Abstract: A positive electrode for a nonaqueous electrolyte battery includes a collector, and a positive electrode active material layer. The positive electrode active material layer includes a positive electrode active material, and also includes a heteropoly acid and/or heteropoly acid compound and phosphorous acid as additives.

Abstract: Flexible electrodes comprising: a fabric substrate; a conductive polymer, copolymer or mixture of conductive polymers comprising a first component which has high specific electrochemical capacitance, and a second component which has a lower electrochemical capacitance, lower molecular density, and greater electrical conductivity compared to the first component; and a counterion stable to lithium are described. The first component may be a polymer such as polyaniline or polypyrrole, and second component may be a polymer such as polythiophene or polyEDOT. Copolymers, and polymers formed from co-monomer of these monomer units are also described. The electrodes are used in flexible devices such as flexible energy storage devices.

Abstract: An electricity storage device including a positive electrode 31, a negative electrode 32, and an electrolytic solution 29 located between the positive electrode and the negative electrode. At least one of the positive electrode 31 and the negative electrode 32 contains an electricity storage material containing a polymerization product having a tetrachalcogenofulvalene structure in a repeat unit of a main chain.

Abstract: A polymer having a structure represented by the following general formula (1), wherein in general formula (1), Ph is a phenyl group; X is an oxygen atom, a sulfur atom, a selenium atom or a tellurium atom; and R1 and R1 each independently contains at least one selected from the group consisting of a chained saturated hydrocarbon group, a chained unsaturated hydrocarbon group, a cyclic saturated hydrocarbon group, a cyclic unsaturated hydrocarbon group, a phenyl group, a hydrogen atom, a hydroxyl group, a cyano group, an amino group, a nitro group and a nitroso group. The chained saturated hydrocarbon group, the chained unsaturated hydrocarbon group, the cyclic saturated hydrocarbon group and the cyclic unsaturated hydrocarbon group each contain at least one selected from the group consisting of a carbon atom, an oxygen atom, a nitrogen atom, a sulfur atom and a silicon atom.

Abstract: A fuel cell and a method for manufacturing the same are provided, wherein at least one type of enzyme and coenzyme are confined in a minute space, an enzyme reaction is effected while this space serves as a reaction field. Thereby, electrons can be taken out of the fuel efficiently to generate electrical energy, and immobilization of these enzyme and coenzyme on an electrode can be performed easily. The enzyme and the coenzyme required for an enzyme reaction are encapsulated in a liposome, and the resulting liposome is immobilized on the surface of an electrode formed from porous carbon or the like so as to form an enzyme immobilization electrode. A transporter is incorporated in the liposome, as necessary. An electron mediator is also immobilized on the surface of the electrode. The resulting enzyme immobilization electrode is used as, for example, a negative electrode of a biofuel cell.

Abstract: Systems and methods are provided for producing high-surface-area three-dimensional electrodes for electrochemical applications. In one embodiment, sheets of precursor material are interleaved with sheets of a sacrificial material and then bonded to a base comprising a precursor material with a precursor bonding material. The precursor sheets, base and bonding material preferably formed from the same precursor material. The bonded structure is then pyrolyzed to create a lithium intercalating structure and remove the sacrificial material. In another embodiment, a reactive-ion etching process is used to pattern 3D structures into a sheet of precursor material. The 3D structure is then converted into a lithium intercalating structure through pyrolysis. In both embodiments, the components of the structure to be heat treated preferably comprise the same lithium intercalating precursor material. As a result, micro-scale high-aspect-ratio 3D electrode features having very fine structures can be patterned and created.

Abstract: A negative electrode for a nonaqueous electrolyte secondary cell, includes: a negative electrode active material layer containing a negative electrode active material, a polyvinylidene fluoride component including polyvinylidene fluoride and/or a derivative having polyvinylidene fluoride as a main chain, a styrene-butadiene component including a styrene-butadiene polymer and/or a derivative having a styrene-butadiene polymer as a main chain, a nonionic surfactant having an HLB of 10 to 15, and N-methylpyrrolidone; and a foil-shaped negative electrode current collector provided with the negative electrode active material layer on at least one principal surface of the collector.

Abstract: The present invention is concerned with novel compounds derived from polyquinonic ionic compounds and their use in electrochemical generators.

