Abstract: An electrolyte including one or more nitrile benzoquinone compounds, and the nitrile benzoquinone compound is selected from the group consisting of the compounds represented by formula I, formula II, and formula III: The substituents R1 to R9 are each independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, a C2 to C12 ether group, a C1 to C12 alkoxy group, halogen, a C1 to C12 alkyl group, a C2 to C12 alkenyl group, a C2 to C12 alkynyl group, and a C6 to C26 aryl group. The electrolyte can form a stable protective film on a cathode, thereby increasing the cycle capacity retention rate and high temperature storage performance of an electrochemical device.

Abstract: Disclosed is a binder composition for a negative electrode which includes a binder polymer containing at least one first functional group selected from the group consisting of a hydroxy group and a carboxyl group, and a crosslinked polymer containing at least one second functional group selected from the group consisting of an amino group and an isocyanate group, wherein the crosslinked polymer is present in an amount of 1.5 parts by weight to 8.5 parts by weight based on 100 parts by weight of the binder polymer.

Abstract: A system includes a flow battery and a temperature control system. The flow battery is configured to thermally manage a thermal load. In some embodiments, the flow battery is also configured to electrically power the thermal load. The temperature control system is configured to cool electrolyte in the flow battery in response to the thermal load being inactive.

Abstract: A redox flow battery cell includes a positive electrode and a negative electrode, and each of the positive electrode and the negative electrode is an assembly containing a plurality of carbon fibers, and a quantity per unit area of the positive electrode is larger than a quantity per unit area of the negative electrode.

Abstract: An electrolyte solution for a lithium-sulfur battery including: a lithium salt, which includes an anion having a donor number of 15 kcal/mol of more, and a non-aqueous solvent, and a lithium-sulfur battery including the same.

Abstract: A method of quantitatively analyzing a carbon based hybrid negative electrode including the steps of preparing a secondary battery including a carbon based hybrid negative electrode, where the carbon based hybrid negative electrode comprises a carbon based negative electrode active material and a non-carbon based negative electrode active material, measuring a lattice d-spacing of the carbon based negative electrode active material in the carbon based hybrid negative electrode during charging/discharging of the secondary battery using an X-ray diffractometer and then plotting a graph of a change in lattice d-spacing value as a function of charge/discharge capacity, detecting an inflection point of a slope of the graph during discharging; and then, quantifying capacity contribution of the carbon based negative electrode active material and the non-carbon based negative electrode active material in the total discharge capacity of the secondary battery by the inflection point of the slope of the graph.

Abstract: Monodisperse microspheres are arranged in macropores of a substrate to form a photonic crystal structure; with the photonic crystal as a template, ordered microporous carbon is synthesized in gaps of the template, and then the photonic crystal template is removed to obtain a three-dimensional ordered hierarchical porous carbon photonic crystal, and thus a large-area thick-film controllable textured photonic crystal is formed and is composited with element sulphur to obtain a sulphur cathode, and the sulphur cathode and metal lithium serving as a counter electrode are assembled into a lithium-sulphur battery. According to the invention, the controllable thick film with an electrode thickness of 10 ?m to 650 ?m can be achieved by changing the thickness of the substrate and the concentration of a suspension liquid. In the meanwhile, large-area preparation with an electrode area of 0.1 cm sup.2 to 400 cm sup.2 can be achieved by changing the area of the substrate.

Abstract: The hybrid battery system has multiple discharge voltage plateaus and a greater charge capacity of metal in the negative electrode, while still having sufficient energy density and sufficient power capability to supply external devices. The charge capacity of the negative side is higher than the charge capacity of the positive side. There are two solvent compositions in the cathodic solution, and there is a transition from a first discharge voltage plateau to a second discharge voltage plateau at a voltage less than the first discharge voltage plateau. The battery system is safe, and the transition between discharge voltage plateaus provides an estimation of battery capacity that can indicate when the battery system is running out of power.

Abstract: A hybrid redox fuel cell system includes a hybrid redox fuel cell and an electrochemical cell. The hybrid redox fuel cell includes an anode side through which hydrogen is flowed and a cathode side through which liquid electrolyte is flowed, the liquid electrolyte including a metal ion at a higher oxidation state and the metal ion at a lower oxidation state. An anode side of the electrochemical cell is fluidly connected to the cathode side of the hybrid redox fuel cell. At the hybrid redox fuel cell, power is generated by reducing the metal ion at the higher oxidation state to the lower oxidation state at the cathode side while oxidizing the reductant at the anode side. At the anode side of the electrochemical cell, the metal ion at the lower oxidation state is oxidized to the higher oxidation state while the power is generated.

