Abstract: Gas-impermeable membranes containing a molten salt electrolyte in an electron-conducting matrix provide for mixed ion and electron conduction across the membrane. The membranes mediate transport of a selected ion for gas separation and or catalytic reactions at the membrane surface. The membranes are useful in catalytic membrane reactors, particularly for gas separation and full or partial oxidation reactions. The membranes are of particular interest for mediation of oxide ions, such as carbonate, for carbon dioxide separation or for partial oxidation reactions. Catalytic membrane reactors can incorporate catalyst layers on the membrane surfaces and or three-dimension catalysts, e.g., packed-bed catalysts, in the oxidation zone or the reduction zone of the reactor. The invention also relates to methods of gas separation and method for generating products employing the membranes and catalytic membrane reactors of this invention.

Abstract: The invention relates to a method for producing molten salts and their mixings, using an extruder. The starting materials are melted and reacted and the products of the reaction are then guided via a column with alkali salt.

Abstract: A non aqueous electrolyte secondary battery comprises a positive electrode made from a material which is capable of occluding and discharging anions, a negative electrode made from a material which is capable of occluding and discharging cations, and a non aqueous electrolyte containing a room temperature molten salt having a melting point of not greater than 60° C.

Abstract: An automatic reactant dispenser for use in an electrolysis cell for electrolyzing a reactant product into reactants, the dispenser comprising a container generally surrounding the electrodes with a cover that controls dispensation of a reactant produced at the electrode during electrolysis of the reactant product. In one embodiment, the cover has a plurality of apertures that allow passage of droplets of liquid reactant through the cover. The apertures are spaced on the cover so as to maintain separation of the droplets as they pass through the cover. In another embodiment, the bottom of the cover has a plurality of pockets which collect liquid reactant. Buoyant forces from the accumulated liquid reactant cause the cover to pivot open to release the accumulated liquid reactant. The pivoting of the cover may also temporarily interrupt the electrical circuit energizing the electrodes.

Abstract: An improved thermal battery with improved operating efficiency. The thermal battery utilizes both a first activatible heat source and a second independently activatible heat source. The second heat source is optionally activated under storage environment conditions, such as low temperature, which thereby allow battery operation of improved efficiency.

Abstract: Highly efficient carbon fuels, exemplary embodiments of a high temperature, molten electrolyte electrochemical cell are capable of directly converting ash-free carbon fuel to electrical energy. Ash-free, turbostratic carbon particles perform at high efficiencies in certain direct carbon conversion cells.

Abstract: A reactant product valve for an electrolysis cell. The valve comprises first and second members disposed generally horizontally in the reactant product above the electrodes. The second member floats on liquid reactant product, sinks in liquid reactant and is movable between a closed position and open positions to control flow of reactant product through the valve. A plurality of apertures in the second member are offset horizontally from a plurality of apertures in the first member. The valve has at least one open position at which the second member is spaced from the first member so that the apertures in the first member communicate with the apertures in the second member, thereby allowing movement of reactant product through the valve. In the closed position the second member is adjacent the first member and the apertures do not communicate, thereby prohibiting movement of reactant product through the valve.

Abstract: A method of converting and storing energy in a repeatable cycle using a rechargeable electrolytic cell providing a thermal energy output during discharge, and which recharges electrically. The cell contains chemical reactants and reactant product. The reactant product is electrolyzed into the reactants by at least one electrode in operational communication with the reactant product. The electrode has a porous portion, and one of the reactants, the oxidizer, is conveyed through the porous portion of the electrode, without conveying the reactant product through it, into a hollow internal cavity in the electrode. The reactants are separated and stored in the cell. The stored reactants are controllably combined to produce the reactant product and the thermal energy output. The thermal energy is removed from the cell for useful purposes.

Abstract: This invention provides novel high density memory devices that are electrically addressable permitting effective reading and writing, that provide a high memory density (e.g., 1015 bits/cm3), that provide a high degree of fault tolerance, and that are amenable to efficient chemical synthesis and chip fabrication. The devices are intrinsically latchable, defect tolerant, and support destructive or non-destructive read cycles. In a preferred embodiment, the device comprises a fixed electrode electrically coupled to a storage medium comprising a storage molecule comprising a first subunit and a second subunit wherein the first and second subunits are tightly coupled such that oxidation of the first subunit alters the oxidation potential(s) of the second subunit rendering the oxidation potential(s) of the second unit different and distinguishable from the oxidation potentials of the first subunit.