Abstract: Provided is an anode for use in electrochemical cells, wherein the anode active layer has a first layer comprising lithium metal and a multi-layer structure comprising single ion conducting layers and polymer layers in contact with the first layer comprising lithium metal or in contact with an intermediate protective layer, such as a temporary protective metal layer, on the surface of the lithium-containing first layer. Another aspect of the invention provides an anode active layer formed by the in-situ deposition of lithium vapor and a reactive gas. The anodes of the current invention are particularly useful in electrochemical cells comprising sulfur-containing cathode active materials, such as elemental sulfur.

Abstract: A secondary battery, a cathode, an anode, and an electrolyte are provided. For example, a secondary battery is provided including an anode; a cathode; and an electrolyte, wherein the anode includes an anode active material and a coat including a substance selected from the group consisting of metal barium and barium compounds.

Abstract: In a non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery 1 including a positive electrode 11, a negative electrode 12, a separator 14, a positive electrode lead 15, a negative electrode lead 16, a gasket 17, and a housing case 18, the negative electrode 12 including a negative electrode active material layer 12b including an alloy-formable active material, a resin layer 13 is formed on the surface of the negative electrode active material layer 12b. The resin layer 13 includes a resin component with lithium ion conductivity and an additive for non-aqueous electrolyte. This configuration enables the battery performance to be maintained at a high level and the battery swelling to be suppressed, even when the number of charge/discharge cycles is increased, providing the non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery 1 with a high level of safety.

Abstract: A composite electrode and a method for manufacturing the same are disclosed. By using a composite electrode that includes a porous support made of ceramic or metal and a conductive polymer or a metal oxide formed on a surface of the porous support, a capacitor or secondary cell that provides increased charge/discharge capacity and increased energy/output density, as well as high-temperature stability and high reliability, can be manufactured.

Abstract: A variety of methods and apparatus are implemented in connection with a battery. According to one such arrangement, an apparatus is provided for use in a battery in which ions are moved. The apparatus comprises a substrate and a plurality of growth-rooted nanowires. The growth-rooted nanowires extend from the substrate to interact with the ions.

Abstract: A photosensitizing transition metal complex of the formula (Ia) MLY1, (Ib) MLX3 (Ic) MLY2X, (Id) MLY3X or (Ie) MLY4X in which M is a transition metal selected from ruthenium, osmium, iron, rhenium and technetium, preferably ruthenium or osmium. X is a co-ligand independently selected from NCS—, Cl—, Br—, I—, CN—, H2O; pyridine unsubstituted or substituted by at least one group selected from vinyl, primary, secondary or tertiary amine, OH and C1-30 alkyl, preferably NSC and CN—; L is a tridentate polypyridine ligand, carrying at least one carboxylic, phosphoric acid or a chelating group and one substituted or unsubstituted alkyl group having 1 to 50 carbon atoms, substituted or unsubstituted alkylamide group having 2 to 30 carbon atoms or substituted or unsubstituted aralkyl group having 7 to 50 carbon atoms.

Abstract: A composition, method of its preparation, and zinc electrodes comprising the composition as the active mass, for use in rechargeable electrochemical cells with enhanced cycle life is described. The electrode active mass comprises a source of electrochemically active zinc and at least one fatty acid or a salt, ester or derivative thereof, or an alkyl sulfonic acid or a salt ester or derivative thereof. The zinc electrode is assumed to exhibit low shape change and decreased dendrite formation compared to known zinc electrodes, resulting in electrochemical cells which have improved capacity retention over a number of charge/discharge cycles.

Abstract: Disclosed is a polyradical compound which can be used as an electrode active material for at least one of a positive electrode and a negative electrode. The polyradical compound has a repeating unit represented by general formula (1) and is crosslinked using a bifunctional crosslinking agent having two polymerizing groups in the molecule represented by general formula (2), wherein R1 to R3 each independently represent hydrogen or methyl group; R4 to R7 each independently represent C1 to C3 alkyl group; X represents single bond, linear, branched or cyclic C1 to C15 alkylenedioxy group, alkylene group, phenylenedioxy group, phenylene group or structure represented by general formula (3); and R8 to R13 each independently represent hydrogen or methyl group, and k represents an integer of 2 to 5.

Abstract: A phosphorated polymer includes a conductive polymer main-chain and a side-chain connected to the conductive polymer main-chain. The side-chain includes an electrochemically active phosphorated group Pm. A method for making the phosphorated polymer and a lithium-ion battery using the phosphorated polymer is also provided.

