Abstract: An optical element including a glass body is provided. The optical element includes a colored layer provided inside the glass body and positioned outside an effective aperture of the optical element. Coloring of the colored layer is a reduction pigment occurring in a glass component of the glass body. The colored layer suppresses occurrence of stray light and obtains sufficient light-shielding properties, so that a superior image quality can be achieved.

Abstract: A semiconductor structure includes a substrate including a first surface; a dielectric layer disposed over the first surface of the substrate; a first conductive line surrounded by the dielectric layer and extended over the first surface of the substrate; a conductive via disposed over the first conductive line and extended through the dielectric layer; and a cross section of the conductive via parallel to the first surface of the substrate, wherein the first conductive line includes a second surface at least partially interfaced with the conductive via, the second surface of the first conductive line includes a first end, a second end opposite to the first end and a first central axis passing through the first end and the second end, the cross section of the conductive via includes a second central axis parallel to the first central axis and a third central axis orthogonal to the second central axis.

Abstract: A method for manufacturing a display substrate includes: providing a substrate; forming a film layer and a photoresist layer to be patterned on the substrate; exposing and developing the photoresist layer to form a photoresist pattern including a first photoresist pattern and a second photoresist pattern, the first photoresist pattern corresponding to a film layer pattern to be formed, and the second photoresist pattern being located on at least two opposite sides of the first photoresist pattern, and spaced apart from the first photoresist pattern; wet-etching the film layer to be patterned so that a film layer between the first photoresist pattern and the second photoresist pattern is etched, a film layer under the second photoresist pattern being detached from the substrate, and a film layer under the first photoresist pattern forming the film layer pattern.

Abstract: A photosensitive resin composition, a black pixel defining layer, and a display device, the composition including a binder resin; a black colorant; a photopolymerizable monomer; a photopolymerization initiator; and a solvent, wherein the solvent includes a first acetate solvent and a second acetate solvent and a boiling point difference between the first acetate solvent and the second acetate solvent is about 10° C. to about 60° C.

Abstract: A charged particle beam writing apparatus includes an area density calculation unit to calculate a pattern area density weighted using a dose modulation value, which has previously been input from an outside and in which an amount of correction of a dimension variation due to a proximity effect has been included, a fogging correction dose coefficient calculation unit to calculate a fogging correction dose coefficient for correcting a dimension variation due to a fogging effect by using the pattern area density weighted using the dose modulation value having been input from the outside, a dose calculation unit to calculates a dose of a charged particle beam by using the fogging correction dose coefficient and the dose modulation value, and a writing unit to write a pattern on a target object with the charged particle beam of the dose.

Abstract: Disclosed herein are glasses that are capable of forming nepheline crystal phases when exposed to light, photoformable glass-ceramics comprising at least one nepheline crystal phase, products containing such glasses and glass ceramics, and methods for making the same.

Abstract: A method of making a data carrier medium comprising a first carrier layer and a graphical inscription on said first carrier layer and constituted, for example, by a text, by a photograph, or by digital data. The method comprises the steps consisting in performing the graphical inscription by depositing at least one metal lithographic deposition of metal on the first carrier layer, in supplying the first carrier layer made of a transparent material, and further in placing a second carrier layer made of a transparent material in superposition on the first carrier layer so as to protect the graphical inscription.

Abstract: A method for forming a three-dimensional microstructure includes providing a photosensitive glass substrate; exposing the photosensitive glass substrate to energy through a continuous tone, variable transmission photomask so as to form opaque portions in the photosensitive glass substrate, each of the opaque portions having one of a variety of depths extending through the entire thickness of the photosensitive glass substrate; and removing the opaque portions so as to form three-dimensional features in the photosensitive glass substrate.

Abstract: A method of improving conductivity of a metal pattern (18) includes providing a developed silver pattern (14) formed from a photographic silver salt provided in a binder coated on a substrate (12); and selectively heating the silver pattern with electromagnetic radiation.

Abstract: Various cycloolefinic/maleic anhydride polymers containing maleimide pendant groups and compositions thereof useful for forming self-imageable films encompassing such copolymers are disclosed. Such polymers encompass norbornene-type repeating units containing maleimide groups and maleic anhydride-type repeating units where at least some of such maleic anhydride-type repeating units have been ring-opened. The films formed from such copolymer compositions provide self imageable, low-k, thermally stable layers for use in microelectronic and optoelectronic devices.

Abstract: A radiation-sensitive material comprising a support and a radiation sensitive composition on the support is disclosed, wherein the radiation sensitive composition includes a dispersion containing nanoparticles of a sensitizer.

Abstract: The invention is directed to a silver-containing polarizing boroaluminosilicate glass composition that has been doped with a noble metal selected from the group consisting of Pt, Pd, Os, Ir, Rh and Ru, including mixtures thereof, to nucleate and precipitate silver ions to silver metal without the need for a reducing atmosphere step. The invention is further directed to a method for making the glass composition of the invention. Using the composition and method of the invention, one can prepare a glass having a selected null transmission range.

