Abstract: The positive electrode active material for a nonaqueous electrolyte secondary battery contains a lithium-nickel composite oxide represented by a general formula: LiaNi1?x?yCoxMyO2+? (where 0.01?x?0.35, 0?y?0.10, 0.95?a?1.10, and 0???0.2; and M is at least one element selected from Mn, V, Mg, Mo, Nb, Ti, and Al) and a boron compound. At least part of the boron compound is present on the surface of the lithium-nickel composite oxide in the form of Li3BO3 and LiBO2, and a mass ratio (Li3BO3/LiBO2) between Li3BO3 and LiBO2 is at least 0.005 and up to 10. Boron is contained in an amount of at least 0.011% by mass and up to 0.6% by mass relative to the entire amount of the positive electrode active material.

Abstract: Electrolytes and electrolyte additives for energy storage devices comprising a cyclic organosilicon compound are disclosed. The energy storage device comprises a first electrode and a second electrode, wherein at least one of the first electrode and the second electrode is a Si-based electrode, a separator between the first electrode and the second electrode, an electrolyte, and at least one electrolyte additive selected from a cyclic organosilicon compound.

Abstract: The present invention relates to an optical element capable of simultaneously outputting sound from the surface of a display device with an image, the optical element comprising: a first electrode member; a first dielectric elastomer layer disposed on the first electrode member; a second electrode member disposed on the first dielectric elastomer layer; and an optical crystal layer disposed on the second electrode member. Accordingly, in the present invention, image and sound are implemented simultaneously, and thus, it is possible to prevent defects due to mismatching of the image and the sound, and a separate sound system is not required when the display device is manufactured using the optical element, thereby making it possible to reduce components of an electronic product including the display device and reduce the manufacturing cost.

Abstract: A negative electrode using a binding agent excellent in binding property, the negative electrode being capable of using water as an alternative solvent to an organic solvent during production of the negative electrode. A negative electrode including: a compound obtained through condensation of polyacrylic acid and a polyaminobenzene derivative represented by general formula (1) below and/or a self-condensation product of the polyaminobenzene derivative; a cellulose derivative; and a negative electrode active material.

Abstract: A lithium ion secondary battery that includes: a positive electrode having a positive electrode active material capable of storing and releasing lithium ions, the positive electrode active material containing positive electrode active material grains having a coating layer containing a carbon compound having an acid functional group, and an amount of the acid functional group in a composite including the positive electrode active material and the coating layer is 0.004 mmol/g to 0.0062 mmol/g; a negative electrode having a negative electrode active material capable of storing and releasing lithium ions; a separator interposed between the positive electrode and the negative electrode; and a non-aqueous electrolyte containing a polar solvent having a relative permittivity of 20 or more.

Abstract: Systems and methods for batteries comprising a cathode, an electrolyte, and an anode, wherein sacrificial salts and prelithiation reagents are added to the cathode as functional additives for electrochemical prelithiation.

Abstract: Provided is a method for manufacturing an active material mixture, the method including: supplying and dispersing a solid electrolyte in a dispersion medium while circulating the dispersion medium (a first dispersion step); and thereafter supplying and dispersing an active material and a conductive material in the dispersion medium (a second dispersion step), wherein an average rotation speed of the rotor in the second dispersion step is lower than an average rotation speed of the rotor in the first dispersion step. Aggregation of the solid electrolyte can be suppressed by separately performing the first dispersion step and the second dispersion step, and the increase in temperature of the active material mixture can be reduced by lowering the rotation speed of the rotor in the second dispersion step.

Abstract: A method of producing an electrode mixture paste includes a kneading process in which an electrode active material, a conductive material, a binding material, a dispersant and a non-aqueous solvent are kneaded to obtain an electrode mixture paste and an ultrasonic wave application process in which ultrasonic waves are applied to the electrode mixture paste without evaporating the non-aqueous solvent from the electrode mixture paste.

Abstract: A lithium electrode includes a protective layer containing an ion conductive electrolyte in the interior and on the surface of the electrically conductive matrix. The protective layer may make the electrical conductivity of the surface of the lithium electrode uniform, imparts strength during the growth of lithium dendrites, physically prevents the growth of lithium dendrites, and suppresses the generation of dead lithium.