Abstract: A phosphorated composite capable of electrochemical reversible lithium storage includes a conductive matrix and a red phosphorus. The conductive matrix includes a material being selected from the group consisting of conductive polymer and conductive carbonaceous material. A weight percentage of the conductive matrix in the phosphorated composite ranges from about 10% to about 85%. A weight percentage of the red phosphorus in the phosphorated composite ranges from about 15% to about 90%. A method for making the phosphorated composite and a lithium-ion battery using the phosphorated composite is also provided.

Abstract: The present invention pertains to composite cathodes suitable for use in an electrochemical cell, said cathodes comprising: (a) an electroactive sulfur-containing cathode material, wherein said electroactive sulfur-containing cathode material, in its oxidized state, comprises a polysulfide moiety of the formula —Sm—, wherein m is an integer equal to or greater than 3; and, (b) an electroactive transition metal chalcogenide composition, which encapsulates said electroactive sulfur-containing cathode material, and which retards the transport of anionic reduction products of said electroactive sulfur-containing cathode material, said electroactive transition metal chalcogenide composition comprising an electroactive transition metal chalcogenide having the formula MjYk(OR)l wherein: M is a transition metal; Y is the same or different at each occurrence and is oxygen, sulfur, or selenium; R is an organic group and is the same or different at each occurrence; j is an integer ranging from 1 to 12; k is a number ran

Abstract: A membrane electrode assembly for a fuel cell is described. The materials for the membrane electrode assembly are formed from sulfonated polymers. A polymer dispersion ink containing the sulfonated polymer and a mixture of solvents is used to form the electrodes on the exchange membrane. The dispersion ink allows for the electrodes to be formed directly on the exchange membrane without significantly dissolving the exchange membrane.

Abstract: An electrode active material for a power storage device of the invention includes a ketone compound that includes a ring structure in a molecule, the ring structure being a five-membered or seven-membered ring composed of atoms at least three adjacent ones of which are each bonded to a ketone group. The electrode active material for a power storage device of the invention has a high weight-energy density and good reversibility of oxidation-reduction reaction. The use of the electrode active material for a power storage device of the invention can provide a power storage device having a high capacity, a high voltage, and good charge/discharge cycle characteristics.

Abstract: Disclosed is a method for preparing a highly electron conductive polymer, the method comprising a step of doping a conductive polymer with a dopant capable of introducing movable charge carriers into the repeating units of the polymer, wherein a voltage higher than a conduction band of the polymer is applied to the polymer while the polymer is doped with the dopant, so as to modify electron conductivity of the conductive polymer. A highly electron conductive polymer obtained by the method, an electrode comprising the highly electron conductive polymer, and an electrochemical device including the electrode arc also disclosed. The novel doping method for improving the electron conductivity of a conductive polymer can provide a conductive polymer with a conductivity comparable to the conductivity of a conventional conductive agent.

Abstract: A mesoporous carbon composite includes mesoporous carbon having mesopores; a conductive polymer coated on only an outer surface of the mesoporous carbon; and an organic electrolyte. The mesoporous carbon composite may be prepared by impregnating an ordered mesoporous silica (OMS) with a mixture comprising a carbon precursor, an acid, and a solvent; heat-treating and carbonizing the impregnated OMS to form an OMS-carbon composite; mixing the OMS-carbon composite with a monomer that forms a conductive polymer and a solvent to provide a surface of the OMS-carbon composite with the monomer; polymerizing the monomer to obtain a conductive polymer-coated OMS-carbon composite; removing the OMS from the composite to obtain a conductive polymer-coated mesoporous carbon; and doping the conductive polymer-coated mesoporous carbon with an organic electrolyte. A supported catalyst and a fuel cell include the mesoporous carbon composite.

Abstract: A negative electrode material for a high input/output currant-type non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery, comprising a carbon material having an average (002) interlayer spacing d002 of 0.355-0.400 nm determined by X-ray diffractometry and a true density of 1.50-1.60 g/cm3, and exhibiting a capacity (A) of at least 50 mAh/g in a battery voltage range of 0.3-1.0 V and a ratio ((A)/(B)) of at least 0.3 between the capacity (A) and a capacity (B) in a battery voltage range of 0-1.0 V when measured as discharge capacities with a counter electrode of lithium. The negative electrode material is non-graphitizable and has properties suitable for a negative electrode material for high input/output current non-aqueous electrolyte secondary batteries as used in HEV, etc.