Abstract: A polymerizable molten salt monomer represented by the following general formula (I): 1

Abstract: A high temperature battery of one or more cells is disclosed in which each cell is made by holding an anode electrode and a cathode electrode, of different metallic substances, together through a fused flux wetted to an electrode, which fused flux is an electrolyte, to make an anode-to-cathode contact, and the anode-to-cathode contact is heated, by a heat source, to a high temperature above a threshold temperature to generate voltaic voltage, in excess of any thermoelectric voltage; such batteries with electrodes of various configurations are disclosed. The heat-activated flux and electrolyte, such as borax, may have, vegetable-growth ashes or chemical constituents of ashes, such as lithium carbonate, added to the heat-activated flux and electrolyte to catalyze or improve the current-generating capability of the battery. The preferred anode substance is aluminum, and the preferred cathode substance is copper.

Abstract: The present invention provides a method of improving the sinkability of fish pellets, comprising providing an aqueous solution of sugar at the surface of the pellets. The sugar solution may be applied in a concentration of between 1-10%, under vacuum or at ambient pressure and with or without the addition of natural oils. Ideally the sugar solution contains sucrose and a beet molasses product is the preferred choice of a sugar containing solution.

Abstract: The present invention provides a rechargeable electrochemical battery cell which has self-charging capabilities. Specifically, the cell comprises two chambers interconnected with a tubing and a valve; each chamber further comprising a top closure, a positive contact disposed through said top closure, a cathode in electrical contact with said positive contact, a liquid metal anode disposed in the chamber at the bottom, a negative contact disposed through the bottom of the chamber and in electrical contact with said liquid metal anode, and a non-aqueous molten salt electrolyte disposed within the chamber. At a first temperature, a first electrochemical reaction occurs within the first chamber between the non-aqueous molten salt electrolyte and the liquid metal anode wherein the cation from the non-aqueous molten salt electrolyte reduces to form the liquid metal anode and the first liquid metal anode becomes the cation in the non-aqueous molten salt electrolyte.

Abstract: A rechargeable energy cell providing a thermal energy output during discharge, and which recharges electrically. The cell contains chemical reactants and reactant product. The reactants are controllably combined in a reaction portion of the cell to produce the reactant product and the thermal energy output. In the preferred embodiment, the reaction portion is designed to facilitate heat transfer. The reactant product is electrolyzed into the reactants, which are separated and stored in the cell, by at least one electrode in operational communication with the reactant product. The electrode has a hollow internal cavity, and a portion of the electrode functions as a valve to convey one of the reactants electrolyzed by the electrode into the cavity without conveying the reactant product into the cavity. The system is fully reversible and results in energy densities which are over 1 kilowatt-hour per Kilogram of cell weight.

Abstract: A high temperature battery of one or more cells is disclosed in which each cell is made by holding an anode electrode and a cathode electrode, of different metallic substances, together through a fused flux wetted to an electrode, which fused flux is an electrolyte, to make an anode-to-cathode contact, and the anode-to-cathode contact is heated, by a heat source, to a high temperature range above a threshold temperature to generate voltaic voltage, in excess of any thermoelectric voltage; such batteries with electrodes of various mechanical configurations are disclosed. The flux, such as borax, may have powdered, vegetable-growth ashes or powdered chemical constituents of ashes, such as lithium carbonate, added to the flux or to the electrolyte to catalyze or improve the current-generating capability of the battery. The preferred anode substance is aluminum, and the preferred cathode substance is copper.

Abstract: An electrochemical cell comprises a housing defining an interior space, and a separator in the housing dividing said space into an anode compartment and a cathode compartment. A sodium anode is in the anode compartment, a cathode being in the cathode compartment, electrochemically coupled by the separator to the anode. The anode is molten, the separator being a conductor of sodium cations and comprising at least 5 tubes having open and closed ends, the cathode being in the tubes and each tube communicating with a header space in an electronically insulating header. The relationship of the combined area of the tubes available for sodium conduction, and the volume of the interior space, as defined by the quotient: ##EQU1## (in which l is a unit length), has a value of at least 1.0 l.sup.-1.

Abstract: An electrolyte system suitable for a molten salt electrolyte high temperature battery is described consisting only of a first component which consists of one or more lithium halides and a second component which consists of one or more lithium compounds which are not lithium halides, and is preferably one or more of lithium sulphate, lithium sulphide, lithium metaborate and lithium oxide. A molten salt electrolyte high temperature battery is described incorporating the electrolyte (2), an anode, preferably of lithium or a lithium alloy (3), and a cathode, preferably of iron disulphide (1).

