Abstract: Fibers and fibrillated articles are provided by imparting fluid energy to at least one surface of a highly oriented, voided, melt-processed polymeric film. The fibers and fibrillated articles are useful as tape backings, filters, thermal and acoustical insulation and as reinforcement fibers for polymers or cast building materials such as concrete.

Abstract: The invention relates to an imaging member comprising a base wherein said base comprises at least one layer of heat shrinkable sheet and at least one strength layer.

Abstract: The present invention provides unified multilayer films having at least one layer that includes a flame retardant film layer. In preferred embodiments the flame retardant film layer is an internal layer. In particularly preferred embodiments of the present invention, multilayer films include flame retardant layers alternating with non flame retardant layers. In other preferred embodiments, multilayer films include alternating layers of different flame retardant materials.

Abstract: A multi-layer film has an improved composite structure for providing hermetic seals to packages manufactured in high speed packaging apparatus. The structure of the multi-layer film includes layers A/B/C/D. Skin layer A is formed from polypropylene copolymer with melt flow rate greater than one or linear high density polyethylene with melt index greater than one. Core layer B is formed from polypropylene. Intermediate layer C has the primary function of compliance during sealing, and sealing layer D has the primary function of providing adhesivity to the completed seal.

Abstract: To provide an economically advantageous biaxially oriented polypropylene-based film, which is excellent in straight cuttability along the MD direction, strength along the TD direction and transparency, a film-forming material which comprises a polypropylene-based resin material consisting of 40 to 88% by weight of crystalline polypropylene, and 60 to 12% by weight of propylene-&agr;-olefin copolymer dispersed as particles in the crystalline polypropylene is biaxially oriented to afford a biaxially oriented polypropylene-based film wherein the particles of the copolymer have a mean dispersed particle diameter of 0.1 &mgr;m or less along the TD direction.

Abstract: A uniaxially heat-shrinkable, biaxially oriented, multilayer film having a polypropylene containing core layer and at least one high density polyethylene containing skin layer adjacent the core layer. The core layer contains isotactic polypropylene and a modifier which reduces the crystallization or crystallinity of the polypropylene by increasing chain imperfections or reducing isotacticity of the polypropylene resin. Examples of materials which are useful as modifiers include atactic polypropylene, syndiotactic polypropylene, ethylene-propylene-butene-1 terpolymer, polybutene-1, and linear low density polyethylene.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a matte surface film comprising: (a) a base layer comprising high density polyethylene (HDPE); and (b) a matte surface layer comprising a blend of two or more incompatible polyolefins. In preferred embodiments, the matte surface layer comprises (i) a propylene homopolymer or propylene interpolymer and (ii) an ethylene homopolymer or ethylene interpolymer. The film possesses easy and improved cuttability and may be used for packaging and label applications.

Abstract: An aliphatic polyester film comprising, as a main component, a polylactic acid having a reduced viscosity (&eegr;sp/C) of not less than 0.50 dl/g and not more than 2.50 dl/g, wherein the film has a thermal shrinkage in the longitudinal direction at 120° C. of not more than 5.0% is provided. The aliphatic polyester film of the present invention is provided which is useful as a packaging film and an adhesive tape, superior in hand tearability, twist retention, processability and film forming property, and which is biodegradable when placed in a natural environment.

Abstract: The invention relates to a biaxially oriented polyester film which has very good optical properties and good processing behavior and which after it has been metallized or coated with oxidic materials exhibits a high oxygen barrier and which is built up from at least one base layer B and at least one layer A applied on top of this base layer, this layer A having a defined number of elevations of defined height and diameter. The invention also relates to the use of the film and a process for the production thereof.

Abstract: A biaxially-oriented polyester film includes at least two layers and at least one outermost layer is composed of a polyester having a rigid amorphous content of about 10 to 55%. The biaxially-oriented polyester film has a longitudinal Young's modulus of at least about 4.5 GPa. The biaxially-oriented polyester film is suitable for high-density magnetic recording media, such as digital video tapes and high-density data recording tapes.

