Abstract: A wavelength conversion element including at least two ceramic conversion segments each including a ceramic wavelength conversion substance and connected together in a matrix by a non-transparent connecting material, wherein each conversion segment emits light by absorbing primary radiation and re-emitting secondary radiation different from the primary radiation, and the light comprises the secondary radiation and a proportion of the primary radiation is less than or equal to 5%.

Abstract: A surface-treated metal material, comprising: a metal material, and a coating film disposed on the surface thereof, the coating film containing (A) an organic resin having a glass transition temperature of more than 35° C. and not more than 100° C., and (B) an organic resin having a glass transition temperature of more than 100° C. and not more than 250° C.; wherein the difference between the glass transition temperatures of the organic resins (A) and (B) is 50° C. or more. There are provided a surface-treated metal material having a coating film which contains no environmental load substance such as hexavalent chromium, and is particularly excellent in scratch resistance, press formability, and corrosion resistance after the shape processing thereof, and also a process for producing such a surface-treated metal material.

Abstract: The present invention relates to an intermediate product for joining and coating by brazing comprising a base metal and a blend of boron and silicon, said base metal having a solidus temperature above 1040° C., and the intermediate product has at least partly a surface layer of the blend on the base metal, wherein the boron in the blend is selected from a boron source, and the silicon in the blend is selected from a silicon source, and wherein the blend comprises boron and silicon in a ratio of boron to silicon within a range from about 3:100 wt/wt to about 100:3 wt/wt. The present invention relates also to a stacked intermediate product, to an assembled intermediate product, to a method of brazing, to a brazed product, to a use of an intermediate product, to a pre-brazed product, to a blend and to paint.

Abstract: A palladium-based alloy having a coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE) of about 12.0 to about 13.0 and having one or more of the following additive metals: platinum, gallium, molybdenum, tin, silicon, ruthenium, rhenium, indium, tungsten, niobium, boron and lithium.

Abstract: When an etchant for metal (e.g., HF) reaches an underlying silicon oxide layer, it may form silanol bonds or other hydrogen bonds that resist rinsing, so that some etchant remains to be trapped under the next deposited layer. Trapped etchant can create voids that eventually degrade the performance of the oxide layer. Exposing the surface to a liquid solution or gaseous precursor containing silane seals the defects without causing an overall thickness change. The silane reacts at sites with silanol (or other hydrogen) bonds, breaking the bonds and replacing the hydrogen with silicon, but does not react in the absence of a hydrogen bond.

Abstract: A reflective coating is disclosed that has a base layer provided with a reflective surface for reflecting electromagnetic radiation, such as visible and solar near-infrared light. The reflective coating also has a dielectric layer formed on the reflective surface, and an absorber layer. The absorber layer is formed on the dielectric layer that is formed on the base layer. The reflective coating has an average reflectance greater than about 60% for wavelengths of electromagnetic radiation in the range of 800 to 2500 nm that is irradiated upon the reflective coating. Additionally, the reflective coating has an average reflectance for wavelengths of electromagnetic radiation in the range of 400 to 700 nm irradiated upon the reflecting coating that is less than the average reflectance of the reflective coating from 800 to 2500 nm.

Abstract: A germanium (Ge) structure includes a substrate, a Ge layer and at least a Ge spatial structure. The Ge layer is formed on the substrate, and a surface of the Ge layer is a Ge {110} lattice plane. The Ge spatial structure is formed in the Ge layer and includes a top surface and a sidewall surface, wherein the top surface is a Ge {110} lattice plane and the sidewall surface is perpendicular to the top surface. An axis is formed at a junction of the sidewall surface and the top surface, and an extensive direction of the axis is parallel to a Ge [112] lattice vector on the surface of the Ge layer, therefore the sidewall surface is a Ge {111} lattice plane. Because Ge {111} surface channels have very high electron mobility, this Ge spatial structure may be applied for fabricating high-performance Ge semiconductor devices.

Abstract: A directional electromagnetic steel sheet with a coating includes a directional electromagnetic steel sheet; and a coating that is formed on the surface of the directional electromagnetic steel sheet and contains elements P, Si, Cr and O as well as at least one element that is selected from the group consisting of Mg, Al, Ni, Co, Mn, Zn, Fe, Ca and Ba, with 5% by mass or more thereof being composed of a crystalline phase of a phosphate salt.