Abstract: Disclosed are positive electrodes containing active-sulfur-based composite electrodes. The cells include active-sulfur, an electronic conductor, and an ionic conductor. These materials are provided in a manner allowing at least about 10% of the active-sulfur to be available for electrochemical reaction. Also disclosed are methods for fabricating active-sulfur-based composite electrodes. The method begins with a step of combining the electrode components in a slurry. Next, the slurry is homogenized such that the electrode components are well mixed and free of agglomerates. Thereafter, before the electrode components have settled or separated to any significant degree, the slurry is coated on a substrate to form a thin film. Finally, the coated film is dried to form the electrode in such a manner that the electrode components do not significantly redistribute.

Abstract: A low temperature molten ionic liquid composition comprising a mixture of a metal halide and an alkyl-containing amine hydrohalide salt is described which is useful as a catalyst and a solvent in alkylation, arylation and polymerization reactions or as an electrolyte for batteries. The metal halide is a covalently bonded metal halide which can contain a metal selected from the group comprised of aluminum, gallium, iron, copper, zinc, and indium, and is most preferably aluminum trichloride. The alkyl-containing amine hydrohalide salt may contain up to three alkyl groups, which are preferably lower alkyl, such as methyl and ethyl.

Abstract: A high temperature rechargeable electrochemical cell is provided, comprising a housing divided by a pair of concentric separator tubes into two anode compartments each containing molten alkali metal active anode material, the alkali metal in each anode compartment being electronically connected to the alkali metal in the other anode compartment, and a cathode compartment sandwiched between the anode compartments. The cathode compartment contains cathode material comprising a porous electrolyte-permeable electronically conductive matrix with a charged state in which it has a transition metal halide active cathode material dispersed therein, the matrix being impregnated with molten salt electrolyte. The cell comprises a cathode current collector tube located between the separator tubes, so that an inner part of the cathode is located between the smaller separator tube and the current collector tube, an outer part of the cathode being located between the current collector tube and the larger separator tube.

Abstract: An apparatus and method for measuring conduction current through a sample portion of the surface of the solid conductor that is in contact with a liquid conductor, such as the solid electrolyte of a liquid-solid-liquid battery, is provided. The apparatus includes a probe having a hollow insulating probe body with an interior adapted for holding a small amount of the liquid conductor. The probe body insulates the probe liquid conductor from the surrounding liquid conductor and includes a tip having an opening in communication with the probe interior. The tip is adapted for making sealed contact with the solid conductor surface. The conduction current through the sample area can thereby be isolated and measured.

Abstract: A battery is provided comprising an aluminum anode, an aqueous sulfur catholyte, and a second electrode capable of reducing sulfur. A polysulfide cathode (for use with the above battery or independently) includes solid sulfur at ambient temperatures, and the cathodic charge stored in that solid sulfur can be directly accessed. An anode (for use with the above battery or independently) is also described, with the ability to utilize a substantial fraction of the anodic charge stored in the aluminum when immersed in electrolytes containing over 10 molar alkaline hydroxide.

Abstract: A H.sub.2 /F.sub.2 power generating system is disclosed. The system is particularly useful in producing power in military and space vehicle applications because of its high energy density and long shelf life.

Abstract: The invention provides an electrochemical cell, a cathode therefor and methods of making them. The cell is of the high temperature alkali metal/transition metal halide type, having a molten sodium anode, a nickel/nickel chloride cathode, an essentially sodium aluminium chloride molten salt electrolyte and a solid electrolyte sodium ion conducting separator which separates the sodium from the molten salt electrolyte. The nickel/nickel chloride is dispersed in solid form in a porous electronically conductive electrolyte-permeable matrix which is impregnated by the molten salt electrolyte, and antimony in finely divided solid form is mixed with the nickel/nickel chloride in the matrix. The mass ratio of antimony to the nickel in the nickel chloride in the cell in its fully charged state is 2:100-130:100.

Abstract: Method is provided for preparing a stabilized rechargeable cell having a negative electrode and a molten salt electrolyte (MSE) while avoiding problems of chloroaluminate cell systems which are not air stable. The cell of the present invention thus employs an LiBF.sub.4 /EMI.sub.BF4 MSE and a negative electrode of an inert substrate. On charging such cell, Li metal plates out on the electrode, which metal would immediately be attacked by such MSE. However a small amount of water is added to the MSE which, forms a lithium salt on the surface of such metal and protects it from attack by the MSE. However such protective film is permeable to Li.sup.+ ions. This means that on continuing to charge such cell, the LI.sup.+ ions flow from the MSE through the protective film and build up as more Li metal on the negative electrode, under the protective film. On discharge of such cell, the Li metal becomes Li.sup.+ ions which can pass through the protective lithium salt film.