Abstract: A packaged article, especially a respiring foodstuff such as cheese which generates or releases gas during storage, and a permeable multilayer biaxially oriented film suitable for allowing escape of such gas while minimizing transfer of oxygen across the film which has a thin layer of a blend of EVOH and nylon. In a preferred embodiment the low cost film having a high permeability to CO2 and low O2 permeability is used to package cheese.

Abstract: A resin composition comprising: a polyvinyl alcohol; and an inorganic laminar compound having an aspect ratio of not less than 50 and not more than 5000, which has a volume ratio of (inorganic laminar compound/polyvinyl alcohol) in the range of (5/95) to (30/70); and a laminate or laminate film comprising, as at least a portion thereof, a layer or portion (1) comprising such a resin composition. The resin composition, laminate or laminate film may exhibit a good gas barrier property while substantially retaining a good film strength.

Abstract: A biaxially oriented polyester film: (A) which comprises a composition comprising at least two thermoplastic polyesters; (B) which has at least two melting peaks which satisfy difference between being in range of 5 to 20° C. and average of the both melting peak temperature being in range of 200 to 230° C. when measured by DSC at a temperature elevation rate of 2° C./min by superimposing a periodic temperature variation of ±1° C./min; the highest melting peak temperature (° C.) and the lowest melting peak temperature (° C.); (C) which has on the film plane two crossing directions having a thermal shrinkage factor at 100° C. for 10 minutes of 16 to 25%; and (D) which has a thickness of 0.2 to 7 &mgr;m.

Abstract: A multi layer film having enhanced barrier properties with respect to oxygen and water vapor transmission as well as an excellent surface for film laminating, printing and coating processes is provided. The multi layer film includes a polyolefin core layer having a wax therein, a first surface layer including a polyolefin copolymer or terpolymer layer, and a second surface layer including a polar layer having ester functionality. Multi layer films according to the present invention are particularly useful as packaging films for food products, and are particularly well suited for subsequent laminating, printing or coating operations.

Abstract: A process for producing a chip, comprising the steps of: setting an object to be diced on a pressure sensitive adhesive sheet for producing chip comprising at least one layer of shrinkable film, an expansible film and a pressure sensitive adhesive layer for setting the object; fixing edges of the pressure sensitive adhesive sheet for producing chip; dicing the object into chips, and shrinking the shrinkable film to thereby expand chip spacings. In the process for producing small chips such as semiconductor chips, chip spacings can be expanded without the need to conduct the conventional expansion step.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a laminate film where on at least one face of a substrate layer selected from polyester film and aliphatic polyamide film, there is provided a polyamide layer in which the chief component is an aromatic polyamide of glass transition temperature at least 60° C., as a layer to undergo vapor deposition, and (1) the center-line average roughness (Ra) of the face which is to undergo vapor deposition is in the range 0.005 to 0.03 &mgr;m, or (2) between the substrate layer and the polyamide layer, a layer comprising a single polymer or a plurality of polymers of SP value 10 to 15 is interposed between the substrate A layer and the polyamide C layer; and the invention offers film for vapor-deposition which is outstanding in its processability in vapour-deposition, and in its gas barrier properties.

Abstract: A polyester laminate film comprising plural polyester layers, which comprises one surface layer comprising a polyester and a lubricant having an average particle size of 1-3 &mgr;m in a proportion of 1-5 wt % and the other surface layer comprising a polyester wherein 5-15 mol % of the entire acid component is a dimer acid component, the polyester laminate film having a crystallization peak temperature of 80-120° C. under temperature rise of the On The polyester laminate film of the present invention has a lower crystallization peak temperature when the film is under temperature rise, as compared to conventional polyethylene terephthalate. As a consequence, the film is free of whitening upon retorting, even after the film was subjected to remelting treatment and rapid cooling for noncystallization and unorienting. Therefore, the film serves well as a laminate film for food containers and beverage cans that undergo retort sterilization.