Abstract: An insulation sheet made from silicon nitride comprising: a sheet-shaped silicon-nitride substrate which contains ?-silicon-nitride crystal grains as a main phase; and a surface layer which is formed on one face or both front and back faces of surfaces of the silicon-nitride substrate and is formed from a resin or a metal which includes at least one element selected from among In, Sn, Al, Ag, Au, Cu, Ni, Pb, Pd, Sr, Ce, Fe, Nb, Ta, V and Ti. A semiconductor module structure using the insulation sheet made from silicon nitride.

Abstract: Hard-material-coated bodies composed of metal, cemented hard material, cermet or ceramic, coated with a TiSiCN composite layer or with a multilayer layer system which contains at least one TiSiCN composite layer. The TiSiCN composite layer is a nanocomposite layer which has been produced by a thermal CVD process without additional plasma excitation and contains a nanocrystalline phase composed of TiCxN1-x having a crystallite size in the range from 5 nm to 150 nm and a second phase composed of amorphous SiCxNy. The layer is characterized by a high hardness, a high oxidation and heat resistance and a high adhesive strength.

Abstract: A composition comprises a metal powder. The composition further comprises a solder powder which has a lower melting temperature than a melting temperature of the metal powder. The composition further comprises a polymer and a carboxylated-polymer different from the polymer. The carboxylated-polymer is useful for fluxing the metal powder and cross-linking the polymer. The composition further comprises a dicarboxylic acid and a monocarboxylic acid. The acids are useful for fluxing the metal powder. The composition may be used for forming a conductor. The conductor may be used for current trans and/or electrical connection. An article comprises a substrate and the conductor disposed on and in electrical contact with the substrate. The article may be used for various applications, such as for converting light of many different wavelengths into electricity. Examples of such articles include photovoltaic (PV) cells and circuit boards.

Abstract: The invention relates to an anti-corrosive composition comprising an active material of formula I wherein R is an aliphatic chain of C12 to C20 and n?20; an anti-corrosive pigment, a filler mixture, and a diluent or carrier. The invention also relates to a process for preparing the anticorrosive composition and a metal substrate having a coating comprising the anti-corrosive composition.

Abstract: A substrate structure is provided. The substrate structure includes a substrate, a first decoration layer, and a light absorption layer. The first decoration layer is disposed on the substrate. The light absorption layer is disposed on the first decoration layer, and the first decoration layer is located between the substrate and the light absorption layer. The material of the light absorption layer includes a semiconductor metal alloy.

Abstract: Disclosed is a surface treatment agent for galvanized steel sheets, which comprises epoxy-containing silane derivates, alkyl-containing silane derivates, alkoxy silane derivates and one or more selected from the group consisting of a cationic polymer aqueous dispersion, a non-ionic polymer aqueous dispersion and a water-soluble polymer. Also disclosed is a method for producing it, which comprises mixing each component uniformly for 0.5 to 8 hours at 5 to 70° C. Further provided are galvanized steel sheets coated with the surface treatment agent on the surface and a production method thereof. The surface treatment agent for galvanized steel sheets has excellent corrosion resistance, alkali resistance, solvent resistance, recoating property, high temperature resistance and electrical conductivity.

Abstract: A system and a method are presented. The system includes an electrically conducting material and an electrical insulation system. The electrical insulation system includes a layered insulation tape that has a first layer and a second layer. The first layer includes a mica paper and a binder resin in a range from about 5 wt % to about 12 wt % of the insulation tape. The second layer includes a composite of layered nanoparticles dispersed in a polyetheretherketone (PEEK) matrix. The second layer laminates the first layer. The method includes attaching the first layer and the second layer with or without the addition of further resin; using the layered insulation tape as a turn insulation and ground wall insulation for an electrically conducting material; and impregnating the system with a nanofiller-incorporated resin by a vacuum pressure impregnation method, to form an insulation system within the system.

Abstract: A method of manufacturing a multi-layer thin film is provided. The method includes modifying a surface of a plastic object by plasma treatment, depositing at least one hardness-enhancing layer on the plastic object, and depositing a color layer on the hardness-enhancing layer. The method may further include depositing a protective layer on the color layer.

