Abstract: A liquid developer for electrophotography is disclosed, which comprises a carrier, a charge director contained in the carrier, and toner particles dispersed in the carrier and having a volume-average particle diameter of from 0.5 .mu.m to 5 .mu.m, wherein the toner particles comprises a thermoplastic resin substantially insoluble in the carrier at a temperature used for development, a colorant dispersed in the resin, and a charge control agent. A process for producing the liquid developer, and a process for forming an image are also disclosed. Thereby, a liquid developer for electrophotography having good toner electrification characteristics and satisfactory charge stability is obtained.

Abstract: A liquid developer for electrostatography comprising a silicone fluid, marker particles and a charge control agent which is soluble in the silicone fluid. The charge control agent may be an organo-metallic compound such as an organo titanate selected from tetra-2-ethyl hexyl titanate, tetra-n-butyl titanate and tetra isopropyl titanate. The organo-metallic compound may be present in a range of from 0.01 to 10% by weight of the toner particles, with a preferred range of 0.1 to 2% by weight. A colourant may also be included.

Abstract: Disclosed is a liquid developers comprised of a mixture of high and low vapor pressure fluids, and wherein there is enabled with such developers in embodiments excellent fixing characteristics especially when the developed image is transferred from an intermediate substrate to the final substrate, such as paper. In embodiments of the present invention there is provided developers and processes for achieving high fix wherein the developers contains a high vapor pressure fluid, such as an Isopar, like ISOPAR L.RTM., and a low vapor pressure fluid, such as NORPAR 15.RTM., SUPURLA NF5.RTM., and the like, and which low vapor pressure fluid is substantially odorless. The high vapor pressure fluid in embodiments is removed by heat once the developer is transferred to the intermediate substrate, and the low vapor pressure fluid remains with the developer when the developed image is transfixed, that is transferred, fixed and heated simultaneously, to a supporting substrate like paper.

Abstract: Low optical density magnetic fluid which is a stable dispersion of fine magnetic particles. A method of forming the stable dispersion which includes providing an ion exchange resin, loading the ion exchange resin with an ion capable of forming a magnetic phase, treating the loaded resin to form magnetic particles and micronizing the resin and magnetic particles in a fluid to form an aqueous stable colloid. The invention provides submicron particles and submicron particles which are dispersed in an aqueous colloid. A method of forming the stable dispersion which includes providing an ion exchange resin, loading the ion exchange resin with an ion, treating the loaded resin to form nanoscale particles. Fluidizing the resin and particles to form an aqueous stable colloid. A method of forming magnetic materials having tunable magnetic properties and the magnetic materials formed thereby.

Abstract: This invention comprises a single-component dendrimeric toner particle, and methods of making and using the toner particle in the liquid EP process. By using dendrimeric chemistry, a dendrimeric toner particle may be made that has controlled content, structure and size and that includes a colorant, a binder, and a charge director. The toner particles made this way will have high uniformity, so that toner dispersions containing them may be made to have good stability, print performance, and quality control. The colorant of choice for the toner particle is made the core of the dendrimer toner particle. Dendrons, which are made of generations of building or polymer units, branch out from the core and include a resin or other binder molecule, for binding the colorant to the paper in the EP process. One or more of the final polymer units, located at the terminus of the dendrons, comprise a coordinating or chelating agent for the toner charge director.

Abstract: Electrostatic toners comprising polymeric dyes comprising of (1) discrete segments that are dispersible in highly fluorinated solvents and (2) discrete color-imparting segments. These toners can be prepared by a means of a polymerization process, wherein macromers containing highly fluorinated dispersible segments are grafted onto a polymer having chromophores attached thereto.

Abstract: A liquid developer for electrophotography comprising a carrier liquid having dispersed therein toner particles containing a binder resin and a colorant, wherein said carrier liquid contains at least one ether compound selected from compounds represented by formula (I) and compounds represented by formula (II):R.sub.1 --O(C.sub.n H.sub.2n O).sub.x --R.sub.2 (I)R.sub.3 --O--R.sub.4 (II)wherein R.sub.1, R.sub.2, R.sub.3, and R.sub.4, which may be the same or different, each represent an alkyl group, an alicyclic alkyl group, an aryl group, or an aralkyl group; n represents an integer of from 4 to 8; and x represents 1 or 2. The developer requires no heating even in winter and is less vaporized and less dangerous owing to the low solidifying point and low vapor pressure of the carrier liquid. The developer stably exhibits satisfactory charging properties. The developer is suited to high-speed copying.

Abstract: Trimers of C.sub.9 to C.sub.11 alpha olefins are useful as carrier fluid in liquid toner for electrophotography. Their use practically eliminates air pollution, oil slicks when liquid toned prints are placed on a surface and a halo effect.

Abstract: An electrostatic liquid toner imaging process uses a liquid toner comprises a perfluorinated solvent and polymer resin-bound pigment particles. The polymer resin is preferably a resin containing highly fluorinated or perfluorinated units within the polymer resin or a resin comprising of at least 10% perfluorinated units, the rest comprising nonfluorinated units.