Abstract: The premature capacity failure of Ni/NiCl.sub.2 secondary cells due to agglomeration of nickel particles on the surface of the NiCl.sub.2 cathode is prevented by addition of a minor amount, such as 10 percent by weight of a transition metal such as Co, Fe or Mn to the cathode. The chlorides of the transition metals have lower potentials than nickel chloride and chlorinate during charge. A uniform dispersion of the transition metals in the cathodes prevents agglomeration of nickel, maintains morphology of the electrode, maintains the electrochemical area of the electrode and thus maintains capacity of the electrode. The additives do not effect sintering. The addition of sulfur to the liquid catholyte is expected to further reduce agglomeration of nickel in the cathode.

Abstract: A high temperature rechargeable electrochemical cell which comprises a housing containing an anode separated from a cathode by a solid electrolyte separator. The separator is a hollow operatively upright electrode holder defined, in cross-section, by a plurality of peripherally spaced radially outwardly projecting lobes. The operatively lower end of the electrode holder is closed off and the electrode holder has at its operatively upper end a closure having an opening smaller than its cross-sectional dimension. A metallic current collector is disposed in said electrode holder. The current collector is inserted, in a first inoperative configuration, into the electrode holder through the closure opening, and thereafter extended into the lobes of the electrode holder, so that it assumes a second operative configuration in which it has a shape of larger cross-section than the opening.

Abstract: Power density of a sodium/transition metal halide cell, particularly a Na/NiCl.sub.2 cell is enhanced by forming a high area foil nickel chloride electrode such as a film of sintered nickel chloride deposited on an expanded metal screen and folded or coiled into a compact form and immersed in the aluminate salt catholyte disposed within a beta alumina solid electrolyte tube.

Abstract: Low temperature molten salt compositions comprised of a mixture of a metal halide, such as but not limited to aluminum trichloride, and a fluoropyrazolium salt, such as but not limited to 1,2-dimethyl-4-fluoropyrazolium chloride, which are resistant towards oxidation over a wide temperature gradient and are useful as electrolytes in electrochemical cells.

Abstract: Method is provided for preparing a stabilized rechargeable cell having a negative electrode and a molten salt electrolyte (MSE) while avoiding problems of chloroaluminate cell system which are not air stable. The cell of the present invention thus employs an LiBF.sub.4 /EMI.sub.BF4 MSE and a negative electrode of an inert substrate. On charging such cell, Li metal plates out on the electrode, which metal would immediately be attacked by such MSE. However a small amount of water is added to the MSE which, forms a lithium salt on the surface of such metal and protects it from attack by the MSE. However such protective film is permeable to Li.sup.+ ions. This means that on continuing to charge such cell, the Li.sup.+ ions flow from the MSE through the protective film and build up as more Li metal on the negative electrode, under the protective film. On discharge of such cell, the Li metal becomes Li.sup.+ ions which can pass through the protective lithium salt film.

Abstract: An electrochemical cell having a bimodal positive electrode, a negative electrode of an alkali metal, and a compatible electrolyte including an alkali metal salt molten at the cell operating temperature. The positive electrode has an electrochemically active layer of at least one transition metal chloride at least partially present as a charging product, and additives of bromide and/or iodide and sulfur in the positive electrode or the electrolyte. Electrode volumetric capacity is in excess of 400 Ah/cm.sup.3 ; the cell can be 90% recharged in three hours and can operate at temperatures below 160.degree. C. There is also disclosed a method of reducing the operating temperature and improving the overall volumetric capacity of an electrochemical cell and for producing a positive electrode having a BET area greater than 6.times.10.sup.4 cm.sup.2 /g of Ni.

Abstract: A method of making a cathode for a high temperature rechargeable electrochemical cell comprises impregnating a mixture, in granular form, of an alkali metal halide and a substance comprising a transition metal selected from the group consisting of iron, nickel, cobalt, chromium, manganese, and mixtures thereof, with an alkali metal aluminium halide molten salt electrolyte. The impregnated mixture is subjected to at least one charge cycle in a high temperature electrochemical cell in which the impregnated mixture forms the cathode and is located in a cathode compartment of the cell. The cathode compartment is separated from an anode compartment by a solid electrolyte separator. Alkali metal forms in the anode compartment during the charge cycle.