Abstract: An electrode for a solid-state lithium battery is provided. The electrode has a current collector and an electrode active layer of lithium metal or lithium metal alloy on the current collector. A surface layer of a homogeneous nano-alloy particle composition containing nanoparticles of an element M or nanoparticles of a lithium alloy of an element M, wherein M is at least one element selected from elements of Groups 2 and 8-16 is present on the active layer. Solid-state batteries containing the electrode are provided.

Abstract: This application provides a lithium-ion battery, a battery module, a battery pack, and an apparatus. The lithium-ion battery includes a positive electrode plate, a negative electrode plate, a separator, and a nonaqueous electrolyte. The positive electrode plate includes Li1+xNiaCobMe(1?a?b)O2?cYc, where ?0.1?x?0.2, 0.8?a<1, 0<b<1, 0<(1-a-b)<1, 0?c<1, Me is selected from one or more of Mn, Al, Mg, Zn, Ga, Ba, Fe, Cr, Sn, V, Sc, Ti, and Zr, and Y is selected from one or more of F, Cl, and Br. The nonaqueous electrolyte includes a nonaqueous solvent and a lithium salt, where the nonaqueous solvent includes a carbonate solvent and a high oxidation potential solvent, and the high oxidation potential solvent is selected from one or more of compounds represented by formula I and formula II.

Abstract: A membraneless battery comprising a cathode comprising a cathode electroactive material; an anode comprising an anode electroactive material; a catholyte in contact with the cathode, wherein the catholyte is not in contact with the anode; an anolyte in contact with the anode, wherein the anolyte is not in contact with the cathode; and one or more buffer interlayers disposed between the anolyte and the catholyte. The catholyte has a pH of less than 4, and the anolyte has a pH of greater than 10. The one or more buffer interlayers regulate a pH in the battery. The anode electroactive material comprises a Zn electroactive material. At least one of the one or more buffer interlayers comprises a weak acid and its conjugate base; and/or at least one of the one or more buffer interlayers comprises a weak base and its conjugate acid.

Abstract: Disclosed are electrochemical reactors with electrodes that have variable porosity across the electrode. The electrodes are designed and micro-architected to have variable porosity and 3D flow. In one aspect, an electrochemical cell apparatus is disclosed. The apparatus includes an electrochemical vessel and an electrochemical fluid contained in the electrochemical vessel. The apparatus further includes a porous electrode submerged in the electrochemical fluid in the electrochemical vessel, the porous electrode having different porosities in different areas of the porous electrode. The different porosities inhibit electrochemical fluid flow and increase electrical conductivity in first areas of the porous electrode with decreased porosity compared to second areas, and enable increased electrochemical fluid flow and decrease electrical conductivity in the second areas of the porous electrode with increased porosity compared to the first areas.

Abstract: A series of cells for use in an electrochemical device, such as an electrochemical cell or battery, that can operate in a single bulk electrolyte solution shared among the cells. Methods of producing hydrogen or both hydrogen and electricity in appreciable quantifies and in various ratios, and vehicles or other devices and applications powered by electrochemical devices comprising the series.

Abstract: One embodiment is a redox flow battery system that includes an anolyte; a catholyte; an anolyte tank configured for holding at least a portion of the anolyte; a catholyte tank configured for holding at least a portion of the catholyte; a primary redox flow battery arrangement, and a second redox flow battery arrangement. The primary and secondary redox flow battery arrangements share the anolyte and catholyte tanks and each includes a first half-cell including a first electrode in contact with the anolyte, a second half-cell including a second electrode in contact with the catholyte, a separator separating the first half-cell from the second half-cell, an anolyte pump, and a catholyte pump. The peak power delivery capacity of the secondary redox flow battery arrangement is less than the peak power delivery capacity of the primary redox flow battery arrangement.