Abstract: The invention provides an electrode 1 comprising a collector 1a with electron conductivity and an electrode active material-containing layer 1b with electron conductivity formed on the collector 1a, wherein the electrode active material-containing layer 1b includes conductive polymer-covered carbon nanotubes.

Abstract: A lithium secondary battery includes an anode mix including a silicon- or tin-based material as an anode active material, a thermosetting agent, and a curing agent and a curing accelerator as a binder. The anode mix is prepared within a short period of time via a simplified manufacturing process by applying the anode mix to a current collector and heating to cure the applied anode mix at a temperature of less than 200° C.

Abstract: A plastics electrode material includes a mixture having a nitrogen-containing conductive polymer and a conductive carbon material mixed with the polymer. The polymer is polyquinoline, polyphenylquinoxaline, polycarbazole, polypyridine, polypyrrole, polyaniline or polyindole. The conductive carbon material is 1% to 40% by weight of the mixture. The mixture is activated by a 0.2 M to 5 M proton-containing acidic electrolytic solution. The present invention further comprises second cells using the plastics electrode material. Because the conductive carbon material and high concentration acidic electrolytic solution are added to the polymer, the plastics electrode material has a high conductivity. Thus, the secondary cells have a high efficiency of charging and discharging and a long cyclic life.

Abstract: Disclosed is a novel organic compound synthesized by oligomerizing or polymerizing a specific quinone compound having two quinone groups at the ortho position and having a property such that the electron transfer occurs associated with a reversible redox reaction, the organic compound being insoluble in an organic solvent and having a high energy density, and thus being useful as an electrode active material for a power storage device. Using this organic compound as an electrode active material can improve the energy density, reduce the weight and size, and improve the functionality of the power storage device.

Abstract: A novel electrocatalyst made of an oxidase having high electron transfer efficiency and an enzymatic electrode using the same are provided. The electrocatalyst is made of CueO. The enzymatic electrode comprises a carbonaceous porous body and an electrocatalyst made of CueO supported on the surface of the carbonaceous porous body. CueO is preferably CueO from Escherichia coli. The carbonaceous porous body constituting the enzymatic electrode is preferably carbonaceous gel. Also, the enzymatic electrode may further comprise a mediator which facilitates transfer of electron between the carbonaceous porous body and said CueO.

Abstract: A device for use in energy storage comprising a nanostructured mesoporous electrically conductive substrate coated with a metal oxide and an ultrathin conformal polymer coating on the metal oxide wherein said electrode has a mesoporous structure. Also disclosed is the related method for making an electrode for use in energy storage.

Abstract: A lithium secondary battery comprising positive and negative electrodes both capable of occluding and releasing lithium ions, and a lithium ion conductive material which contains a compound of formula (1) exhibits improved characteristics including charge/discharge efficiency, low-temperature properties and cycle performance when (a) only one substituent group of R1, R2, R3 and R4 in formula (1) is alkyl, (b) the negative electrode-constituting material partially contains a carboxyl or hydroxyl group-bearing compound, and the lithium ion conductive material contains propylene carbonate, or (c) a positive electrode active material is a lithium-containing transition metal compound, a negative electrode active material is a carbonaceous material, and the lithium ion conductive material contains as a non-aqueous electrolysis solution a solvent mixture of propylene carbonate and ethylene carbonate in combination with a chain-like carbonate as a low-viscosity solvent

Abstract: Disclosed is a composite body of an electrode active material and a conductivity-imparting agent, which has high capacity density and enables to take out a large current. Also disclosed are a method for producing such a composite body, and a battery having high energy density and a large output power. Specifically, a polyradical compound as an electrode active material and a conductive material are heated and mixed at a temperature not less than the softening temperature but less than the decomposition temperature of the polyradical compound, thereby for forming a composite body of the polyradical compound and the conductive material. By producing an electrode using such a composite body, there can be obtained a novel battery having high energy density and large output power.

Abstract: A radical compound may be used as an active material for an anode layer 2 to provide a novel stable secondary battery with a higher energy density and a larger capacity. The radical compound used has, for example, a spin concentration of 1021 spins/g or more.

