Abstract: A passive electric generator system that does not require solar energy or fossil fuels to operate. The system comprises of a copper housing, a first rubber plug that is attached to a first open end of the copper housing, at least one metal wire that has a length that has a length that is at least two inches greater than the copper housing, at least one perforated plastic wire cover that covers the at least one metal wire, an ionic liquid is housed within the copper housing, a second rubber plug that attaches to a second open end of the copper housing so that the at least one metal wire and the at least one plastic wire cover are in the copper housing and the at least one metal wire pierces through the second rubber plug so that an end of the at least one metal wire rests outwardly from a top side of the second rubber plug, and at least one electrical conductive wire that is fixedly attached to an outer surface of the copper housing.

Abstract: There is provided a regenerative fuel cell capable of operating in a power delivery mode in and in an energy storage mode. The cell may comprise a reversible hydrogen gas anode, in an anode compartment, a reversible cathode in a cathode compartment, and a membrane separating the anode compartment from the cathode compartment, which membrane is capable of selectively passing protons. an additive may be provided in the cathode compartment.

Abstract: A method for preparing a redox flow battery electrolyte is provided. In some embodiments, the method includes the processing of raw materials containing sources of chromium ions in a high oxidation state. In some embodiments, a solution of the raw materials in an acidic aqueous solution is subjected to a reducing process to reduce the chromium in a high oxide state to an aqueous electrolyte containing chromium (III) ions. In some embodiments, the reducing process is electrochemical process. In some embodiments, the reducing process is addition of an inorganic reductant. In some embodiments, the reducing process is addition of an organic reductant. In some embodiments, the inorganic reductant or the organic reductant includes iron powder.

Abstract: A quencher for a flow cell battery is described. The quencher utilizes a quench solution formed from FeCl2 in a dilute HCl solution in order to quench chlorine emissions from the flow cell battery. A quench sensor is further described. The quench sensor monitors the concentration level of FeCl2 in the quench solution and may also monitor the level of the quench solution in the quencher.

Abstract: A redox flow (RF) battery performs charge and discharge by supplying a positive electrode electrolyte and a negative electrode electrolyte to a battery cell. Each of the positive electrode electrolyte and the negative electrode electrolyte contains a vanadium (V) ion as active material. At least one of the positive electrode electrolyte and the negative electrode electrolyte further contains another metal ion, for example, a metal ion such as a manganese ion that exhibits a higher redox potential than a V ion or a metal ion such as a chromium ion that exhibits a lower redox potential than a V ion.

Abstract: This invention is directed to aqueous redox flow batteries comprising redox-active metal ligand coordination compounds. The compounds and configurations described herein enable flow batteries with performance and cost parameters that represent a significant improvement over that previous known in the art.

Abstract: This invention is directed to aqueous redox flow batteries comprising ionically charged redox active materials and separators, wherein the separator is less than about 100 microns and the flow battery is capable of operating with high energy densities and voltage efficiencies.

Abstract: An organic electrolyte solution for use in a redox flow battery and the redox flow battery including the organic electrolyte solution has a high energy density because re-precipitation is prevented in the organic electrolyte solution or eduction is prevented in an electrode during reduction of a metal ion used as an electrolyte.

Abstract: This invention is directed to aqueous redox flow batteries comprising ionically charged redox active materials and separators, wherein the separator is less than about 100 microns and the flow battery is capable of operating with high energy densities and voltage efficiencies.

Abstract: This invention is directed to aqueous redox flow batteries comprising redox-active metal ligand coordination compounds. The compounds and configurations described herein enable flow batteries with performance and cost parameters that represent a significant improvement over that previous known in the art.

Abstract: The present invention provides a secondary cell having a negative electrode compartment and a positive electrode compartment, which are separated by an alkali ion conductive electrolyte membrane. An alkali metal negative electrode disposed in the negative electrode compartment oxidizes to release alkali ions as the cell discharges and reduces the alkali ions to alkali metal during recharge. The positive electrode compartment includes a positive electrode contacting a positive electrode solution that includes an alkali metal compound and a metal halide. The alkali metal compound can be selected from an alkali halide and an alkali pseudo-halide. During discharge, the metal ion reduces to form metal plating on the positive electrode. As the cell charges, the metal plating oxidizes to strip the metal plating to form metal halide or pseudo halide or corresponding metal complex.

Abstract: A quencher for a flow cell battery is described. The quencher utilizes a quench solution formed from FeCl2 in a dilute HCl solution in order to quench chlorine emissions from the flow cell battery. A quench sensor is further described. The quench sensor monitors the concentration level of FeCl2 in the quench solution and may also monitor the level of the quench solution in the quencher.