Abstract: The energy storage apparatus includes an energy storage device, a circuit breaker connected in series with the energy storage device, a reception unit that receives a discharge instruction to discharge remaining electric power of the energy storage device, and a management unit. The management unit executes protection processing of opening, when a state of charge of the energy storage device drops below a predetermined threshold value, the circuit breaker to protect the energy storage device from overdischarging, and protection release processing of releasing protection of the energy storage device when the discharge instruction is received by the reception unit.

Abstract: A system is provided for performing an automated power charging process for one or more electric vehicles using a processor. Included in the processor is a charge controller that calculates a capacity of a power grid system by communicating with the power grid system via a network, and a power demand level of the one or more electric vehicles to satisfy one or more mission requirements of each electric vehicle. The power demand level of the one or more electric vehicles is compared with the capacity of the power grid system. In response to the comparison, at least one charging mode is selected from an override mode and an internal combustion engine mode for performing the automated power charging process. The charge controller automatically charges the one or more electric vehicles based on the selected at least one charging mode.

Abstract: The present disclosure pertains to motion-generating particles for desulfation of lead-acid batteries, lead-acid batteries including such motion-generating particles, and methods of making and using the same. For example, the present disclosure provides a lead-acid battery including one or more electroactive plates disposed within a casing; an electrolyte disposed within the casing and surrounding the electroactive plates; a plurality of ferromagnetic particles disposed with the electrolyte within the casing; and one or more electromagnets. The one or more electromagnets may be configured to direct a magnetic field towards the electrolyte to selectively cause movement of the plurality of ferromagnetic particles so as to agitate the electrolyte.

Abstract: A method for renovation of a consumed anode in a metal-air cell without dismantling the cell according to embodiments of the present invention comprising circulating electrolyte through the cell to evacuate used slurry from the cell, circulating electrolyte with fresh slurry into the cell and allowing sedimentation of the fresh slurry inside the cell to form an anode and compacting the slurry to reduce the gaps between its particles.

Abstract: The present disclosure relates to an electrolyte comprising: a) a sodium salt; b) an additive comprising at least one additional metallic/metalloid cation having a standard reduction potential which is at least 2.5V more positive than that of sodium cation; wherein said sodium salt and said additive are dispersed in a solvent comprising at least one alkyl carbonate, and wherein the concentration of said metallic/metalloid cation in the electrolyte is 15 mM to 250 mM. The present disclosure also relates to a sodium-sulfur cell comprising a sodium anode, a microporous sulfur cathode, and the electrolyte as described herein. The present disclosure further provides a method of improving cycling life of a sodium-sulfur cell, wherein the sodium-sulfur cell comprising a sodium anode, a sulfur cathode, and an electrolyte containing a sodium salt dispersed in an alkyl carbonate solvent.

Abstract: Provided is a terminal assembly for an electrochemical battery comprising a terminal connector; a conductive flat-plate with an electrically conducting perimeter; an electrically insulating tape member; and a terminal bipolar electrode plate. The electrically insulating tape member is in between the conductive flat-plate and the terminal bipolar electrode plate such that the electrically insulating tape member does not cover the entire surface area of the conductive flat-plate. The electrically conducting perimeter enables bi-directional uniform current flow through the conductive flat-plate between the terminal connector and the terminal bipolar electrode plate. Also provided is a battery frame member for a static rechargeable battery comprising a liquid diversion system; a gutter; a sealing member; a gas channel; and a ventilation hole.

Abstract: The present invention relates to novel combinations of redox active compounds for use as redox flow battery electrolytes. The invention further provides kits comprising these combinations, redox flow batteries, and method using the combinations, kits and redox flow batteries of the invention.

Abstract: A gel electrolyte composite containing a nonvolatile electrolyte and a zwitterionic polymer scaffold in which the non-volatile electrolyte is a non-lithium-containing ionic liquid, a sodium-containing ionic liquid, or a lithium-containing ionic liquid and the zwitterionic polymer scaffold is formed from one or more zwitterionic monomers only or both one or more zwitterionic monomers and one or more non-zwitterionic monomers. The zwitterionic polymer scaffold contains 8 mol % or higher of zwitterions relative to the total content of the gel electrolyte composite when the nonvolatile electrolyte is a non-lithium-containing ionic liquid, and contains 1 mol % or higher of zwitterions relative to the total content of the gel electrolyte composite when the nonvolatile electrolyte is a sodium-containing ionic liquid or a lithium-containing ionic liquid. Also disclosed are a method of preparing the above-described gel electrolyte composite and an electrochemical energy storage device containing same.