Abstract: A molten salt electrolyte/separator for battery and related electrochemical systems including a molten electrolyte composition and an electrically insulating solid salt dispersed therein, to provide improved performance at higher current densities and alternate designs through ease of fabrication.

Abstract: Disclosed are battery cells comprising a sulfur-based positive composite electrode. Preferably, said cells are secondary cells, and more preferably thin film secondary cells. In one aspect, the cells can be in a solid-state or gel-state format wherein either a solid-state or gel-state electrolyte separator is used. In another aspect of the invention, the cells are in a liquid format wherein the negative electrode comprises carbon, carbon inserted with lithium or sodium, or a mixture of carbon with lithium or sodium. The novel battery systems of this invention have a preferred operating temperature range of from -40.degree. C. to 145.degree. C. with demonstrated energies and powers far in excess of state-of-the-art high-temperature battery systems.

Abstract: Disclosed are battery cells comprising a sulfur-based positive composite electrode. Preferably, said cells are secondary cells, and more preferably thin film secondary cells. In one aspect, the cells can be in a solid-state or gel-state format wherein either a solid-state or gel-state electrolyte separator is used. In another aspect of the invention, the cells are in a liquid format wherein the negative electrode comprises carbon, carbon inserted with lithium or sodium, or a mixture of carbon with lithium or sodium. The novel battery systems of this invention have a preferred operating temperature range of from -40.degree. C. to 145.degree. C. with demonstrated energies and powers far in excess of state-of-the-art high-temperature battery systems.

Abstract: High temperature molten salt electrochemical cells that are economic are e using an alkali metal intercalated petroleum coke as the anode.

Abstract: A high temperature rechargeable electrochemical power storage cell has an anode compartment and a cathode compartment separated from each other by a separator. The cathode compartment contains a current collector; an alkali metal aluminium halide molten salt electrolyte having the formula MAlHal.sub.4 ; an alkali metal halide; and a cathode. The cathode comprises an electrolyte-permeable porous matrix, a first active cathode substance in the matrix in a first zone adjacent the current collector and spaced from the separator, and a second active cathode substance in the matrix in a further zone adjacent the first zone. The first active cathode substance is such that it gives rise to a higher cell potential than does the second active cathode substance. The cell is chargeable at a temperature at which the electrolyte and the alkali metal are molten to cause the active cathode substances to be halogenated.

Abstract: A high temperature rechargeable electrochemical power storage cell has a molten sodium anode separated by sodium ion-conducting solid electrolyte separator from a solid cathode comprising an electronically conductive electrolyte-permeable porous matrix. The matrix is impregnated with a molten salt electrolyte, and has solid active cathode material dispersed therein. The molten salt electrolyte comprises a substantially equimolar mixture of sodium chloride and aluminium chloride. The active cathode material comprises at least one transition metal selected from the group consisting of Fe, Ni, Cr, Co, Mn, Cu and Mo having, dispersed therein, at least one additive element selected from the group consisting of As, Bi, Sb, Se and Te. The atomic ratio of transition metal:additive element in the active cathode material is 99:1-30:70, the cell having a charged state in which the active cathode material is chlorinated. The invention also provides a method of making such cell.

Abstract: A high temperature rechargeable electrochemical cell has a housing containing an anode and a cathode, and divided by a sodium ion-conducting solid electrolyte separator into an anode compartment and a cathode compartment, containing respectively molten sodium active anode material and active cathode material. The separator is tubular, having a closed end and an open end, and a plurality of circumferentially spaced radially outwardly projecting ribs or lobes. The housing is a tubular canister which is polygonal in cross-section, so that it has a plurality of circumferentially spaced corners corresponding in number to the number of lobes of the separator. The separator is concentrically located in the housing, each lobe of the separator being circumferentially aligned with, and projecting radially from the separator towards, one of said corners.

Abstract: An electrochemical cell is provided using graphite immersed in molten NaA.sub.4 (mp150.degree. C.) as the cathode, liquid sodium as the anode and .beta. alumina as the sodium ion conducting solid electrolyte to separate the anode and cathode compartments.

Abstract: A method for electrochemical refining of an impurity-containing low carbon steel melt using a solid electrolyte ionic conductor to remove the impurity from the melt is provided. Also provided are an apparatus for performing the method, and a continuous method for electrochemical refining of a low carbon steel melt.

Abstract: An energy compression device includes at least one bipolar element comprising a positive electrode formed of cobalt disulfide, a negative electrode formed of a lithium alloy, an inert porous separator disposed between and in contact with the electrodes, and a lithium cation salt dispersed through the separator and in contact with, and preferably dispersed through, the electrodes.

