforcement; and a conducting ink (2) applied to at least one surface of said prepreg (3); where the conducting ink (2) has a surface tension lower than the surface energy of the at least one surface of said prepreg (3) to which the ink (2) is applied.

Abstract: The present invention provides an inexpensive optical layered body which does not cause interference fringes but excels in hard coat properties, antistatic properties, and antireflection properties. An optical layered body comprises: a light-transmitting substrate; and a hard coat layer (A) and a hard coat layer (B) on one face of the light-transmitting substrate in this order, wherein the hard coat layer (B) has a region (B1) not containing inorganic fine particles and a region (B2) containing inorganic fine particles, in this order from a portion adjacent to the hard coat layer (A), a boundary between the region (B1) not containing inorganic fine particles and the region (B2) containing inorganic fine particles has irregularities, and the inorganic fine particles have a particle size smaller than a visible light wavelength.

Abstract: A nickel thin film is formed, for example, to a thickness of 2 nm or more on a polyethylene naphthalate substrate by a vacuum evaporation method. A magnetoresistance effect element using ferromagnetic nano-junction is comprised by using two laminates each comprising a nickel thin film formed on a polyethylene naphthalate substrate, and joining these two laminates so that the nickel thin films cross to each other in such a manner that edges of the nickel thin films face each other.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a laminated structure for realizing an arbitrary hollow structure by laminating in a predetermined order a plurality of plate-like members formed by punching in an arbitrary configuration. The plurality of plate-like members have a plurality of identification structure portions for individually identifying the plate-like members, and the plurality of identification structure portions are on the same side surface of a laminated structure thus obtained.

Abstract: Provided is an interlayer for laminated glass which increases sound-insulating properties in a high frequency area in a laminate glass over a wide temperature range. An interlayer film for laminated glass of the present invention includes first, second, and third layers, wherein when a cloud point C1 is measured by using a first liquid containing 100 parts by weight of a first plasticizer and 8 parts by weight of a first polyvinyl acetal resin contained in the first layer, a cloud point C2 is measured by using a second liquid containing 100 parts by weight of a second plasticizer and 8 parts by weight of a second polyvinyl acetal resin contained in the second layer, and a cloud point C3 is measured by using a third liquid containing 100 parts by weight of a third plasticizer and 8 parts by weight of a third polyvinyl acetal resin contained in the third layer, the cloud point C1 is 10° C. or lower; the cloud point C2 is higher than the cloud point C1 by at least 5° C.

Abstract: Coextruded films provide cross directional zoned multiple components side-by-side to one another. Systems and methods relate to coextruding such films. During coextrusion, a first polymer conjoins with a second polymer while a temperature differential is maintained between the first and second polymers. This temperature differential is selected to reduce a difference between the viscosities of the first and second polymers making the viscosity of the first polymer close enough to the viscosity of the second polymer to avoid separation upon coextrusion. Further, the films may form a layer in subsequent lamination to other material layers.

Abstract: The optical composite sheet 1 includes a first optical layer 10 and a second optical layer 20, and a low-refractive index layer 30 that is laminated at least between the first optical layer 10 and the second optical layer 20 and has a lower refractive index than the refractive indices of the first optical layer 10 and the second optical layer 20. The low-refractive index layer 30 is characterized by containing many particles 50 having an average particle size of 5 nm to 300 nm, a binder resin 35 that binds the surface sites of the particles 50 to each other, and gaps 36 that are formed among the particles.

Abstract: An optical compensation film is disclosed herein, which is made by uniaxially or biaxially stretching of a multilayer film including a first polymer film having a refractive index profile satisfying the equations of (nx+ny)/2?nz and |nx?ny|<0.005 and a second polymer film having a refractive index profile satisfying the equations of (nx+ny)/2<nz and |nx?ny|<0.005, wherein nx and ny represent in-plane refractive indices and nz the thickness-direction refractive index of the films, and wherein said optical compensation film has a positive in-plane retardation that satisfies the relations of 0.7<R450/R550<1 and 1<R650/R550<1.25, wherein R450, R550, and R650 are in-plane retardations at the light wavelengths of 450 nm, 550 nm, and 650 nm respectively.

Abstract: Composite panel, particularly for forming roof panels of cars and/or industrial vehicles, and method of manufacturing the composite panel, which composite panel includes a core of foamed material, at least one skin layer of nonwoven material, and at least one connecting layer between the core of foamed material and the skin layer of nonwoven material.

Abstract: The present invention provides a laminated polyester film which exhibits a good adhesion property to various adhesives, and can be suitably used in the applications in which a high total light transmittance is required, for example, as a member for protecting a polarizing plate of liquid crystal displays, in particularly, as a protective film disposed on a rear surface of a rear side polarizing plate. The laminated polyester film according to the present invention comprises a polyester film; a coating layer formed by applying a coating solution which comprises at least one resin selected from the group consisting of a polyester resin, an acrylic resin and a urethane resin, polyvinyl alcohol and an oxazoline compound, on one surface of the polyester film; and a coating layer formed on the other surface of the polyester film which has an absolute reflectance exhibiting one minimum value in a wavelength range of 300 to 800 nm wherein the minimum value is not more than 3.5%.

Abstract: A method for creating a replication material corresponding to the appearance of a translucent or partially translucent target material. The appearance of the target material can be measured or may be prescribed by a user. The method includes receiving by a processor optical data related to a target subsurface scattering parameter of the target material. Once the processor has received the optical or light characteristic data, the method includes determining by the processor a replication pigment concentration to replicate the appearance of the target material caused by the target subsurface scattering parameter. The processor determines this concentration based on a plurality of pigment subsurface scattering parameters corresponding to a plurality of stored pigment concentrations in the computing device. Once the replication pigment concentration has been determined, the method includes creating, physically or virtually, the replication material by combining the pigment concentration with a base material.