Abstract: Systems, articles, and methods generally related to the electrochemical formation of layers comprising halogen ions on substrates are described.

Abstract: In one example, a system for a flow cell for a flow battery, comprising: a first flow field; and a polymeric frame, comprising: a top face; a bottom face, opposite the top face; a first side; a second side, opposite the first side; a first electrolyte inlet located on the top face and the first side of the polymeric frame; a first electrolyte outlet located on the top face and the second side of the polymeric frame; a first electrolyte inlet flow path located within the polymeric frame and coupled to the first electrolyte inlet; and a first electrolyte outlet flow path located within the polymeric frame and coupled to the first electrolyte outlet. In this way, shunt currents may be minimized by increasing the length and/or reducing the cross-sectional area of the electrolyte inlet and electrolyte outlet flow paths.

Abstract: Alkaline electrochemical cells are provided, wherein an organic additive is included in at least one component of the cell in order to increase electron discharge of the cathode, so as to improve the specific capacity of the cell. Methods for preparing such cells are also provided.

Abstract: The present disclosure provides a device for carrying out magnetic resonance imaging compatible optogenetics; and methods for using the device.

Abstract: A redox flow battery includes a redox flow cell and a supply and storage system external of the redox flow cell. The supply and storage system includes first and second electrolytes for circulation through the redox flow cell. The first electrolyte is a liquid electrolyte having electrochemically active manganese species with multiple, reversible oxidation states in the redox flow cell. The electrochemically active manganese species may undergo reactions that cause precipitation of manganese oxide solids. The first electrolyte includes an inhibitor that limits the self-discharge reactions. The inhibitor includes an oxoanion compound.

Abstract: Described herein are embodiments of methods and apparatus for determining the SoC and SoH a lithium ion battery and for restoring capacity to a lithium ion battery. Some embodiments provide a method and apparatus including an ultrasound transducer designed to measure characteristics of a lithium ion battery in order to determine the SoC and SoH of the lithium ion battery, and to disrupt the SSEI layer inside the lithium ion battery. Several other methods for determination of SoC and SoH and disruption of the SSEI layer are also described. Use of such methods and apparatus may be advantageous in assessing a state of the lithium ion battery, as well as rejuvenating a lithium ion battery and increasing its life span.

Abstract: A redox flow battery includes first and second cells. Each cell has electrodes and a separator layer arranged between the electrodes. A first circulation loop is fluidly connected with the first electrode of the first cell. A polysulfide electrolyte solution has a pH 11.5 or greater and is contained in the first recirculation loop. A second circulation loop is fluidly connected with the second electrode of the second cell. An iron electrolyte solution has a pH 3 or less and is contained in the second circulation loop. A third circulation loop is fluidly connected with the second electrode of the first cell and the first electrode of the second cell. An intermediator electrolyte solution is contained in the third circulation loop. The cells are operable to undergo reversible reactions to store input electrical energy upon charging and discharge the stored electrical energy upon discharging.

Abstract: Multi-phase electrochemical cells and related systems and methods are generally described.

Abstract: A benthic microbial fuel cell comprising: a nonconductive frame having an upper end and a lower end; a plurality of anodes, wherein each anode is a conductive plate having a top section and a bottom edge; a plurality of conductive, threaded rods disposed perpendicularly to the anode plates and configured to secure the top sections of the anodes to the lower end of the frame and to hold the plates in a substantially parallel orientation with respect to each other such that none of the plates are in direct contact with each other; and a plurality of cathodes, wherein each cathode is made of carbon cloth connected to the upper end of the frame.

Abstract: A flow battery includes a negative electrode, a positive electrode, a first liquid in contact with the negative electrode, a second liquid in contact with the positive electrode, and a lithium-ion-conductive film disposed between the first liquid and the second liquid. At least one of the first liquid or the second liquid contains a redox species and lithium ions. The lithium-ion-conductive film includes an inorganic member containing zeolite.