Abstract: Provided are a redox flow battery (RF battery) in which a positive electrode electrolyte and a negative electrode electrolyte are supplied to a battery cell including a positive electrode, a negative electrode, and a membrane, to charge and discharge the battery, and a method of operating the RF battery. The positive electrode electrolyte contains a manganese ion, or both of a manganese ion and a titanium ion. The negative electrode electrolyte contains at least one type of metal ion selected from a titanium ion, a vanadium ion, a chromium ion, a zinc ion, and a tin ion. The RF battery can have a high electromotive force and can suppress generation of a precipitation of MnO2 by containing a titanium ion in the positive electrode electrolyte, or by being operated such that the positive electrode electrolyte has an SOC of not more than 90%.

Abstract: An electrolyte for a redox flow battery and a redox flow battery including the electrolyte, the electrolyte including a metal-ligand coordination compound as a cation and an anion containing at least four atoms linked to each other by a straight chain in a certain direction.

Abstract: A redox flow (RF) battery is provided that performs charge and discharge by supplying a positive electrode electrolyte and a negative electrode electrolyte to a positive electrode cell and a negative cell, respectively. Each of the positive and negative electrode electrolytes contains a vanadium (V) ion as active material. At least one of the positive and negative electrode electrolytes further contains another metal ion, for example, a manganese ion that exhibits a higher redox potential than a V ion or a chromium ion that exhibits a lower redox potential than a V ion. Even in cases where the RF battery is nearly fully charged, side reactions such as generation of oxygen has or hydrogen gas due to water decomposition and oxidation degradation of an electrode can be suppressed since the above-mentioned another metal ion contained together with the V ion is oxidized or reduced in the late stage of charge.

Abstract: A redox flow battery having a high electromotive force and capable of suppressing generation of a precipitation is provided. In a redox flow battery 100, a positive electrode electrolyte and a negative electrode electrolyte are supplied to a battery cell including a positive electrode 104, a negative electrode 105, and a membrane 101 interposed between the electrodes 104 and 105, to charge and discharge the battery. The positive electrode electrolyte contains a manganese ion, or both of a manganese ion and a titanium ion. The negative electrode electrolyte contains at least one type of metal ion selected from a titanium ion, a vanadium ion, a chromium ion, a zinc ion, and a tin ion. The redox flow battery 100 can suppress generation of a precipitation of MnO2, and can be charged and discharged well by containing a titanium ion in the positive electrode electrolyte, or by being operated such that the positive electrode electrolyte has an SOC of not more than 90%.

Abstract: Provided are redox flow batteries employing supporting electrolyte of a ring- or spiro-type structure and having high energy efficiencies and energy densities.

Abstract: A redox flow battery. A metal-ligand coordination compound including an aromatic ligand that contains an electron withdrawing group is used as the catholyte and/or the anolyte so that a redox flow battery having high energy density and excellent charge/discharge efficiency may be provided.

Abstract: A metal-ligand coordination compound containing an aliphatic ligand useful as a catholyte and/or an anolyte that enables the provision of a redox flow battery having high energy efficiency and charge/discharge efficiency.

Abstract: Disclosed herein is an efficient and high capacity electrical energy storage device consisting of diaphragm-less anode and cathode cells charging and discharging an electrolyte containing suitable ions that store electrical energy during the charging cycle and release the electrical energy during the discharge cycle. The charge-discharge reactions are reversible so that the efficiency does not reduce with the number of cycles and efficiency is maintained until the last of the charged electrolyte passes through the cells.

Abstract: A molten carbonate fuel cell anode comprising a porous anode body, which comprises a nickel-based alloy and at least one ceramic additive dispersed throughout the anode body. The amount of the ceramic additive in the anode body is between 5 and 50% by volume. The nickel-based alloy is Ni—Cr or Ni—Al, and the ceramic additive is one of CeO2, yttrium doped ceria, yttrium doped zirconia, TiO2, Li2TiO3, LiAlO2 and La0.8Sr0.2CoO3.

Abstract: A redox flow battery having a high electromotive force and capable of suppressing generation of a precipitation is provided. In a redox flow battery 100, a positive electrode electrolyte and a negative electrode electrolyte are supplied to a battery cell including a positive electrode 104, a negative electrode 105, and a membrane 101 interposed between the electrodes 104 and 105, to charge and discharge the battery. The positive electrode electrolyte contains a manganese ion, or both of a manganese ion and a titanium ion. The negative electrode electrolyte contains at least one type of metal ion selected from a titanium ion, a vanadium ion, a chromium ion, a zinc ion, and a tin ion. The redox flow battery 100 can suppress generation of a precipitation of MnO2, and can be charged and discharged well by containing a titanium ion in the positive electrode electrolyte, or by being operated such that the positive electrode electrolyte has an SOC of not more than 90%.