Abstract: Techniques described herein are generally related to metamaterial structures for Q-switching in laser systems. The various described techniques may be applied to methods, systems, devices or combinations thereof. Sonic described metamaterial structures may include a substrate and a first conductive layer disposed on a first surface of the substrate. A dielectric layer may be disposed on a first surface of the first conductive layer and a second conductive layer having a substantially symmetric geometric shape may be disposed on a first surface of the dielectric layer. The second conductive layer may cover a portion of the first surface of the dielectric layer.

Abstract: A method of integrally forming at least one stiffener onto a sheet metal component configured to carry a load is provided including generating a stereolithography file. The stereolithography file includes a surface geometry of the at least one stiffener extending from a surface of the sheet-metal component. The surface geometry of the stereolithography file is sliced into a plurality of thin strips. The plurality of thin strips is substantially parallel to the surface of the sheet metal component. Energy from an energy source is applied to a powdered material such that the powdered material fuses to form the plurality of thin strips. One of the plurality of thin strips is integrally formed with the surface of the sheet-metal component. Each of the plurality of thin strips is integrally formed with an adjacent thin strip to create at least one stiffener.

Abstract: Disclosed is a core member for a vacuum insulation material, the core member having high initial insulation performance and radiant heat blocking performance, and the vacuum insulation material using same. The vacuum insulation material according to the present invention comprises a plurality of core layers, a radiant heat blocking film which is disposed between the plurality of core layers, and an outer skin material which vacuum-packs the core layers and the radiant heat blocking film.

Abstract: Embodiments of the present invention include low emissivity (low-E) coatings and methods for forming the coatings. The low-E coating comprises a self-assembled monolayer (SAM) on a glass substrate, where one surface of the SAM is disposed in contact with and covalently bonded to the glass substrate, and one surface of the monolayer is disposed in contact with and covalently bonded to a metal layer. In some embodiments, the low-E coating comprises an assembly of one or more monomeric subunits of the following structure: Si—(CnHy)-(LM)m where n is from 1 to 20, y is from 2n?2 to 2n, m is 1 to 3, L is a Group VI element, and M is a metal, such as silver. In some embodiments, (CnHy) can be branched, crosslinked, or cyclic. The coating can further comprise an antireflection coating on the metal layer.

Abstract: A composite plated product has a metal material and a plating film of compounded carbon nanomaterials and microparticles coated on the metal material in a nickel plating bath in which carbon nanomaterials are mixed together with microparticles having an average grain size of 2.5 ?m or less.

Abstract: Disclosed is a jointed body wherein multiple base members are jointed to each other through a jointing layer, and at least one of the base members is a base member of a ceramic material, semiconductor or glass. The joint material layer contains a metal and an oxide. The oxide contains V and Te, and is present between the metal and the base members. Disclosed is also a joint material in the form of a paste containing an oxide glass containing V and Te, metal particles, and a solvent; in the form of a foil piece or plate in which particles of an oxide glass containing V and Te are embedded; or in the form of a foil piece or plate containing a layer of an oxide glass containing V and Te, and a layer of a metal.

Abstract: Methods for bonding polymeric substrates to hydroxylated surfaces such as glass are disclosed. The polymeric substrates may be elastomeric substrates such as a natural or synthetic rubber. The method may comprise applying a compound comprising at least one alkoxy silane moiety and at least one moiety selected from a nitrosoaromatic or a nitrosoaromatic precursor to one of the substrates. The nitrosoaromatic moiety may be a nitrosobenzene. The nitrosoaromatic precursor may be a nitrosobenzene precursor, such as at least one of a quinone dioxime or a quinone oxime. Novel primers and compounds suitable for use in the bonding process are also disclosed.

Abstract: A metal-ceramic joined body is provided in which the surface roughness of the metal is low, and the joined body is unlikely to break. Provided is a metal-ceramic joined body including a metal mainly composed of titanium and a ceramic, in which, regarding the X-ray diffraction peak intensity of a surface portion of the metal excluding a joining region to the ceramic, at least one of I110 and I012 is larger than I011, where I011 is the intensity of a peak attributable to a first plane of hexagonal ? titanium, I110 is the intensity of a peak attributable to a second plane of hexagonal ? titanium, and I012 is the intensity of a peak attributable to a third plane of hexagonal ? titanium.