Abstract: A biaxially oriented polyester film which has good thickness nonuniformity in both longitudinal and transverse directions, uniform physical properties in a transverse direction and high strength in a longitudinal direction. This film has such characteristic properties that (a) an F-5 value in a longitudinal direction of 13 kg/mm2 or more, (b) a thickness nonuniformity in each of both longitudinal and transverse directions of 8% or less, and (c) a difference in the heat shrinkage factor of 0.02 to 0.2% per 1 m in a transverse direction, said heat shrinkage factor being measured at 105° C. in the longitudinal direction.

Abstract: A laminated polyester film comprising a polyester base film and a layer comprising a polyester graft copolymer and which is formed at least on one surface of said polyester base film, said polyester graft copolymer comprising a hydrophobic copolymerizable polyester resin and an acid anhydride having at least one double bond grafted to said polyester resin. The laminated polyester film of the present invention exhibits good adhesive property, water resistance and resistance to blocking, particularly excellent adhesive property, by applying a specific polyester graft copolymer to a polyester base film.

Abstract: A uniaxially heat-shrinkable, biaxially oriented, multilayer film having a polypropylene-containing core layer containing at least 70 wt. % of the multilayer film and at least one polyolefin-containing skin layer adjacent the core layer is prepared by biaxially orienting a coextrudate and thereafter orienting the coextrudate by stretching 10 to 40% in the machine direction. The core layer contains isotactic polypropylene, a modifier which reduces the crystallinity of the polypropylene-containing core layer and a nucleating agent. Such modifiers include atactic polypropylene, syndiotactic polypropylene, ethylene-propylene copolymer, propylene-butene-1 copolymer, ethylene-propylene-butene-1 terpolymer, and linear low density polyethylene. The nucleating agent improves long term dimensional stability. The skin layer can be high density polyethylene on both sides or high density polyethylene on one side and isotactic polypropylene on the other side.

Abstract: A base film for a thermal transfer ribbon which is a biaxially oriented polyester film comprising polyethylene-2,6-naphthalene dicarboxylate as a main constitutional element, wherein in a temperature-dimensional change curve under load in a longitudinal direction of the film, the dimensional change from the original length of the film at temperatures of up to 200° C. is 1.0% or less and the dimensional change from the original length of the film at temperatures of up to 230° C. is 3.0% or less. This film may have a coating layer of at least one water-soluble or water-dispersible resin selected from the group consisting of an urethane resin, polyester resin, acrylic resin and vinyl resin-modified polyester resin, on one side thereof. The base film gives a thermal transfer ribbon which has excellent adhesion to a sublimation-type ink layer and excellent printing performance without blurred ink at the time of high-speed printing and without wrinkles formed by friction with a head.

Abstract: A biaxially oriented polyester film for thermal transfer use produced by using a polyester composed of a dicarboxylic acid component and a diol component as a constituent component characterized in that said film contains a sulfonic acid quaternary phosphonium salt having an ester-forming functional group in an amount of 0.1 to 40 mmol % based on said dicarboxylic acid component, the alternate current volume resistivity of the film is 6×108 &OHgr;·cm or below in molten state and the endothermic subpeak temperature of the film other than the melting point and determined by DSC is between 225° C. and the melting point, a laminated film produced by forming an adhesiveness improving layer on at least one surface of the biaxially oriented polyester film, and its production process.

Abstract: A film includes at least one layer comprising a blend of an ethylene polymer having a density of at least 0.925 grams per cubic centimeter, and an ethylene copolymer selected from the group consisting of ethylene/ester copolymer, and ethylene/alpha-olefin copolymer. The film is preferably substantially free from linear low density polyethylene. The film can be a monolayer or multilayer film, and can comprises a core layer comprising an ethylene polymer having a density of at least 0.925 grams per cubic centimeter; and one or more outer layers with the above described blend. At least one intermediate layer comprising an ethylene copolymer having a density of less than 0.925 grams per cubic centimeter can also be included. The film preferably has a thickness of less than 0.60 mils; a shrink force of less than 0.35 pounds in the longitudinal direction, and less than 0.