Abstract: An organic electrolyte solution for use in a redox flow battery and the redox flow battery including the organic electrolyte solution has a high energy density because re-precipitation is prevented in the organic electrolyte solution or eduction is prevented in an electrode during reduction of a metal ion used as an electrolyte.

Abstract: Redox flow devices are described including a positive electrode current collector, a negative electrode current collector, and an ion-permeable membrane separating said positive and negative current collectors, positioned and arranged to define a positive electroactive zone and a negative electroactive zone; wherein at least one of said positive and negative electroactive zone comprises a flowable semi-solid composition comprising ion storage compound particles capable of taking up or releasing said ions during operation of the cell, and wherein the ion storage compound particles have a polydisperse size distribution in which the finest particles present in at least 5 vol % of the total volume, is at least a factor of 5 smaller than the largest particles present in at least 5 vol % of the total volume.

Abstract: Halogenated organic compounds that are inexpensive and are readily available have been used to present the examples of the invention. These chemicals, when in contact with water experience a reaction that releases oxy-halogenated acid. These compounds are weak acids and release hydrogen ions according to their ionization constant keeping a constant level of oxy-halogenated ion. These ions are capable of reacting with catalytic cathodes and can be coupled with anode materials to fabricate galvanic cells. Exemplary embodiments of the present invention include cells with flat and cylindrical form factors having a variety of anodes.

Abstract: An electrolyte for a flow cell battery is provided. The electrolyte includes a concentration of chromium ions that is greater than the concentration of iron ions.

Abstract: A redox gel battery comprising at least one cell consisting of: (i) a positive gel electrolyte containing reactive ions which are reduced but do not undergo phase transfer during operation of the battery; (ii) a negative gel electrolyte containing reactive ions which are oxidized but do not undergo phase transfer during operation of the battery; and (iii) a membrane separating the positive and negative gel electrolytes.

Abstract: In a secondary cell which generates a direct current when the positive electrode complex and the negative electrode complex thereof conduct a reversible redox reaction in the presence of an electrolyte, the positive electrode complex and the negative electrode complex are in a combination (represented by positive electrode complex/negative electrode complex) selected from the group consisting of lead/chromium complex, chromium complex/aluminum complex, and manganese complex/zinc complex. The secondary cell has relatively high capacitance and can be manufactured at low cost. Moreover, it provides more stable chemical reactions and can therefore be stably charged/discharged with large current and without risk of explosion.

Abstract: The invention provides a rebalance cell for a Cr/Fe redox storage system. The rebalance cell has a catalyst for the reduction of Fe.sup.3+ ions by means of hydrogen. The catalyst separates a gas chamber of the rebalance cell (holding hydrogen) and a liquid chamber of the rebalance cell (holding Fe.sup.3+ electrolyte). The catalyst is in the form of an activated charcoal made hydrophobic and coated with a platinum metal, gold or silver. The catalyst can also be in the form of tungsten carbide made hydrophobic.

Abstract: The combination of gold, thallium, lead and bismuth is used as a catalyst in a battery comprised of at least one "redox" cell to accelerate the oxidation of chromous ions to chromic ions and the reduction of chromic ions to chromous ions. The gold, thallium, lead and bismuth catalyst is coated on an electronically conductive, inert electrode which is in the anode fluid of the "redox" cell.

Abstract: A redox battery electrolyte is prepared from a chromium and/or iron base raw material containing nickel as impurities by dissolving the raw material in a hydrochloric acid-containing aqueous liquid to form a solution containing chromium ions and/or iron ions and nickel ions, the resulting solution being subjected to a cathodic reduction in the presence of lead ions until the electric potential thereof becomes lower than -0.6 V vs. saturated calomel electrode, thereby to remove the nickel ions therefrom.

Abstract: A hybrid redox-halogen energy storage device and system has a housing divided into two chambers by a microporous separator. Each chamber can contain an electrolyte such as CrCl.sub.3. The microporous separator keeps the C.sub.r.sup.+2 ion in the chamber containing the negative electrode and also keeps chlorine gas (Cl.sub.2) in the positive electrode chamber.

Abstract: A process for producing an anolyte and a catholyte for redox cells which comprises the steps of heating chromium ore together with carbonaceous substances to produce a pre-reduced chromium product produced a part of iron and chromium in chromium ore, dissolving the pre-reduced chromium product in hydrochloric acid and/or sulfuric acid iron and chromium. Thus, the dissolving step can be simplified, the predetermined concentration can be simply regulated.

Abstract: A rebalance cell is provided for a REDOX electrochemical system of the type having anode and cathode fluids which are aqueous HCl solutions with two metal species in each. The rebalance cell has a cathode compartment and a chlorine compartment separated by an ion permeable membrane. By applying an electrical potential to the rebalance cell while circulating cathode fluid through the cathode compartment and while circulating an identical fluid through the chlorine compartment, any significant imbalance of the REDOX system is prevented.