Abstract: A molding packaging material 1 of this invention contains a biaxially stretched polyamide film layer 2 as an outer layer, a thermoplastic resin layer 3 as an inner layer, and a metal foil layer 4 disposed between the both layers 2 and 3, in which a biaxially stretched polyamide film in which when the fracture strength of the film is defined as “X” and the fracture strain of the film is defined as “Y”, the X/Y value is 230 MPa to 360 MPa is used as the biaxially stretched polyamide film 2. The molding packaging material can secure excellent moldability even when the molding packaging material is not coated with a slipperiness imparting component.

Abstract: Waterborne primer coating compositions are applied to sheet metal substrates and rapidly cured. The primer coating compositions contain water, a latex resin and corrosion-inhibiting particles. The primer coating compositions may be applied to the metal sheets and rapidly cured at a rolling mill, followed by coiling of the coated sheets.

Abstract: A fire insulation precursor material formed of cement, in an amount of between 10-30% w/w; and an aluminium or magnesium hydroxide, huntite or hydromagnesite in an amount of between 60-90% w/w. A fire insulation material is provided including the previously mentioned precursor material. Further described are methods of forming a fire insulation material and applications for such material in sheaths, duct coatings, cable trays and other elongate components.

Abstract: A prepreg for a printed wiring board, comprising a cyanate ester resin having a specific structure, a non-halogen epoxy resin, a silicone rubber powder as a rubber elasticity powder, an inorganic filler and a base material, which prepreg retains heat resistance owing to a stiff resin skeleton structure, has high-degree flame retardancy without the use of a halogen compound or a phosphorus compound as a flame retardant, and has a small thermal expansion coefficient in plane direction without using a large amount of inorganic filler, and a laminate comprising the above prepreg.

Abstract: Disclosed herein are optical stacks that are stable to light exposure by incorporating light-stabilizers and/or oxygen barriers.

Abstract: A thermal spray powder of the present invention contains a rare earth element and a group 2 element, which belongs to group 2 of the periodic table. The thermal spray powder, which contains a rare earth element and a group 2 element, is formed, for example, from a mixture of a rare earth element compound and a group 2 element compound or from a compound or solid solution containing a rare earth element and a group 2 element. The thermal spray powder may further contain a diluent element that is not a rare earth element or a group 2 element and is not oxygen, which is at least one element selected, for example, from titanium, zirconium, hafnium, vanadium, niobium, tantalum, zinc, boron, aluminum, gallium, silicon, molybdenum, tungsten, manganese, germanium, and phosphorus.

Abstract: A process and a device for coating a substrate (22) are described. In a vacuum chamber (10), a first magnetron cathode (24) is provided with a sputtering target (28) of a first metal composition comprising predominantly aluminium. A second magnetron cathode (26) is provided with a sputtering target (30) of a second metal composition comprising at least 50 at-% of a second metal selected from groups IVA-VIA of the periodic table. In order to obtain coatings with improved properties, electrical power is supplied to the cathodes (24, 26) such that the targets (28, 30) are sputtered, where electrical power is supplied to the first cathode (24) as pulsed electrical power according to high power impulse magnetron sputtering with a first peak current density, and to the second cathode (26) with a second peak current density lower than the first peak current density. The substrate (22) is arranged within the vacuum chamber such that particles from the plasma deposit onto the substrate forming a coating.

Abstract: A grain-oriented electrical steel sheet to which electron beam irradiation is applied, has a film and a thickness of t (mm), wherein no rust is produced on a surface of the steel sheet after a humidity cabinet test lasting 48 hours at a temperature of 50° C. in an atmosphere of 98% humidity, and iron loss W17/50 after the electron beam irradiation is reduced by at least (?500 t2+200 t?6.5) % of the iron loss W17/50 before the electron beam irradiation and is (5 t2?2 t+1.065) W/kg or less.

Abstract: Disclosed are methods of increasing the chemosensitivity of normal and/or chemoresistant tumor or cancer cells using thyroid hormone analogs and/or nanoparticulate or polymeric forms thereof. Also disclosed are methods of increasing radiosensitivity of normal and/or radioresistant tumor or cancer cells using thyroid hormone analogs and/or nanoparticulate or polymeric forms thereof.