Abstract: The invention is directed to a silver-containing polarizing boroaluminosilicate glass composition that has been doped with a noble metal selected from the group consisting of Pt, Pd, Os, Ir, Rh and Ru, including mixtures thereof, to nucleate and precipitate silver ions to silver metal without the need for a reducing atmosphere step. The invention is further directed to a method for making the glass composition of the invention. Using the composition and method of the invention, one can prepare a glass having a selected null transmission range.

Abstract: An initial layout of an integrated circuit device is separated into a set of definitions for use in a multiple exposure fabrication process. The separation begins with reading a portion of the initial layout and identifying one or more target features within the initial layout. Further, a first revised layout definition is created for a first mask and a second revised layout definition is created for a second mask. The first revised layout definition includes the target features inside the dark-field content. In addition, in one embodiment, the first revised layout definition includes clear areas around each target feature. The second layout definition includes one or more dark features inside the bright-field content. These dark features, when used in the multiple exposure fabrication process, will overlap the target features. The first and second masks may be binary masks, attenuated phase-shifting masks (PSMs) or a combination of a binary mask and an attenuated PSM.

Abstract: The optical functional element contains aggregates of developed silver grains obtained by developing silver halide grains arranged so as to constitute a periodical structure. The element includes a substrate and a medium layer. The aggregates of the developed silver grains are arranged in the medium layer so as to constitute said periodical structure. The element is produced by first selectively exposing a photo-curing resin layer formed on said substrate in which the silver halide grains are dispersed so as to selectively photo-cure the photo-curing resin layer, then overall exposing the photo-curing resin layer to expose the silver halide grains in the photo-curing resin layer, and thereafter developing the photo-curing resin layer.

Abstract: An image-forming substrate has a sheet of paper, and a layer of microcapsules coated over the paper sheet. The microcapsule layer contains at least one type of microcapsules filled with a liquid dye, and a shell wall of each of the microcapsules is composed of resin that exhibits a temperature/pressure characteristic such that, when each of the microcapsules is squashed under a predetermined pressure at a predetermined temperature, the liquid dye seeps from the squashed microcapsule.

Abstract: A process is provided for producing a polymeric layer having a desired image thereon or a three dimensional article comprising a number of such layers in which a layer of a liquid photocurable composition which comprises photo colorable particles is cured by light and selected areas thereof are irradiated with light of a different dose, thereby forming the desired image which composition comprises particles dispersed in it which are micro-capsules containing a photosensitive color changing composition within a barrier layer which is substantially impermeable to the components of the color changing composition or are solid particles comprising an immobilized photosensitive color changing composition. The process permits the use of the same initiating mechanism to cure the resin and to change the color of the particles.

Abstract: The optical functional element contains aggregates of developed silver grains obtained by developing silver halide grains arranged so as to constitute a periodical structure. The element includes a substrate and a medium layer The aggregates of the developed silver grains are arranged in the medium layer so as to constitute said periodical structure. The element is produced by first selectively exposing a photo-curing resin layer formed on said substrate in which the silver halide grains are dispersed so as to selectively photo-cure the photo-curing resin layer, then overall exposing the photo-curing resin layer to expose the silver halide grains in the photo-curing resin layer, and thereafter developing the photo-curing resin layer.

Abstract: A narrowly defined range of zinc silicate glass compositions is found to produce High Energy Beam Sensitive-glass (HEBS-glass) that possesses the essential properties of a true gray level mask which is necessary for the fabrication of general three dimensional microstructures with one optical exposure in a conventional photolithographic process. The essential properties are (1) A mask pattern or image is grainiless even when observed under optical microscope at 1000× or at higher magnifications. (2) The HEBS-glass is insensitive and/or inert to photons in the spectral ranges employed in photolithographic processes, and is also insensitive and/or inert to visible spectral range of light so that a HEBS-glass mask blank and a HEBS-glass mask are permanently stable under room lighting conditions. (3) The HEBS-glass is sufficiently sensitive to electron beam exposure, so that the cost of making a mask using an e-beam writer is affordable for many applications.

Abstract: A method is disclosed for making deep microstructures in photoresist. The method utilizes a pool of photoresist on top of a transparent substrate and the laser is located below the substrate. Structures are created in the photoresist by transmitting the laser light through the substrate up into the photoresist. Since the photoresist does not have to be spin coated onto the substrate, very thick layers of photoresist can be used while the thickness uniformity is determined by the substrate surface. Alternately, a contoured substrate can be used while producing uniform structures.

Abstract: An electrophotographic OHP sheet comprising a transparent support and a toner-receiving layer formed on one side of the support, with the toner-receiving layer having suitability for toner fixation at a temperature in the neighborhood of 160° C. to 200° C. and comprising (a) a resin having a softening point of from 180° C. to about 190° C., (b) a resin having a softening point of from 110° C. to 140° C. and (c) a plasticizer having a plasticizing efficiency of 1.1 or below.