Abstract: The present application provides a negative electrode active material, a process, a battery, a battery module, a battery pack and an apparatus related to the same. The negative electrode active material comprises a core material and a polymer modified coating on at least a part of a surface of core material; wherein the core material is one or more of a silicon-based negative electrode material and a tin-based negative electrode material; the negative electrode active material has a weight loss rate satisfying 0.2%?weight loss rate?2% in a thermogravimetric analysis test wherein temperature is elevated from 25° C. to 800° C. under a non-oxidizing inert gas atmosphere. The present application can reduce damage to the surface structure of the negative electrode active material, reduce loss of active ions and capacity, meanwhile can well improve coulomb efficiency and cycle performance of the battery.

Abstract: The present invention provides a bio-electrode composition including a silsesquioxane bonded to a sulfonic acid salt shown by the following general formula (1): wherein R1 represents an alkylene group having 1 to 20 carbon atoms or an arylene group having 6 to 10 carbon atoms, optionally containing an ether group or an ester group, and the alkylene group may also contain an aromatic group; Rf1 and Rf2 represent H, F, O, or a CF3 group and can form a carbonyl group with a carbon atom bonded therewith; Rf3 and Rf4 represent H, F, or a CF3 group and one or more fluorine atoms are contained in Rf1 to Rf4; M is selected from Na, K, and Ag. This can form a living body contact layer for a bio-electrode that is excellent in electric conductivity and biocompatibility, light-weight, manufacturable at low cost, and free from large lowering of the electric conductivity.

Abstract: Electrolytes and electrolyte additives for energy storage devices comprising silyl amine compounds or derivatives thereof are disclosed. The energy storage device comprises a first electrode and a second electrode, where one or both of the first electrode and the second electrode is a Si-based electrode, a separator between the first electrode and the second electrode, an electrolyte, and at least one electrolyte additive selected from silyl amine compounds or derivatives thereof.

Abstract: The present invention provides a bio-electrode composition including: (A) an ionic material; and (B) a resin other than the component (A); wherein the component (A) contains both of a repeating unit-a having a structure of any of silver salts of fluorosulfonic acid, fluorosulfonimide, and fluorosulfonamide; and a repeating unit-b having silicon. This can form a living body contact layer for a bio-electrode that is excellent in electric conductivity and biocompatibility, light in weight, manufacturable at low cost, and free from large lowering of the electric conductivity even when it is wetted with water or dried. The present invention also provides a bio-electrode in which the living body contact layer is formed from the bio-electrode composition, and a method for manufacturing the bio-electrode.

Abstract: Provided is a method of improving the cycle-life of a lithium metal secondary battery, the method comprising implementing an anode-protecting layer between an anode active material layer (or an anode current collector layer substantially without any lithium when the battery is made) and a porous separator/electrolyte assembly, wherein the anode-protecting layer is in a close physical contact with the anode active material layer (or the anode current collector), has a thickness from 10 nm to 500 ?m and comprises an elastic polymer foam having a fully recoverable compressive elastic strain from 2% to 500% and interconnected pores and wherein the anode active material layer contains a layer of lithium or lithium alloy, in a form of a foil, coating, or multiple particles aggregated together, as an anode active material.

Abstract: The electrode plate includes a current collector and an electrode active material layer disposed on at least one surface of the current collector, wherein the current collector includes a support layer and a conductive layer, the conductive layer has a single-sided thickness D2 satisfying: 30 nm?D2?3 ?m; the electrode active material layer is divided into two regions, an inner region and an outer region in a thickness direction of the electrode active material layer, in which the weight percentage of the conductive agent in the inner region of the electrode active material layer is higher than the weight percentage content of the conductive agent in the outer region of the electrode active material layer, and the conductive agent in the inner region of the electrode active material layer includes at least one of a one-dimensional conductive material and a two-dimensional conductive material.

Abstract: A separator for an electrochemical device is provided. The separator includes a porous polymer substrate, and a porous coating layer formed on at least one surface of the porous polymer substrate, wherein the porous coating layer includes inorganic particles, a first polyvinylidene fluoride copolymer and a second polyvinylidene fluoride copolymer. A method for manufacturing the separator, and an electrochemical device including the same are also provided. It is possible to provide a separator with excellent adhesion between the porous polymer substrate and the porous coating layer and excellent adhesion to an electrode, and an electrochemical device including the same.