Abstract: A multilayer film suitable for cook-in end use includes an outer layer that includes a homo- or co-polymer of propylene and, directly adhered to the outer layer, a layer that includes at least one of: (a) an ethylene/alkyl acrylate copolymer having a high melting point, (b) propylene/&agr;-olefin copolymer having a lower propylene mer content than the outer layer and having a high Vicat softening point, and (c) an ethylene/vinyl acetate copolymer with at least 15% vinyl acetate mer content. The film exhibits good seal strength and good adhesion between the two layers, even in areas where the film is sealed, even after the film is oriented, even when the film is subjected to the elevated temperatures involved in cook-in procedures, and even where the film is subjected to, e.g., grease from fatty foods. The film also can include one or more other layers including, for example, bulk layers, O2-barrier layers, and/or abuse layers.

Abstract: The present invention is to provide a polyamide laminated film comprising a resin layer A and a resin layer B formed on at least one surface of the resin layer A, the resin layer A being composed mainly of a m-xylylene group-containing polyamide polymer (a-1) which is one prepared from monomer components containing a xylylenediamine compound as a main diamine component and an &agr;,&ohgr;-aliphatic dicarboxylic acid having from 6 to 12 carbon atoms as a main dicarboxylic acid component, the xylylenediamine compound being m-xylylenediamine alone or a mixture of m-xylylenediamine and p-xylylenediamine, and the resin layer B being mainly composed of a mixed polymer (b-3) which is a mixture of from 99 to 80% by weight of an aliphatic polyamide (b-1) and from 1 to 20% by weight of an elastomer (b-2). The laminated film is good in a gas barrier property and also in a flexural fatigue resistance and a transparency.

Abstract: The invention relates to a biaxially oriented polyester film which has at least three layers and has better optical properties than films of the prior art together with very good processing performance, and, after it is metalized or coated with oxidic materials, is a good barrier to oxygen, and which is built up on each side from at least one base layer B and outer layers A and C applied to this base layer, where these outer layers have a defined number of elevations of a defined height and diameter. The invention further relates to the use of the film and to a process for the production thereof.

Abstract: Optical devices according to the present invention include a multilayer optical film in which at least one of the layers comprises an oriented birefringent polymer. The multilayer optical film exhibits low absorptivity and can reflect light approaching at shallow angles as well as normal to the film.

Abstract: A biaxially oriented polyester film for capacitors, wherein the polyester film comprises a polyester containing 80 mol % or more polyethylene terephthalate units, has at least one coating layer composed of water soluble or water dispersible resin, and has a heat shrinkage stress satisfying the following formulae (1) to (3): S150 < 200 g/mm2 S150-S120 < 100 g/mm2 Smax < 500 g/mm2 wherein S150 and S120 represent the values of heat shrinkage stress per unit cross section area of the film at 150° C. and 120° C., respectively, and Smax represents the maximum value of the heat shrinkage stress at a temperature within the rage of not less than 150° C. and not more than the melting point of the film.

Abstract: A porous polyester film comprising a composition comprising a polyester resin and a thermoplastic resin incompatible with the polyester resin, and a number of voids formed by dispersing the incompatible thermoplastic resin to provide particles in the polyester resin and stretching same, wherein the incompatible thermoplastic resin comprises a polyolefin resin, and the film satisfies the following requirements (a) to (c): (a) an apparent specific gravity of not more than 1.3; (b) an average size d of dispersed particles of the polyolefin resin of not more than 15 &mgr;m; and (c) a ring crush strength G (unit:kg/mm) and a film thickness t (unit:mm) satisfying the following formula G>15×t3 is provided. According to the invention, a film having superior properties derived from a porous structure (e.g., cushioning property, low dielectric property, light weight) and good handling property.