Abstract: A lithium secondary battery is disclosed which includes: a cathode that is capable of storing/releasing a lithium ion, an anode that is capable of storing/releasing a lithium ion, a separator that separates the electrodes from each other, and an electrolyte solution. The cathode includes a cathode-active material and an electroconductive material comprised of at least one gas-generating resin that is decomposed with generation of a gas at a temperature at which oxygen is eliminated from the cathode-active material, and an electroconductive filler.

Abstract: A wet-to-use organic cell battery includes a container filled with an electrolyte that is made from organic materials, an electrolyte solution, such as water, can be repeatedly added into the container to mix with the electrolyte, and two electrodes electrically connected to a mixture of the electrolyte and the electrolyte solution, and insulated from each other. Thus, the organic cell battery of the present invention has the advantages of being able to preserve the electrodes from consumption and rustiness, being refreshable, and being benign to environment and public health.

Abstract: A compound comprising a composition Ax(M?1-aM?a)y(XD4)z, Ax(M?1-aM?a)y(DXD4)z, or Ax(M?1-aM?a)y(X2D7)z, and have values such that x, plus y(1?a) times a formal valence or valences of M?, plus ya times a formal valence or valence of M?, is equal to z times a formal valence of the XD4, X2D7, or DXD4 group; or a compound comprising a composition (A1-aM?a)xM?y(XD4)z, (A1-aM?a)xM?y(DXD4)z (A1-aM?a)xM?y(X2D7)z and have values such that (1?a)x plus the quantity ax times the formal valence or valences of M? plus y times the formal valence or valences of M? is equal to z times the formal valence of the XD4, X2D7 or DXD4 group. In the compound, A is at least one of an alkali metal and hydrogen, M? is a first-row transition metal, X is at least one of phosphorus, sulfur, arsenic, molybdenum, and tungsten, M? any of a Group IIA, IIIA, IVA, VA, VIA, VIIA, VIIIA, IB, IIB, IIIB, IVB, VB, and VIB metal, D is at least one of oxygen, nitrogen, carbon, or a halogen, 0.0001<a?0.1, and x, y, and z are greater than zero.

Abstract: Electrolyte solutions for electrochromic devices such as rear view mirrors and displays with low leakage currents are prepared using inexpensive, low conductivity conductors. Preferred electrolytes include bifunctional redox dyes and molten salt solvents with enhanced stability toward ultraviolet radiation. The solvents include lithium or quaternary ammonium cations, and perfluorinated sulfonylimide anions selected from trifluoromethylsulfonate (CF3SO3?), bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide ((CF3SO2)2N?), bis(perfluoroethylsulfonyl)imide ((CF3CF2SO2)2N?) and tris(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)methide ((CF3SO2)3C?). Electroluminescent, electrochromic and photoelectrochromic devices with nanostructured electrodes include ionic liquids with bifunctional redox dyes. Some of the electrolyte solutions color to red when devices employing the solutions are powered, leading to red or neutral electrooptic devices.

Abstract: The present invention provides a method for manufacture of a grid structure for use in lead acid batteries using a substrate having low density and low melting point, the method comprising coating the substrate material with a first metal layer and a subsequent metal layer of lead/lead alloy and electrodepositing an electroconductive polymer to form a protective layer thereon.

Abstract: There is disclosed a cathode/fuel formulation used for primary cells (batteries) or even for semi-fuel cells. More particularly, there is disclosed an air-breathing cathode semi-fuel cell having an anode and a cathode formulation, wherein the anode comprises a formulation of metals and alloys selected from the group consisting of Li, Mg, Ca, Al, and combinations thereof, and the cathode formulation comprises components (a) an aromatic nitro compound as a fuel, (b) a binder agent, and (c) and a conductive particle composition, wherein the three components are mixed together and pressed onto a scaffold to form a cathode, wherein the cathode formulation further comprises oxygen or openings to allow for air to circulate.

Abstract: Disclosed is an electricity storage device which can be charged/discharged at high rate and have high output, high capacity and excellent repeating charge/discharge characteristics, although it uses a non-carbon material as a negative electrode active material. Specifically disclosed is an electricity storage device comprising: a positive electrode collector; a positive electrode disposed on the positive electrode collector and including a positive electrode active material which can reversibly absorb/desorb at least anions; a negative electrode collector; and a negative electrode disposed on the negative electrode collector and including a negative electrode active material which can substantially absorb/desorb lithium ions reversibly.