Abstract: A REDOX cell to operate at elevated temperatures and utilizing the same two metal couples in each of the two reactant fluids is disclosed. Each fluid includes a bismuth salt and may also include a lead salt. A low cost, cation permselective membrane separates the reactant fluids.

Abstract: An electrode for an flowcell comprising electrode material made of carbon fiber having average <002> spacing of quasi-graphite crystalline structure of not more than 3.70 .ANG., and the average C-axis size of crystallite of not less than 9.0 .ANG. and at least 3 % by mole of oxygen atom bound to the fiber surface based on carbon atom, whereby the electrode has remarkable high electrical conductivity, current efficiency handling characteristics and hydrodynamic characteristics, and is adapted to flowcell.

Abstract: Zirconium carbide is used as a catalyst in a REDOX cell for the oxidation of chromous ions to chromic ions and for the reduction of chromic ions to chromous ions. The zirconium carbide is coated on an inert electronically conductive electrode which is present in the anode fluid of the cell.

Abstract: A hybrid redox-halogen energy storage device and system has a housing divided into two chambers by an anionic membrane. One chamber has an inert negative electrode in an electrolyte solution containing chromium ions. The remaining chamber has an inert positive electrode containing chlorine gas dissolved therein. Each electrolyte is circulated to a separate storage tank after passing through its respective chamber.

Abstract: In a redox battery using a titanium redox system or chromium redox system as an active material for the negative electrode or a manganese redox system as an active material for the positive electrode, the electromotive force of the battery and the stability of electrolyte solutions are enhanced by addition of a chelating agent such as citric acid or a complexing agent such as phosphoric acid to the redox system used therein.

Abstract: There is disclosed an electricity producing cell of the reduction-oxidation (REDOX) type divided into two compartments by a membrane, each compartment containing a solid inert electrode. A ferrous/ferric couple in a chloride solution serves as a cathode fluid which is circulated through one of the compartments to produce a positive electric potential disposed therein. A chromic/chromous couple in a chloride solution serves as an anode fluid which is circulated through the second compartment to produce a negative potential on an electrode disposed therein. The electrode is an electrically conductive, inert material plated with copper, silver or gold. A thin layer of lead plates onto the copper, silver or gold layer when the cell is being charged, the lead ions being available from lead chloride which has been added to the anode fluid.

Abstract: There is provided an acid mixture to use as the electrolyte of a galvanic battery of the type in which the electrolyte flows through the battery cells as a liquid solution, said mixture being composed of sulfuric acid and powdered chromic acid. The acids are mixed together to form a paste-like mass which is, when the battery is being used, introduced into the water stream flowing into the battery. Flaky chromic acid may be pulverized by grinding in a ball mill before mixing with the sulphuric acid, or the acid components may be mixed before such grinding.

Abstract: An improved secondary battery or cell of the type having: (A) an anodic reaction zone containing a molten alkali metal reactant-anode in electrical contact with an external circuit; (B) one or more cathodic reaction zones containing a cathodic reactant which, when said battery or cell is at least partially discharged, is selected from the group consisting of (i) a single phase composition comprising molten polysulfide salts of said anodic reactant and (ii) a two-phase composition comprising molten sulfur and molten sulfur saturated polysulfide salts of said anodic reactant; (C) a cation-permeable barrier to mass liquid transfer interposed between and in contact with said anodic and cathodic reaction zones; and (D) a current collector which at least partially exposed to said cathodic reactant and which is in electrical contact with both said cation-permeable barrier and said external circuit.

Abstract: The addition of cathode materials comprising Cu.sup.++, Fe.sup.+++, Cr.sup.+++ or Au.sup.+++, in the form of salts such as the nitrate or halide, e.g. Fe(NO.sub.3).sub.3 or CuCl.sub.2, to low melting nitrate electrolyte cells increases cell potential. Other ions such as Co.sup.++, Eu.sup.+++, La.sup.+++, Ni.sup.++, Mn.sup.++, Ce.sup.+++, Pr.sup.+++, Nd.sup.+++, Gd.sup.+++, Sm.sup.+++ and Tb.sup.+++, in the form of salts thereof, can also be used, but yield smaller cell potentials. Such cathodic materials in the form of a suitable salt, such as a nitrate or halide, e.g. Fe(NO.sub.3).sub.3 or CuCl.sub.2, are added to low melting fused nitrate electrolytes, e.g. a LiNO.sub.3, KNO.sub.3 mixture, in a concentration sufficient to increase cell potential, using Li or Ca anodes. A suitable metal current collector such as a Ni screen can be used as a cathode. The above cathodic materials can be used in conjunction with other cathodic materials such as AgNO.sub.3, which undergoes reduction to the free metal.