Abstract: A main object of the present disclosure is to provide a lithium solid battery in which the coulomb efficiency of the battery upon deposition and dissolution of a metal lithium is improved. The above object is achieved by providing a lithium solid battery comprising: an anode current collector, a solid electrolyte layer, a cathode active material layer, and a cathode current collector; wherein the lithium solid battery comprises a Li storing layer between the anode current collector and the solid electrolyte layer; an amount of Li storage of the Li storing layer to a cathode charging capacity is 0.13 or more; and a thickness of the Li storing layer is 83 ?m or less.

Abstract: A positive-electrode active material contains a compound that has a crystal structure belonging to a space group FM3-M and contains is represented by the composition formula (1) and an insulating compound, LixMeyO?F???(1) wherein Me denotes one or two or more elements selected from the group consisting of Mn, Co, Ni, Fe, Al, B, Ce, Si, Zr, Nb, Pr, Ti, W, Ge, Mo, Sn, Bi, Cu, Mg, Ca, Ba, Sr, Y, Zn, Ga, Er, La, Sm, Yb, V, and Cr, and the following conditions are satisfied. 1.7?x?2.2 0.8?y?1.3 1???2.5 0.

Abstract: A binder for preparing a positive electrode of a lithium secondary battery, and a method for preparing a positive electrode using the same. The binder includes two or more different lithium-substituted polyacrylic acids with different molecular weights. The lithium-substituted polyacrylic acids include two different lithium-substituted polyacrylic acids differing in weight average molecular weight by 500,000 or more from each other.

Abstract: A negative electrode for a lithium secondary battery including a lithium metal layer; a first protective layer formed on a surface of the lithium metal layer; and a second protective layer formed on a surface of the first protective layer opposite the lithium metal layer, wherein the first protective layer and the second protective layer are different from each other in at least one property selected from the group consisting of ion conductivity and electrolyte uptake.

Abstract: In a method of manufacturing an electrochemical cell, a porous or non-porous metal substrate may be provided. A precursor solution may be applied to a surface of the metal substrate. The precursor solution may comprise a chalcogen donor compound dissolved in a solvent. The precursor solution may be applied to the surface of the metal substrate such that the chalcogen donor compound reacts with the metal substrate and forms a conformal metal chalcogenide layer on the surface of the metal substrate. A conformal lithium metal layer may be formed on the surface of the metal substrate over the metal chalcogenide layer.

Abstract: A negative electrode for a secondary battery, and a method for producing the same, and more particularly, to a negative electrode for a secondary battery used for a negative electrode of a secondary battery, and a method for producing the same. A negative electrode for a secondary battery may include a carbon-based active material; a conductive material; and a silicon-based active material-polymer binder combination including a silicon-based active material, and a polymer binder for suppressing the expansion of the silicon-based active material bonded to a particle surface of the silicon-based active material.

Abstract: Described herein are acidified metal oxide (“AMO”) materials useful in applications such as a battery electrode or photovoltaic component, in which the AMO material is used in conjunction with one or more acidic species. Advantageously, batteries constructed of AMO materials and incorporating acidic species, such as in the electrode or electrolyte components of the battery exhibit improved capacity as compared to a corresponding battery lacking the acidic species.

Abstract: A conductive material paste for an electrochemical device contains a conductive material, an imidazole compound represented by the following formula (I), a binder, and an organic solvent. In formula (I), X1 and X2 are each hydrogen or a monovalent organic group that optionally forms a ring structure, and X3 and X4 are each hydrogen or an independent monovalent organic group.

Abstract: This application belongs to the field of energy storage technology, and specifically discloses a negative active material including SiOx particles and a modified polymer coating layer covering the SiOx particles, in which 0<x<2; wherein the negative active material has a peak intensity I1 at the Raman shift ranging from 280 cm?1 to 345 cm?1, a peak intensity 12 at the Raman shift ranging from 450 cm?1 to 530 cm?1, and a peak intensity 13 at the Raman shift ranging from 900 cm?1 to 960 cm?1, and I1, I2 and I3 satisfy 0.1?I1/I2?0.6, and 0.2?I3/I2?1.0. This application also discloses a method for preparing a negative active material and related secondary batteries, battery modules, battery packs and apparatus.

Abstract: An electrode for a lithium-ion electrochemical cell comprises silicon particles and carbon particles coated on a conductive current collector. The silicon and carbon particles being bound to each other and to the current collector by a cross-linked binder formed from a combination of a poly(carboxylic acid) such as poly(acrylic acid) and a branched polyethyleneimine. A method of preparing the anode also is described.