Abstract: A liquid developer for developing latent electrostatic images comprises (i) a carrier liquid comprising at least one component selected from the group consisting of a phenylmethyl silicone oil and a cyclic dimethyl polysiloxane, and (ii) toner particles dispersed in said carrier liquid, and images are formed by a wet-type electrophotographic image formation method using the liquid developer and thermally fixed to a transfer sheet.

Abstract: An image forming apparatus which uses a liquid developer to produce a visible image from an image carrier is provided with a movable cleaning unit. This movable cleaning unit is moved in and out of contact with the image carrier. A tank stores the liquid developer which is fed to both the developing unit and to the cleaning unit and is provided with a mechanism for feeding the developing unit and the cleaning unit with the liquid developer which is so stored.

Abstract: A liquid developer for use in electrostatic photography comprises toner particles, each containing a resin and a colorant dispersed in a carrier liquid. The carrier liquid comprises at least one ether compound derived from ethylene glycol or propylene group and represented by the following general formulaR.sub.1 --O(C.sub.n H.sub.2n O).sub.x R.sub.2wherein R.sub.1 and R.sub.2 may be the same or different and represent an alkyl group or an aryl group, n is an integer of 2 or 3, and x is an integer of 1 to 3. The ether compound is present in the carrier liquid in the range of from 5 to 100 wt %.

Abstract: An electrographic liquid developer includes a fluorescent toner diluted in a liquid developer vehicle which has a high flash point and a low vapor pressure. The liquid developer vehicle preferably is a mixed liquid alkane which has a flash point over 140.degree. F. and a vapor pressure less than 5.2 mm of mercury at 38.degree. C. The fluorescent toner is preferably made as follows:a solution is prepared which comprises an organic solvent, a fluorescent dye, and an organic polymer. A pigment is precipitated by mixing the solution with a non-solvent for the polymer in the presence of a dispersant. The pigment is melt-compounded with a polymeric organic binder and the melt-compounded mixture is comminuted.

Abstract: An electrostatic liquid toner imaging process uses a liquid toner comprises a perfluorinated solvent and polymer resin-bound pigment particles. The polymer resin is preferably a resin containing highly fluorinated or perfluorinated units within the polymer resin or a resin comprising of at least 10% perfluorinated units, the rest comprising nonfluorinated units.

Abstract: A liquid electrostatic developer includes a toner which is made from a halogenated resin, a thermoplastic resin and a colorant. Preferably the halogenated resin is a fluorinated resin. Optionally, a charge adjuvant may be present. The liquid electrostatic developer is prepared by a process wherein the halogenated resin, the thermoplastic resin, the optional colorant and the optional charge adjuvants are melt blended to form a mixture. This mixture is ground at a cold temperature, and subsequently charged with a charge director. The toner used in the liquid electrostatic developer formed by this process has excellent thermoplastic and electrical properties and provides a developer with excellent imaging characteristics.

Abstract: An electrophotographic process uses a developer in which the colorant is dispersed in an electrically insulating organic material being solid at room temperature and liquified by heating. The developer is superior in ease of handling and capable of producing stable images at all times. An electrostatic latent image is wet developed by the developer. For recording and preserving the developed image, it is transferred to a transfer substrate. The developed image is transferred by contact of a photoconductor with the transfer substrate, or by peeling a film from a photoconductor.

Abstract: An electrographic liquid developer includes a fluorescent toner diluted in a liquid developer vehicle which has a high flash point and a low vapor pressure. The liquid developer vehicle preferably is a mixed liquid alkane which has a flash point over 140.degree. F. and a vapor pressure less than 5.2 mm of mercury at 38.degree. C. The fluorescent toner is preferably made as follows:a solution is prepared which comprises an organic solvent, a fluorescent dye, and an organic polymer. A pigment is precipitated by mixing the solution with a non-solvent for the polymer in the presence of a dispersant. The pigment is melt-compounded with a polymeric organic binder and the melt-compounded mixture is comminuted.

Abstract: Disclosed is a liquid developer composition comprising a liquid vehicle, a charge control additive, and toner particles containing pigment particles and a resin selected from the group consisting of polyolefins, halogenated polyolefins, and mixtures thereof. Preferred resins include poly-.alpha.-olefins and chlorinated polypropylenes. The resin is soluble in the liquid vehicle at elevated temperatures and insoluble in the liquid vehicle at ambient temperatures. Also disclosed is a liquid developer composition comprising a liquid vehicle, pigment particles, a charge control additive, and a resin selected from the group consisting of polyolefins, halogenated polyolefins, and mixtures thereof, wherein the resin is soluble in the liquid vehicle at elevated temperatures and insoluble in the liquid vehicle at ambient temperatures, and wherein the liquid developer is prepared by dissolving the resin in the liquid vehicle at temperatures of from about 80.degree. C. to about 120.degree. C.