Abstract: The present disclosure relates to a heat-emitting composition coated on the surface of a heat-resistant ceramic ware and emitting heat by absorbing microwaves, which includes a heat-emitting metal oxide material and a binding material, a transfer paper for a ceramic ware including same, a far-infrared-emitting ceramic ware including same, and a method for preparing same. The heat-emitting composition coated on the surface of the ceramic ware absorbs microwaves from a microwave oven and emits heat and far-infrared light, such that food can be cooked evenly in short time by the emitted far-infrared light without burning or drying on the food surface. Further, the far-infrared-emitting ceramic ware can be used as a far-infrared-emitting medical device for fomentation. Also, because of superior heat resistance, the far-infrared-emitting ceramic ware of the present disclosure can be directly heated. Accordingly, cooking can be performed using various means such as gas stove, oven, etc.

Abstract: A laminated electrode disposed on a substrate includes a first layer disposed at a top surface and a second layer directly joined to the first layer. A material of the first layer is gold. A material of the second layer is nickel silicide.

Abstract: Novel articles and methods to fabricate the same resulting in flexible, oriented, semiconductor-based, electronic devices on {110}<100> textured substrates are disclosed. Potential applications of resulting articles are in areas of photovoltaic devices, flat-panel displays, thermophotovoltaic devices, ferroelectric devices, light emitting diode devices, computer hard disc drive devices, magnetoresistance based devices, photoluminescence based devices, non-volatile memory devices, dielectric devices, thermoelectric devices and quantum dot laser devices.

Abstract: A durable ceramic and metallic coating has been applied to ceramic tiles to protect the tiles while undergoing a molten metal casting operation. The plasma sprayed coating consists of a ceramic top coat layer of aluminum oxide, zirconium oxide, or other oxides with or without a metallic bond coat layer and with or without a functionally gradient coating. This coating protects the underlying ceramic tile, which is composed of boron carbide, silicon carbide, alumina (Al2O3) or other type of hard ceramic, from reacting chemically with the molten metal. The molten metal is cast around the ceramic tiles to create a lattice of ceramic tiles that are used for protection from projectiles and shrapnel.

Abstract: A one-dimensional conductive nanomaterial-based conductive film having the conductivity thereof enhanced by a two-dimensional nanomaterial in which the conductive film includes a substrate, a one-dimensional conductive nanomaterial layer formed on the substrate, and a two-dimensional nanomaterial layer formed on the one-dimensional conductive nanomaterial layer, wherein the one-dimensional conductive nanomaterial layer includes a one-dimensional conductive nanomaterial formed of at least one selected from a carbon nanotube, a metal nanowire, and a metal nanorod, and the two-dimensional nanomaterial layer includes a two-dimensional nanomaterial formed of at least one selected from graphene, boron nitride, tungsten oxide (WO3), molybdenum sulfide (MoS2), molybdenum telluride (MoTe2), niobium diselenide (NbSe2), tantalum diselenide (TaSe2), and manganese dioxide (MnO2).

Abstract: In a thermally sprayed, gastight protective layer for metal substrates, such as Fe, Ni, Al, Mg and/or Ti, the spray powder for the purpose includes at least two components. The first is a silicate mineral or rock and the second is a metal powder and/or a further silicate mineral or rock. The silicate mineral or rock component in the spray powder has an alkali content of less than 6 percent by weight.

Abstract: A casting component and method for the application of an anticorrosive layer to a substrate, such as the casting component, are provided. The casting component for a device for casting a metal melt includes a metallic basic body and a melt contact surface region which is exposed to the metal melt during casting operation. In the casting component, the metallic basic body is provided in the melt contact surface region with an anticorrosive layer which is resistant to the metal melt and which is formed, using microparticles and/or nanoparticles of one or more substances from a substance group which includes borides, nitrides and carbides of the transition metals and their alloys and also of boron and silicon and Al2O3.

Abstract: A diluent for a fluorine-containing silicone coating agent, said diluent comprising (A) at least one selected from diisopropyl ether and hexane, and (B) a fluorinated solvent having a boiling point, at atmospheric pressure, which is higher than that of the component (A) by at least 30° C. and is 180° C. or lower, with a weight ratio of the component (A) to the component (B) ranging from 95/5 to 50/50.

Abstract: A method for assembling at least two parts made of silicon carbide-based materials by non-reactive brazing is disclosed. The two parts are contacted with a non-reactive brazing composition. The assembly formed by the parts and the brazing composition is heated to a brazing temperature sufficient to melt the brazing composition. The parts and the brazing composition are cooled so that, after solidification of the brazing composition, a moderately refractory joint is formed. The non-reactive brazing composition is a binary alloy composed, in mass percentages, of about 46% to 99% silicon and 54% to 1% neodymium.