Abstract: The invention relates to a biaxially oriented polypropylene film which has very good optical properties and good processing performance and which, after it has been metallized or has been coated with oxidic materials, has a high oxygen barrier value, and whose structure has at least one base layer B and at least one layer A applied to this base layer, where this layer A has a specified number of elevations of specified height and specified diameter. The invention further relates to the use of the film and to a process for its production.

Abstract: A polyester laminate film comprising plural polyester layers, which comprises one surface layer comprising a polyester and a lubricant having an average particle size of 1-3 &mgr;m in a proportion of 1-5 wt % and the other surface layer comprising a polyester wherein 5-15 mol % of the entire acid component is a dimer acid component, the polyester laminate film having a crystallization peak temperature of 80-120° C. under temperature rise of the film The polyester laminate film of the present invention has a lower crystallization peak temperature when the film is under temperature rise, as compared to conventional polyethylene terephthalate. As a consequence, the film is free of whitening upon retorting, even after the film was subjected to remelting treatment and rapid cooling for noncrystallization and unorienting. Therefore, the film serves well as a laminate film for food containers and beverage cans that undergo retort sterilization.

Abstract: A heat shrinkable film suitable for use in cook-in applications is provided which exhibits a transverse direction free shrink at 50° C. of less than about 2% and a transverse direction free shrink at 57° C. of at least about 3%. The film has at least two layers. The first layer includes an ethylene/vinyl alcohol copolymer and the film has a second layer directly adhered to the first layer, the second layer including at least one member selected from the group consisting of polyester, polyamide and polyurethane. Preferably, the desired shrink properties are attained by annealing the film under controlled conditions.

Abstract: An oriented multi-layer film comprised of a core layer comprising a metallocene-catalyzed substantially isotactic propylene polymer, a first additional layer on a side of the core layer, and a second additional layer on a side of the core layer which side is opposite to the side having the first additional layer. In one embodiment of the invention, the core layer includes a polymerized alicyclic hydrocarbon such as polyterpene.

Abstract: The film according to the invention comprises a central layer, representing at least 30% of the total thickness of the film, composed of a mixture comprising at least 50% by weight of radical polyethylene and of ionomeric plastic, the remainder being conventional linear polyethylene, sandwiched between two outer layers composed of a mixture comprising more than 50% by weight of linear polyethylene, the remainder being radical polyethylene. Application: in the wrapping of groups of products.

Abstract: It is provided a package easy-to-open for photosensitive material such as an easy-to-open packaged photosensitive material having at least a biaxially stretched plastic film layer and, as an innermost layer, a heat-sealing layer containing not less than 5 wt % of an ethylene copolymer resin and/or a thermoplastic elastomer. At least one layer of the layered film has light shielding performance, and at least one layer other than the biaxially stretched plastic film layer has a ratio of the tear strength in the direction normal to the flow direction to the tear strength in the flow direction of not less than 3. The package has physical strength such as impact resistance, complete hermetic sealing performance, complete light shielding performance, and amenability of discarding and recycling without affecting the quality of the photosensitive material.

Abstract: Multilayer laminates including films, sheets, preforms, containers and other articles having at least one wholly aromatic, amorphous, stretchable liquid crystalline polymer layer with at least one non-liquid crystalline thermoplastic polyester layer are provided as well as methods for producing and stretching the multilayer articles. The laminates are suitable for thermoforming and stretch blow molding applications and may be stretched to at least 100 percent elongation at temperatures below 200° C. and at high total draw ratios without fractures or tears. Containers suitable for food or beverage products may be produced from the laminates.