Abstract: A flow battery includes a positive electrode, a positive electrode electrolyte, a negative electrode, a negative electrode electrolyte, and a polymer electrolyte membrane interposed between the positive electrode and the negative electrode. The positive electrode electrolyte includes water and a first redox couple. The first redox couple includes a first organic compound which includes a first moiety in conjugation with a second moiety. The first organic compound is reduced during discharge while during charging the reduction product of the first organic compound is oxidized to the first organic compound. The negative electrode electrolyte includes water and a second redox couple. The second couple includes a second organic compound including a first moiety in conjugation with a second moiety. The reduction product of the second organic compound is oxidized to the second organic compound during discharge.

Abstract: A solid electrolyte material is represented by the following compositional formula (1): Li3-3?-2aY1+?-aMaCl6-x-yBrxIy where, M is at least one selected from the group consisting of Ta and Nb; and ?1<?<1, 0<a<1.2, 0<(3?3??2a), 0<(1+??a), 0?x?6, 0?y?6, and (x+y)?6 are satisfied.

Abstract: In conventional arts, it is impossible to form a good solid-solid interface in cathode mixture layers of all-solid-state batteries, which significantly deteriorates resistance of the all-solid-state battery after the charge/discharge cycle, which is problematic. A cathode slurry is produced by a method including: a first step of dispersing a conductive additive constituted of carbon in a solvent to obtain a first slurry; a second step of dispersing a sulfide solid electrolyte in the first slurry to obtain a second slurry; and a third step of dispersing a cathode active material in the second slurry to obtain a third slurry, to be used to form a cathode mixture layer. This may suppress agglomeration of the cathode active material as using the conductive additive as a core, and may lower the proportion of agglomerate present in the cathode mixture layer.

Abstract: A separator plate arrangement for an electrochemical system, comprising a first metal sheet and a second metal sheet. The first metal sheet has a first circumferential sealing structure for sealing off an electrochemically active region, a first cutout arranged outside of the first circumferential sealing structure, and a first embossed structure arranged outside of the first circumferential sealing structure. The second metal sheet has a second circumferential sealing structure for sealing off an electrochemically active region, a second cutout arranged outside of the second circumferential sealing structure, and a second embossed structure arranged outside of the second circumferential sealing structure.

Abstract: Disclosed is a rechargeable lithium battery including a positive electrode including a positive active material; a negative electrode including a negative active material; an electrolyte solution including a lithium salt and a non-aqueous organic solvent; and a separator between the positive and the negative electrodes, the separator including a porous substrate and a coating layer positioned on at least one side of the porous substrate. The negative active material includes a Si-based material; the non-aqueous organic solvent includes cyclic carbonate including ethylene carbonate, propylene carbonate, or combinations thereof, the cyclic carbonate being included in an amount of about 20 volume % to about 60 volume % based on the total amount of the non-aqueous organic solvent; and the coating layer includes a fluorine-based polymer, an inorganic compound, or combinations thereof. The rechargeable lithium battery has improved cycle-life and high temperature storage characteristics.

Abstract: Disclosed is an electrochemical cell, which may be used for advanced rechargeable batteries. The electrochemical cell comprises two or more electrodes within an electrolyte solution, where the electrolyte solution containing (i) an aliphatic or cyclic sulfone and (ii) a metal perfluoroalkylsulfonylimide salt.

Abstract: A redox flow battery may include: a membrane interposed between a first electrode positioned at a first side of the membrane and a second electrode positioned at a second side of the membrane opposite to the first side; a first flow field plate comprising a plurality of positive flow field ribs, each of the plurality of positive flow field ribs contacting the first electrode at first supporting regions on the first side; and the second electrode, including an electrode spacer positioned between the membrane and a second flow field plate, the electrode spacer comprising a plurality of main ribs, each of the plurality of main ribs contacting the second flow field plate at second supporting regions on the second side, each of the second supporting regions aligned opposite to one of the plurality of first supporting regions. As such, a current density distribution at a plating surface may be reduced.

Abstract: A segmented frame plate is provided, which may be used in a frame plate assembly of a redox flow battery cell stack. A plurality of segmented frame plates may couple together around a perimeter of a cell plate. Each segmented frame plate may provide fluidic communication from/to a redox flow reservoir and/or another frame plate assembly to a cell plate of the frame plate assembly.

Abstract: A redox flow battery is characterized in that the anolyte comprises a zinc salt as redox-active component and preferably a 2.2.6.6-tetramethylpiperidinyloxyl (TEMPO)-based cathode is used.