Abstract: Disclosed is a secondary battery comprising a lithium transition metal oxide as a cathode active material, wherein an organic ammonium compound is added to a cathode and/or is coated on a separator. Therefore, the secondary battery according to the present invention can achieve improvements in residual capacity and recovery capacity even after high-temperature storage of the battery, simultaneously with improved power retention of the battery at low and high temperatures.

Abstract: An improved cathode suitable for lithium-sulfur batteries, a battery including the cathode, and a battery including a separator containing inorganic fillers are disclosed. The cathode includes sulfur and a metal oxide and optionally includes an additional polymeric material. The metal oxide reduces dissolution of sulfur at the cathode and reduces sulfur-containing deposits on the battery anode, thereby providing a battery with relatively high energy density and good partial discharge performance. The separator also reduces unwanted diffusion of sulfur species.

Abstract: A zinc air battery, and preferably a secondary zinc air battery has an acid electrolyte in which the anionic form of an acid forms a complex with a zinc ion, and wherein the acid in the electrolyte reduces dendrite formation.

Abstract: A secondary battery capable of providing a high energy density and superior cycle characteristics is provided. The secondary battery includes a cathode, an anode, and an electrolytic solution. The anode has an anode active material layer containing a carbon material and a lithium-containing compound (Li3-aMaN) as an anode active material. M is one or more transition metal elements. a is a numerical value satisfying 0<a?0.8.

Abstract: A non-aqueous electrolyte battery including a positive electrode; a negative electrode; and a non-aqueous electrolyte, wherein at least one of the positive electrode and the negative electrode has an active material layer containing an ambient temperature molten salt and polyvinylpyrrolidone.

Abstract: This invention concerns a lithium rechargeable electrochemical cell containing electrochemical redox active compounds in the electrolyte. The cell is composed of two compartments, where the cathodic compartment comprises a cathodic lithium insertion material and one or more of p-type redox active compound(s) in the electrolyte; the anodic compartment comprises an anodic lithium insertion material and one or more of n-type redox active compound(s) in the electrolyte. These two compartments are separated by a separator and the redox active compounds are confined only in each compartment. Such a rechargeable electrochemical cell is suitable for high energy density applications. The present invention also concerns the general use of redox active compounds and electrochemically addressable electrode systems containing similar components which are suitable for use in the electrochemical cell.

Abstract: A non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery of this invention includes a positive electrode including a positive electrode mixture, a negative electrode including a negative electrode mixture, and a non-aqueous electrolyte. The negative electrode mixture includes a material capable of absorbing and desorbing Li and a carbon material. The material capable of absorbing and desorbing Li includes at least one element selected from the group consisting of Si and Sn, and the amount of the carbon material is 3 to 60% by weight of the negative electrode mixture. At least one of the positive electrode, the negative electrode, and the non-aqueous electrolyte contains a lithium perfluoroalkylsulfonyl imide represented by the following general formula (1): LiN(CmF2m+1SO2)(CnF2n+1SO2)??(1) where m and n each represent an integer of 1 to 5 and may be m=n. The ratio of the weight of the lithium perfluoroalkylsulfonyl imide to the weight of the carbon material is 10?3 to 10.

Abstract: A secondary battery is provided which has a high energy density, a high capacity, an excellent stability in charge-discharge cycle as well as an excellent safety. The secondary battery comprises at least a positive electrode, a negative electrode and an electrolyte, wherein an active material of at least one of the positive and negative electrodes includes at least one compound selected from the group consisting of radical compounds represented by the formula (1) or the formula (3): (in the formula (1), X1 and X2 each independently represent a group represented by the formula (3), alkoxyl group, halogen atom, hydroxyl group or cyano group, and R1˜R8 each independently represent hydrogen atom or alkyl group.) (in the formula (3), R10 represents alkyl group or substituted or unsubstituted phenyl group.

Abstract: A membrane electrode assembly for a fuel cell is described. The materials for the membrane electrode assembly are formed from sulfonated polymers. A polymer dispersion ink containing the sulfonated polymer and a mixture of solvents is used to form the electrodes on the exchange membrane. The dispersion ink allows for the electrodes to be formed directly on the exchange membrane without significantly dissolving the exchange membrane.

Abstract: An active material for a rechargeable lithium battery is provided with a non-carbon-based material on which nanofiber-shaped carbon having an oxygen-included functional group is grown. The negative active material for a rechargeable lithium battery has good conductivity and cycle life characteristics.