Abstract: Disclosed are blends of polypropylene prepared with a Ziegler-Natta catalyst system and polypropylene prepared with a metallocene catalyst system. These blends are found to have a unique combination of properties as compared to the properties of either polymer alone. Particularly improved are the tensile properties.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a single or multilayer biaxially oriented film having a thickness of ≦12 &mgr;m, in which Ts (TD) is ≧160° C., S 200 (TD) is ≦5%, S 200 (MD) is 2-5%, the shrinkage force ratio Ns 220/Ns 160 is ≧4.5; the film fixing peak is ≧210° C.; the film density is 1.39-1.41 g/cm3, and Ts (TD) is the temperature at which the transverse shrinkage begins, S 200 (TD) is the shrinkage in the transverse direction (in %) at 200° C., S 200 (MD) is the shrinkage in the machine direction (in %) at 200° C., Ns 220 is the shrinkage force (in N) at 220° C. and Ns 160 is the shrinkage force (in N) at 160° C. in the transverse direction. The invention also relates to a method for forming the film.

Abstract: The invention relates to a single-layer biaxially oriented polyester film which, together with good processing performance, after it has been metalized or has been coated with oxidic materials, has very good gas or oxygen barrier properties, and which has been built up from one base layer, where the film has a planar orientation &Dgr;p of greater than 0.166. For at least one surface of the film, the number N of elevations per mm2, the height n in &mgr;m, and the diameter d in &mgr;m of the elevations are linked by the following equations: - 1 - 3.7 * log ⁢   ⁢ h / μm < log · N / mm 2 < 2.48 - 2.

Abstract: The invention relates to an imaging element comprising a transparent polymer base, at least one layer of biaxially oriented polyolefin sheet and at least one image layer wherein said polymer sheet has a stiffness of between 20 and 100 millinewtons, and said biaxially oriented polyolefin sheet has a spectral transmission of less than 15%.

Abstract: A composite with a thermoplastic matrix and fiber reinforcement is made by rotation of an exit die about a roving of continuous fiber in the presence of a thermoplastic melt. The rotation causes opposing inner and outer helical flow conditions which reduce the melt viscosity of the polymer by shear thinning while dragging and directing the polymer into the fiber roving thereby wetting and dispersing the fiber. A composite structure is formed with a polymer rich skin and a core region of unidirectionally aligned polymer and fiber. The polymeric skin is composed of helically aligned polymer chains which are coiled by the rotation around the core to compress the core region and enhance fiber wet out.

Abstract: The present invention relates to multilayer film which is heat sealable over a broad temperature range. It is desirable to have a broad sealing temperature range to increase the production of packaging machines. The present invention also relates to multilayer film which provides easy opening and hermetic seals to packages. The film is made up of a core layer comprising linear low density polyethylene (LLDPE) and at least one skin layer having a melting point of at least 10° C. below the core layer melting point.

Abstract: A composite gas barrier film having a layer structure comprises a thermoplastic resin film laminated on at least one side of a film formed from polyglycolic acid containing at least 60 wt. % of a repeating unit represented by the following formula (1): wherein the polyglycolic acid film is a film formed from polyglycolic acid having a melt viscosity, &eegr;* of 500 to 100,000 Pa•s as measured at a temperature of the melting point of the polymer +20° C. and a shear rate of 100/sec, a melting point Tm of at least 150° C., and a melt enthalpy, &Dgr;Hm of at least 20 J/g. An adhesive layer is provided between the polyglycolic acid film and the thermoplastic resin film. The film has excellent oxygen gas barrier property and/or carbon dioxide gas barrier property.

Abstract: The invention is directed to an oriented multi-layer film which comprises a voided layer and at least one non-voided layer on at least one surface of the voided layer. In one embodiment, the voided layer comprises a Ziegler-Natta or metallocene-catalyzed substantially isotactic propylene polymer in a polymer matrix with a cavitation initiator. In a second embodiment, the non-voided layer comprises a Ziegler-Natta or metallocene-catalyzed substantially isotactic polypropylene polymer. In a third embodiment, both the voided core layer and at least one non-voided layer comprise a metallocene-catalyzed substantially isotactic polypropylene polymer.