Abstract: A battery is provided comprising an aluminum anode, an aqueous sulfur catholyte, and a second electrode capable of reducing sulfur. A polysulfide cathode (for use with the above battery or independently) includes solid sulfur at ambient temperatures, and the cathodic charge stored in that solid sulfur can be directly accessed. An anode (for use with the above battery or independently) is also described, with the ability to utilize a substantial fraction of the anodic charge stored in the aluminum when immersed in electrolytes containing over 10 molar alkaline hydroxide.

Abstract: A method of making an electrochemical cell comprises loading into a cathode compartment of a cell housing comprising also an anode compartment containing at the operating temperature of the cell and when the cell is in its charged state, a molten alkali metal, M, anode, the anode compartment being separated from the cathode compartment by a suitable separator, a molten salt electrolyte having the formula MAlHal.sub.4 wherein Hal is a halide other than Br; an active cathode substance which includes a transition metal T selected from the group comprising Fe, Ni, Co, Cr, Mn and mixtures thereof; an alkali metal halide MHal; and a minor proportion of MBr thereby to make an electrochemical cell precursor. The precursor is charged at a temperature at which the molten salt electrolyte and alkali metal M are molten, thereby to halogenate the active cathode substance, with alkali metal being produced and passing through the separator into the anode compartment.

Abstract: A high temperature battery which has a cathode comprising either sulphur or a metal sulphide, an anode comprising either an alkali metal, an alkaline earth metal or an alloy of either and, disposed between them, an electrolyte comprising an alkali metal halide. The materials in the cathode composition are electrochemically in excess to the materials in the anode composition. Potassium chloride, potassium iodide or, preferably, potassium bromide is added to the anode, the cathode and the electrolyte. When potassium bromide is added, ideally, it is added to the electrolyte in excess to the alkali metal halides present in the electrolyte. In one particular example, the cathode comprises iron sulphide, the anode comprises a lithium aluminum alloy, the electrolyte comprises a ternary metal halide and potassium bromide is added to all three. Magnesia can be further added to the anode, cathode and electrode.

Abstract: An electrochemical cell having an alkali metal negative electrode such as sodium and a positive electrode including Ni or transition metals, separated by a .beta." alumina electrolyte and NaAlCl.sub.4 or other compatible material. Various concentrations of a bromine, iodine and/or sulfur containing additive and pore formers are disclosed, which enhance cell capacity and power. The pore formers may be the ammonium salts of carbonic acid or a weak organic acid or oxamide or methylcellulose.

Abstract: A method for electrochemical refining of an impurity-containing melt using a solid electrolyte ionic conductor to remove the impurity from the melt is provided. Also provided are an apparatus for performing the method, and a batch and a continuous method for electrochemical refining of a melt.

Abstract: An electrochemical cell having a bimodal positive electrode, a negative electrode of an alkali metal, and a compatible electrolyte including an alkali metal salt molten at the cell operating temperature. The positive electrode has an electrochemically active layer of at least one transition metal chloride at least partially present as a charging product, and additives of bromide and/or iodide and sulfur in the positive electrode or the electrolyte. Electrode volumetric capacity is in excess of 400 Ah/cm.sup.3 ; the cell can be 90% recharged in three hours and can operate at temperatures below 160.degree. C. There is also disclosed a method of reducing the operating temperature and improving the overall volumetric capacity of an electrochemical cell and for producing a positive electrode having a BET area greater than 6.times.10.sup.4 cm.sup.2 /g of Ni.

Abstract: An electrochemical cell 10 housing a cylindrical housing 12 and a solid electrolyte separator tube 24 located concentrically therein, dividing the housing into an electrode compartment in the tube and an electrode compartment outside the tube. The cell has a solid electrolyte holder 36, 74 located in the tube and containing active electrode material 54. One of the electrode compartments contains active anode material, the other containing active cathode material. The electrode material in the holder is in electronic contact with the electrode material 54 in the housing outside the tube.

Abstract: A method is provided for preparing flexible, free standing electrodes for use in preparing transition metal sulfide cathodes for use in high temperature electrochemical cells. Specifically, the cells contain sodium as the anode, a solid electrolyte separator of .beta."-Al.sub.2 O.sub.3, and a Teflon bonded iron (IV) sulfide cathode emmersed in a molten salt electrolyte of NaAlCl.sub.4 and electrochemically operated at 200.degree. C.