Abstract: An energy storage device includes an anode; a cathode; an electrolyte in contact with both the anode and the cathode; and an electrically non-conductive separator between the anode and the cathode. The separator includes a membrane having a plurality of voids, wherein at least some of the voids are partially filled with inorganic particles, and wherein the inorganic particles exhibit a shear modulus greater than the shear modulus of the membrane.

Abstract: This application discloses a negative electrode plate and a lithium-ion secondary battery, wherein the negative electrode plate includes a negative electrode current collector and a negative active material layer disposed on at least one surface of the negative electrode current collector, and wherein the negative active material layer includes a graphite material; wherein a ratio r between diffraction peak intensity of (004) crystal surface and diffraction peak intensity of (110) crystal surface of the negative electrode plate, a porosity s of the negative electrode plate, and a resistivity t of the negative electrode plate satisfy: 0.05 ? 100 × s r × t ? 10. The negative electrode plate and the lithium-ion secondary battery provided by this application can simultaneously achieve high safety performance, cycle performance and rate performance.

Abstract: The present application describes a method of forming an energy storage device that directly adds a lithium layer (such as a lithium foil or otherwise deposited lithium) into the cell stack during cell assembly for prelithiating. The method includes providing a silicon-based anode, providing a cathode, positioning a separator between the anode and the cathode, and disposing a lithium layer between the silicon-based anode and the separator, such that the lithium layer is in contact with the anode.

Abstract: A zinc electrode comprises an anode material, the anode material comprising: an electroactive material comprising at least one of zinc or a compound comprising zinc, a stabilizer additive comprising at least one of: bismuth, copper, indium, a compound comprising bismuth, a compound comprising copper, a compound comprising indium, or any combination thereof, a conductive additive, and a binder.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a secondary battery negative electrode binder composition with which a stable negative electrode active material layer can be formed, which can follow volumetric changes in the negative electrode, whereby a secondary battery can be manufactured that achieves a high charge/discharge capacity and allows for improvement in charge/discharge cycle characteristics. Provided is a binder composition for fabricating a secondary battery negative electrode, containing an element capable of forming an alloy with lithium as an active material, which is a secondary battery negative electrode binder composition comprising an emulsion in which polymer particles derived from an ethylenically unsaturated monomer are dispersed in an aqueous solution of a polyvinyl alcohol-based resin, wherein the ratio of the polyvinyl alcohol-based resin/polymer particles is 60/40 to 99/1, as a weight ratio of resin solids.

Abstract: Systems and methods are provided for carbon additives for direct coating of silicon-dominant anodes. An example composition for use in directly coated anodes may include a silicon-dominated anode active material, a carbon-based binder, and a carbon-based additive, with the composition being configured for low-temperature pyrolysis. The low-temperature pyrolysis may be conducted at <600° C. An anode may be formed using a direct coating process of the composition on a current collector. The anode active material yields silicon constituting between 86% and 97% of weight of the formed anode after pyrolysis. The carbon-based additive yields carbon constituting between 2% and 6% of weight of the formed anode after pyrolysis.

Abstract: A negative electrode material contains composite particles. Each of the composite particles contains a negative electrode active material particle and a film. The negative electrode active material particle contains a silicon oxide phase and a lithium silicate phase. The film covers a surface of the negative electrode active material particle. The film contains an anion-exchange resin. To an ion-exchange group of the anion-exchange resin, a fluoride ion is bound. The content of the anion-exchange resin in the negative electrode material is not higher than 33 mass %.

Abstract: An energy storage device includes: a positive electrode plate containing a positive composite layer including a positive active material capable of occluding and releasing a lithium ion; and a negative electrode plate containing a negative composite layer including a negative active material capable of occluding and releasing a lithium ion. A peak pore diameter Rp of the positive composite layer in a pore distribution measured by a mercury penetration method is 0.5 ?m or less, and a peak pore diameter Rn of the negative composite layer in a pore distribution measured by a mercury penetration method is 0.5 ?m or less. A ratio Rp/Rn of the peak pore diameter of the positive composite layer to the peak pore diameter of the negative composite layer is 0.60 or more and 1.70 or less.

Abstract: A method for charging aluminum batteries includes performing a first charging procedure for the aluminum battery until the voltage of the aluminum battery reaches a set value. The first charging procedure at least includes a first constant-current charging using a first constant current to charge an aluminum battery in a first stage. The range of the first constant current is from 5 C to 100 C, and C (C-rate) refers to a unit of the capacity of the aluminum battery. When the voltage of the aluminum battery reaches the set value, a first constant-voltage charging uses a first constant voltage to charge the aluminum battery. According to the charging current provided by the first constant voltage to the aluminum battery or the charge time for the aluminum battery charged by the first constant voltage, a determination is made to stop the charging process on the aluminum battery.