Abstract: The invention relates to a three-layer, biaxially oriented polyester film which has better abrasion properties than prior art films, together with very good electromagnetic properties. The structure on the two sides of the film in composed of at least one base layer B and, applied to this base layer, outer layers A and C, wherein the outer layer A has a roughness gas flow greater than 1000 sec and less than 2000 sec, and the outer layer C has a roughness profile gas flow of less than 600 sec. The invention further relates to a process for producing the film, and to its use as a magnetic tape film.

Abstract: A multilayer packaging film comprising: a) a copolyester heat seal layer comprising a base polymer, wherein: i) 10-60 mole % of the base polymer is derived from a terephthalic acid monomer, ii) 10-60 mole % of the base polymer is derived from an ethylene glycol monomer, and iii) 5-60 mole % of the base polymer is derived from a member of the group consisting of: A) a diacid other than terephthalic acid; B) a diol other than ethylene glycol; and C) a mixture of A) and B); b) an interface layer comprising an acrylic polymer; c) a support layer; wherein the multilayer film has a peel strength of less than 200 grams per linear inch when the heat seal layer is sealed to itself at heat sealing temperatures of above 100° C. to about 200° C.

Abstract: A pressure-sensitive sealing tape product for adhering to various items in applications involving taping and sealing, and having sufficient body to permit dispensing from a conventional pull and tear tape dispenser. The tape includes a paper layer; a water-impermeable plastic film layer having a first corona-discharge treated surface which is adhesively laminated to the paper layer to form a paper-plastic film laminate having first and second opposed outer surfaces; and an exposed layer of a pressure-sensitive adhesive coating on one of the first or second outer surfaces. The plastic film portion of the laminate has a strength sufficient to allow the film to be stripped in one piece from an item to which the laminate is adhered. The tape product may, if desired, additionally comprise a layer of a release agent upon an uncoated one of the first and second opposed outer surfaces of the laminate.

Abstract: A method for heat-treating a photographic film while conveying, which comprises the steps of: passing the photographic film through from 2 to 100 rolls disposed so that gaps between the adjacent rolls are within the range of from 0.1 cm to 50 cm; and heat-treating the photographic film during the conveyance, wherein the photographic film comprises a support having coated thereon at least one layer. Also disclosed is a method for heat-treating a photographic film, which comprises the steps of: heat-treating a photographic film; and winding the heat-treated film, wherein the heat-treated film is cooled before the winding, the cooling rate in the temperature range from the glass transition temperature (Tg) of the film +40° C. to the Tg −10° C. being at 0.01° C./second to 10° C./second. Further disclosed is a photographic film having a width direction and a lengthwise direction, and having a thickness unevenness along the film's width direction is from 2 &mgr;m to 300 &mgr;m.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a biaxially oriented polyester film comprising a polyester containing 0.001 to 3.0% by weight of porous spherical silica particles and having a degree of deformation of said porous spherical silica particles of 1.2 to 5.0, which polyester film is obtained from extruding and biaxially stretching said polyester containing said porous spherical silica particles having an average particle size of 0.3 to 15 &mgr;m, a sphericity ratio defined by the following equation (1) of 0.90 to 1.0 and a particle size distribution factor defined by the following equation (2) of 1.2 to 2.5.

Abstract: Molecular devices using functional Photosystem I reaction centers are prepared on flat derivatized substrate surfaces. The nature and extent of orientation are controlled by chemical modification of the surface derivative. The surface of the substrate is chemically modified such that the Photosystem I reaction centers may be immobilized in a desired orientation. Preferably, a sulfur-organic compound is used to chemically modify the surface of the substrate. Depending on the type of chemical modification, the orientation of the reaction centers may be parallel to the surface, perpendicular to the surface in the “up” position, or perpendicular to the surface in the “down” position. The different orientations provide different electrical characteristics to the device.