Abstract: A liquid electrostatic developer consisting essentially of(A) a nonpolar liquid having a Kauri-butanol value of less than 30 present in a major amount,(B) thermoplastic resin particles having dispersed therein an aromatic nitrogen-containing compound which is substantially insoluble or immiscible in the nonpolar liquid at ambient temperatures as defined herein, the resin particles having an average by area particle size of less than 10 .mu.m, and(C) a nonpolr liquid soluble ionic or zwitterionic charge director compound, and process for preparation. The developer is useful in copying and color proofing including digital color proofing, lithographic printing plates and resists.

Abstract: Positive electrostatic liquid developer consisting essentially of(A) nonpolar liquid having Kauri-butanol value less than 30, present in major amount,(B) thermoplastic resin particles having an organic sulfur-containing compound which is substantially insoluble in the nonpolar liquid at ambient temperatures, as defined dispersed therein and average particle size by area being less than 10 .mu.m, and(C) nonpolar liquid soluble ionic or zwitterionic charge director compound. Optionally a colorant and charge adjuvant are present. The electrostatic liquid developer is useful in copying, making proofs including digital color proofs, lithographic printing plates, and resists.

Abstract: Negative-working electrostatic liquid developer having improved charging characteristics consisting essentially of(A) nonpolar liquid having a Kauri-butanol value of less than 30, present in a major amount,(B) thermoplastic resin particles having an average by area particle size of less than 10 .mu.m,(C) nonpolar liquid soluble ionic or zwitterionic compound, and(D) a quaternaryammonium hydroxide compound as defined, e.g., tetraethylammonium hydroxide, tetrabutylammonium hydroxide, etc., soluble in an amount of at least 0.5 part per million by weight in the nonpolar liquid.The electrostatic liquid developer is useful in copying, making proofs including digital color proofs, lithographic printing plates, and resists.

Abstract: A liquid developer for electrostatic charge images comprising a polymer selected from (a) a polymer containing at least one polymerizable monomer represented by the following general formula (1) as a component of the polymer, and (b) a polymer containing at least one polymerizable monomer represented by the following general formula (2) and chloromethylstyrene a copolymer components, the polymer being dispersed in a carrier liquid having an electric resistance of at least 10.sup.9 .OMEGA..cm and a dielectric constant of at most 3, ##STR1## wherein all the symbols are defined in the specification.

Abstract: A non-aqueous dispersion in which fine particles having an oil-soluble surface active agent adsorbed or adhered thereon are dispersed in a non-aqueous organic solvent.

Abstract: Liquid electrographic developers are disclosed comprising an electrically insulating liquid carrier, toner, a charge-control agent and a charging agent. The charge-control agent is a carrier-soluble, addition copolymer of a quaternary ammonium salt monomer, a monomer having --COOH, --SO.sub.3 H or --PO.sub.3 HR acidic function wherein R is hydrogen or alkyl, and a solubilizing monomer. The charging agent is a carrier-soluble, addition polar copolymer. The disclosed developers exhibit improved replenishability as evidenced by reduced buildup of charge in the developers during the course of use and repeated replenishment.

Abstract: A liquid electrostatic image developer is disclosed which forms self-fixing images on an electrostatic image-bearing surface which may be the image-forming surface. The developer comprises a plurality of particles composed of a compatible blend of at least one polyester resin and at least one polyester plasticizer. The plasticizer contains essentially no curable groups and is insoluble in the liquid carrier. Furthermore, images from certain preferred developers containing dispersed colorants are crack-resistant in addition to self-fixing.

Abstract: A liquid developer containing negatively charged toner particles for developing electrostatic charge images, comprising a carrier liquid having a high electrical resistivity and a low dielectric constant, a pigment or dye constituent, a resinous binder, a charge controller and conventional additives, wherein the pigment or dye constituent is dispersed in a solution of styrene/butadiene copolymer binder in the carrier liquid; and a process for preparing the liquid developer by mixing a dispersion of the pigment or dye constituent in a solution of the copolymer binder in the carrier liquid with a solution of the charge controller in the carrier liquid.

Abstract: A liquid developer for use in electrophotography which is prepared by making a carrier liquid comprising a non-aqueous solvent having a highly insulating property and a low dielectric constant contain a coloring agent and a resin dispersed therein, characterized in that said resin contains the following components (A) and (B):(A) a polymer comprising at least one kind of resin having an acetone tolerance value of 100-5000 and at least one kind of monomer capable of dissolving said resin, and(B) a non-aqueous type thermoplastic resin obtained by esterifying a copolymer obtained from a monomer having the general formula I ##STR1## [wherein R is --H or --CH.sub.3 and X is --COOC.sub.n H.sub.2n+1 or --OC.sub.n H.sub.2n+1 (6.ltoreq.n.ltoreq.

Abstract: A liquid developer for use in electrophotography, which is superior in storage stability and transferability, said developer comprising a resin A and a coloring agent dispersed in a carrier liquid having a high electric resistivity and a low dielectric constant, said coloring agent having a high electric resistivity and consisting essentially of fine particles of pigment coated with a resin B which is different from said resin A and is substantially insoluble in said carrier liquid.