Abstract: A lithium secondary battery includes: a positive electrode; an negative electrode; and an electrolyte between the positive electrode and the negative electrode, wherein the positive electrode includes a positive active material represented by Formula 1, the electrolyte includes a lithium salt, a non-aqueous solvent, and a trialkoxyalkylsilane compound represented by Formula 2, and an amount of the trialkoxyalkylsilane compound in the electrolyte is about 0.1 weight percent to about 5 weight percent based on a total weight of the electrolyte: wherein, in Formula 1 and Formula 2, x, y, z, M, A, R1 to R3, and Ar are as defined as the specification.

Abstract: The present invention is directed at intercalative metal oxide/conductive polymer composites suitable for use as electrode materials for rechargeable batteries. The composites can be prepared by agitation of the metal oxide and the conductive polymer in aqueous media. The present invention is also directed at a sodium rich layered manganese oxide hydrate prepared by annealing manganese (II, III) oxide and sodium hydroxide. The sodium rich manganese (III, IV) oxide so formed indicates an enhanced capacity for Na-ion storage suitable for the use of electrode materials for aqueous energy storage.

Abstract: Electrolytes and electrolyte additives for energy storage devices comprising a cyclic organosilicon compound are disclosed. The energy storage device comprises a first electrode and a second electrode, wherein at least one of the first electrode and the second electrode is a Si-based electrode, a separator between the first electrode and the second electrode, an electrolyte, and at least one electrolyte additive selected from a cyclic organosilicon compound.

Abstract: Provided is a binder composition for a non-aqueous secondary battery electrode that has excellent viscosity stability and can form an electrode mixed material layer having excellent electrolyte solution resistance. The binder composition for a non-aqueous secondary battery electrode contains a polymer including a functional group that is bondable with a cationic group and an organic compound including at least two cationic groups.

Abstract: Provided is a binder composition that exhibits sufficient adhesion and that achieves the excellent dispersibility of a conductive auxiliary agent. The binder composition according to an embodiment of the present invention is a binder composition containing a vinylidene fluoride copolymer composition containing vinylidene fluoride and an acrylic monomer; the acrylic monomer being at least one type selected from acrylic acid and methacrylic acid; and a ratio (Mn2/Mn1) of a number average molecular weight of the vinylidene fluoride copolymer composition after being adsorbed onto alumina (Mn2) to a number average molecular weight of the vinylidene fluoride copolymer composition before being adsorbed onto alumina (Mn1) being less than 2.

Abstract: Provided is a rechargeable alkali metal-sulfur cell comprising an anode active material layer, an electrolyte, and a cathode active material layer comprising multiple particulates, wherein at least one of the particulates comprises one or a plurality of sulfur-containing material particles being embraced or encapsulated by a thin layer of a conductive sulfonated elastomer composite having from 0.01% to 50% by weight of a conductive reinforcement material dispersed in a sulfonated elastomeric matrix material, wherein the conductive reinforcement material is selected from graphene sheets, carbon nanotubes, carbon nanofibers, metal nanowires, conductive polymer fibers, or a combination thereof and the composite has a recoverable tensile strain from 2% to 500%, a lithium ion conductivity from 10?7 S/cm to 5×10?2 S/cm, and a thickness from 0.5 nm to 10 ?m. This battery exhibits an excellent combination of high sulfur content, high sulfur utilization efficiency, high energy density, and long cycle life.

Abstract: The present invention provides a method of preparing a slurry for a secondary battery positive electrode which includes forming a first mixture in a paste state by adding a lithium iron phosphate-based positive electrode active material, a conductive agent, a binder, and a solvent, and preparing a slurry for a positive electrode by mixing while further adding a solvent to the first mixture in the paste state.

Abstract: A solid silicon secondary battery, by substitutions of silicon for lithium, enables decrease of preparations cost and minimizing of environmental pollutions. By laminate pressing multiple times a positive or negative electrode material, the present invention enables increase of the density of a positive or negative electrode active material to increase current density and capacity. By having mesh plates equipped inside the positive electrode active material and the negative electrode active material, the present invention enables effective moving of electrons. By enabling common use of an electrode, of a silicon secondary battery, connected during a serial connections of the silicon secondary battery, the present invention enables decreasing of the thickness of a silicon secondary battery assembly and increasing of output voltage. By being integrally formed with a PCB or a chip and supplying a power source, the present invention plays the role of a backup power source for instant discharging.