Abstract: The purpose of the present invention is to provide a wiring substrate from which a metal film cannot be detached easily. A process for forming a metal film comprises a step (X) of applying an agent containing a compound (?) onto the surface of a base and a step (Y) of forming a metal film on the surface of the compound (?) by a wet-mode plating technique, wherein the compound (?) is a compound having either an OH group or an OH-generating group, an azide group and a triazine ring per molecule, and the base comprises a polymer.

Abstract: A silicon dioxide sol comprises tetraethyl silicate, dimethylformamide, 1,2-bis(triethoxysilyl)ethane, absolute ethanol, hydrochloric acid, and water. A surface treatment method for metal substrate using the silicon dioxide sol and a coated article manufactured by the method is also provided, the resulting coating providing significantly better anti-corrosion and anti-wear properties.

Abstract: A coating material includes: (A) a compound of formula (I) Ra4-nSiXan??(I), wherein: Xa is a hydrolysable radical; Ra is a non-hydrolysable radical; n is 2, 3 or 4; (B) a compound of formula (II) wherein: Xb is a hydrolysable radical; Rb is a non-hydrolysable radical without an epoxide function, an acryloxy function, a methacryloxy function and an isocyanate function; Yb is a non-hydrolysable radical with a crosslinkable function; p is 2 or 3; q is 1 or 2; the sum of p and q is less than or equal to 4; (C) a crosslinking agent; (D) an organozirconium, organotitanium or organoaluminum compound containing hydrolysable organic radicals; (E) a hydrolysis catalyst; (F) crosslinkable prepolymers of epoxy and epoxysiloxane resins, (G) optional corrosion inhibitors; (H) optional compounds for reducing the reactivity of component (D); wherein n and the sum of p +q are not at the same time each 4.

Abstract: Provided are a resin composition for surface treatment and a surface-treated steel sheet coated therewith. The resin composition for surface treatment includes a dispersing element having excellent thermal conductivity and heat dissipation, thereby maintaining physical properties of the conventional anti-fingerprint steel sheet, for example, high whiteness, fingerprint resistance, workability, electric conductivity and alkali resistance, and providing heat dissipation. In addition, the surface-treated steel sheet coated with the resin composition for surface treatment of the present invention has physical properties such as high heat dissipation, electric conductivity and whiteness, and thus may be replaced with a bottom chassis of a backlight unit, particularly, an edge-type backlight unit.

Abstract: The present invention discloses a CrSiN coated hot forming tool having enhanced wear resistance, oxidation resistance and adhesion wear resistance and thereby exhibiting a longer lifetime and better performance. The CrSiN coating is especially good to improve performance by hot metal sheet forming processes where the workpiece is an AlSi-coated metal sheet and/or a metal sheet with strength of 1,500 MPa or more.

Abstract: A seed film and methods incorporating the seed film in semiconductor applications is provided. The seed film includes one or more noble metal layers, where each layer of the one or more noble metal layers is no greater than a monolayer. The seed film also includes either one or more conductive metal oxide layers or one or more silicon oxide layers, where either layer is no greater than a monolayer. The seed film can be used in plating, including electroplating, conductive layers, over at least a portion of the seed film. Conductive layers formed with the seed film can be used in fabricating an integrated circuit, including fabricating capacitor structures in the integrated circuit.

Abstract: The present invention provides a polybutylene terephthalate resin composition which satisfies performances such as high durability in an environment of heating and cooling cycles and adhesion properties to an addition-reaction type silicone rubber. Specifically, provided is the polybutylene terephthalate resin composition, exhibiting excellent adhesion properties to the addition-reaction type silicone rubber, including: (A) 100 parts by weight of polybutylene terephthalate resin; (B) 5 to 30 parts by weight of a styrene-based thermoplastic elastomer containing 40% by weight or less of styrene component; and (C) 20 to 100 parts by weight of glass fiber.

Abstract: An apparatus for mixing a first material with a second material and then spraying the resultant material onto a surface. The second material is mixed with a gas before then being introduced to the first material. A static charge is created and deposited onto the resultant material to help align the resultant material particles.