Abstract: The flow battery according to the present disclosure comprises an anode and a cathode. The cathode comprises a first electrode, a first liquid, a first active material, and a first circulation mechanism. The first liquid is in contact with the first active material and the first electrode. The first circulation mechanism is configured to circulate the first liquid between the first electrode and the first active material. The first liquid includes perylene or the derivative thereof.

Abstract: The invention relates to a stack of several electrochemical cells stacked on top of one another in a stacking direction. The stack comprises at least: a first electrochemical cell, a second electrochemical cell, and an intercalary plate. Each cell includes an upper frame housing a first electrode and a lower frame housing a second electrode, the first electrode and the second electrode being separated from one another by a membrane. The second electrode of the first electrochemical cell and the first electrode of the second electrochemical cell are separated by an intercalary plate. The stack includes an intercalary frame arranged on the periphery of the intercalary plate.

Abstract: In one example, a system for a flow cell for a flow battery, comprising: a first flow field; and a polymeric frame, comprising: a top face; a bottom face, opposite the top face; a first side; a second side, opposite the first side; a first electrolyte inlet located on the top face and the first side of the polymeric frame; a first electrolyte outlet located on the top face and the second side of the polymeric frame; a first electrolyte inlet flow path located within the polymeric frame and coupled to the first electrolyte inlet; and a first electrolyte outlet flow path located within the polymeric frame and coupled to the first electrolyte outlet. In this way, shunt currents may be minimized by increasing the length and/or reducing the cross-sectional area of the electrolyte inlet and electrolyte outlet flow paths.

Abstract: The present disclosure relates to a sodium-ion storage material and an electrode material for a sodium-ion battery, an electrode material for a seawater battery, an electrode for a sodium-ion battery, an electrode for a seawater battery, a sodium-ion battery, and a seawater battery, which include the sodium-ion storage material. Specifically, the sodium-ion storage material may include one or more materials selected from the group consisting of CuxS, FeS, FeS2, Ni3S, NbS2, SbOx, SbSx, SnS and SnS2, wherein 0<x?2. When the sodium-ion storage material according to the present disclosure is used, it may exhibit high discharge capacity, and when the sodium-ion storage material is applied to a sodium-ion battery which is a secondary battery, it may exhibit excellent charge/discharge cycle characteristics.

Abstract: The flow battery comprises a first semi-cell (2), wherein a first electrolyte is fed through a first electrode (21); a second semi-cell (3), wherein a second electrolyte is fed through a second electrode (31); a partition membrane (4) disposed between the first electrode (21) and second electrode (31) in order to prevent them from reciprocally contacting with each other, and suitable to enable ions to permeate; and at least one porous barrier material layer (5) disposed between the first electrode (21) and second electrode (31), and suitable to block an undesired flow of ions of one or both the electrolytes through the partition membrane (4), the barrier material layer (5) having zones with different selectivities towards the ions whose flow is undesired.

Abstract: An electrolyte composition including (i) at least one aprotic organic solvent; (ii) at least one conducting salt; (iii) at least one pyridine-SO3 complex of formula (I) wherein R is selected independently at each occurrence from F, C1 to C10 alkyl, C2 to C10 alkenyl, and C2 to C10 alkynyl, wherein alkyl, alkenyl, and alkynyl may be substituted by one or more substituents selected from F and CN; and n is an integer selected from 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5; and (vi) optionally one or more additives; and its use in electrochemical cells.

Abstract: Redox flow battery 1 includes cell stack 2, first positive-electrode tank 11, second positive-electrode tank 12, first negative-electrode tank 21, and second negative-electrode tank 22. Cell stack 2 is divided into a plurality of cell groups 3, each of which consists of a plurality of cells 4. The plurality of cell groups 3 are connected to first and second positive-electrode tanks 11, 12 such that a positive-electrode fluid containing positive-electrode active material flows in parallel through the plurality of cell groups 3, and are connected to first and second negative-electrode tanks 21, 22 such that a negative-electrode fluid containing negative-electrode active material flows in parallel through the plurality of cell groups 3. The plurality of cells 4 in each cell group 3 are connected to each other such that the positive-electrode fluid flows in series through a plurality of positive cells 5 and such that the negative-electrode fluid flows in series through a plurality of negative cells 6.

Abstract: Organic anolyte materials for redox flow batteries and redox flow batteries containing organic anolyte materials are disclosed.