Abstract: A cathode of a lithium-air battery includes a carbon nanotube composite film and a protecting layer. The carbon nanotube composite film includes a carbon nanotube network structure and a catalyst in particle form located in the carbon nanotube network structure. The carbon nanotube composite film is disposed on a surface of the protecting layer. The protecting layer allows conduction of lithium ions while preventing organic substances in an electrolyte of the lithium-air battery reaching the carbon nanotube composite film. A lithium-air battery is also disclosed.

Abstract: In order to provide a method for preparing a chalcogenide-carbon nanofiber, capable of implementing oxidation resistance characteristics and process simplification, the present invention provides a method for preparing a chalcogenide-carbon nanofiber and a chalcogenide-carbon nanofiber implemented by using the same, the method comprising the steps of: forming a chalcogenide precursor-organic nanofiber comprising a chalcogenide precursor and an organic material; and forming a chalcogenide-carbon nanofiber by selectively and oxidatively heat treating the chalcogenide precursor-organic nanofiber such that the carbon of the organic material is oxidized and the chalcogenide is reduced at the same time, wherein the oxidation reactivity of the chalcogenide is lower than that of carbon, the selective and oxidative heat treatment is carried out through one heat treatment step instead of a plurality of heat treatment steps, and the chalcogenide can form a chalcogenide-carbon nanofiber having a structure formed with at

Abstract: Antimicrobial cationic polycarbonates and polyurethanes have been prepared comprising one or more pendent guanidinium and/or isothiouronium groups. Additionally, antimicrobial particles were prepared having a silica core linked to surface groups comprising a guanidinium and/or isothiouronium group. The cationic polymers and cationic particles can be potent antimicrobial agents against Gram-negative microbes, Gram-positive microbes, and/or fungi.

Abstract: Provided is a method of producing a rechargeable alkali metal-sulfur cell, comprising: (a) providing an anode layer; (b) providing particulates comprising primary particles of a sulfur-containing material encapsulated or embraced by a thin layer of a conductive sulfonated elastomer composite, wherein the conductive sulfonated elastomer composite comprises from 0% to 50% by weight of a conductive reinforcement material dispersed in a sulfonated elastomeric matrix material, and the conductive sulfonated elastomer composite has a thickness from 1 nm to 10 ?m, a fully recoverable tensile strain from 2% to 500%, a lithium ion conductivity from 10?7 S/cm to 5×10?2 S/cm, and an electrical conductivity from 10?7 S/cm to 100 S/cm; (c) forming the particulates, a resin binder, and an optional conductive additive into a cathode layer; and (d) combining the anode layer, the cathode layer, an optional porous separator, and an electrolyte to form the alkali metal-sulfur cell.

Abstract: Decomposition of an aqueous electrolyte solution when an aqueous lithium ion secondary battery is charged and discharged is suppressed, and the operating voltage of the battery is improved. The aqueous lithium ion secondary battery includes an anode, a cathode, and an aqueous electrolyte solution, the anode including a composite of an anode active material and polytetrafluoroethylene, wherein peaks of the polytetrafluoroethylene at around 1150 cm?1 and at around 1210 cm?1 are observed in FT-IR measurement of the composite, but a peak of the polytetrafluoroethylene at around 729 cm?1 is not observed in Raman spectroscopy measurement of the composite.

Abstract: An energy storage device includes a cathodic material in an activated state; and an anodic material in an activated state; wherein: the cathodic material is covalently attached to, or confined within, a first polymer matrix, the first polymer matrix is configured to prevent or minimize substantial diffusion of the cathodic material in the activated state; and the anodic material is a phenazine, a phenothiazine, a triphenodithiazine, a carbazole, a indolocarbazole, a biscarbazole, or a ferrocene covalently attached to, or confined within, a second polymer matrix, the second polymer matrix is configured to prevent or minimize substantial diffusion of the anodic material in the activated state.

Abstract: Energy storage devices are disclosed. In some embodiments, the energy storage devices comprise a positive electrode comprising a carbon-based material comprising porous carbon sheet(s). Fabrication processes for manufacturing the energy storage devices are disclosed.