Abstract: The invention relates to a photographic member comprising a planar partitioning member having adhesively attached to each planar surface thereof a photographic image element comprising a polymer base and a photographic image wherein said element is a unitary article folded to cover both planar surfaces of said partitioning member.

Abstract: A paper emulsion film product and method for producing the same is shown. The film product includes a first layer of editing tape, a second layer of editing tape, and a layer of paper emulsion formed from a paper reproduction of a photograph sandwiched between the respective layers of editing tape.

Abstract: Exposure masks and inspection masks for use in the electronics field may be made using laser beams wherein the mask comprises a substrate which is substantially unaffected by exposure to the laser beam and an opaque pattern forming layer on the substrate, which pattern forming layer absorbs the laser beam and is selectively etched when exposed to the laser beam. A preferred mask has an overcoat transparent layer. A cavity inspection mask is provided having a series of openings in the form of lines formed in the opaque pattern forming layer, the lines bounding the cavity walls, is the mask being used for determining if the cavity is centrally positioned on the substrate and/or that the cavity is of the desired size. Substrates containing identifying masks thereon which cannot be seen by the unaided eye for theft deterrence are also provided.

Abstract: A white toner composition comprising 100 parts by weight of a toner resin containing at least 50 parts by weight of a polyester resin and between 65 and 180 parts by weight of rutile type TiO.sub.2, 10 g/m.sup.2 of said non-magnetic toner particles deposited on a transparent foil giving an opacity (hiding power) of at least 60%.

Abstract: An image bearing composite optical material is formed as a laminated flexible sheet having an image bearing photographic quality film layer variously bonded between outer and inner translucent layers of paper, fabric, or synthetic materials. The composite optical material provides two sharply distinct appearances dependent upon being viewed under backlit or ambient illumination conditions. Full-colored and precisely detailed images are produced under backlighted conditions; a plain appearance is produced otherwise. Improved embodiments include a nonbilateral structure wherein a middle image bearing film layer is bonded over its entire adjacent surface with an outer translucent layer, and is bonded at widely separated points or along thin lines with an inner translucent layer to produce an air gap there between. The air gap embodiment negates image transmission under nonbacklit viewing conditions.

Abstract: A method of manufacturing a decorative article, the method including: choosing a non-silicon substrate material which will form the substrate for the decorative article; coating the substrate with a photoresist material; forming a decorative graphic art image pattern in the photoresist coating; transferring the decorative graphic art image pattern in the photoresist coating to the substrate; and removing the photoresist coating.

Abstract: Simulated photographic-quality prints are created using non-photographic imaging such as xerography and ink jet. Reverse reading toner images are formed on a transparent substrate which is adhered to a coated backing sheet. The backing sheet is coated with a lightfastness material for minimizing degradation of color images exposed to UV light.

Abstract: A method is provided for producing a graphic for a backlit component, such as a button for an illuminated graphic display of an automobile instrument panel. The method involves a process by which molded plastic backlit buttons are manufactured without the use of hazardous chemicals or materials, and instead utilizes laser energy to produce substantially opaque regions on the button for forming a graphics image. Backlit buttons are preferably formed from a substantially transparent polymeric material in which is present pigmentation that is reactive to laser energy. A graphic image is then created on the button by selectively exposing a portion of the backlit component to laser energy. As a result, the exposed portion becomes substantially opaque while remaining portions of the backlit component remain substantially transparent. As such, the exposed and unexposed portions of the button cooperate to produce the graphic image when the button is backlit with a suitable light source.

Abstract: Optically active (optically non-linear or electro-optically active) waveguides are formed by depositing a layer of organic material, typically polymeric material, comprising one or more opticaly active components, and subjecting predetermined regions of the layer to actinic radiation to alter the refractive index of these regions.

Abstract: An optical film with a pattern formed by applying a photosensitive composition to the surface of a transparent film and by irradiating the photosensitive composition. The transparent film is made of a thermoplastic resin having a retardation of 30 nm or less, a deflection temperature under load of 100.degree. C. or higher, a transmittance in the visible light region of 85% or higher, and a refractive index of 1.45-1.59. The optical film has optical characteristics as excellent as glass. It has superior heat resistance, more flexible, more easily processed, and lighter in weight than glass bases.

Abstract: A dry toner image is fixed to a thermoplastic layer on a receiving sheet by pressing a ferrotyping web against the image in the presence of sufficient heat to soften the layer. A curl preventing layer opposite the thermoplastic layer does not offset on a backing roller or the like because it has a melting point that is high compared to the thermoplastic layer.

Abstract: A light control material for displaying black-and-white and color images by forming light traps in a layer of photopolymer at selected locations. The photopolymer layer constitutes a master from which embossments can be produced. An embossment which displays the image can be produced from the master by a soft embossing procedure. The light traps are formed in the master by reactively ion etching a layer of cured photopolymer at selected locations to create fields of tapered structures. An embossment generated from the master contains fields of tapered structures which correspond to those created in the master. The surface of the embossment which includes the fields of tapered structures is coated with a reflective material such as metal. Light which enters the fields is reflected within the fields of tapered structures until substantially all of the light has been absorbed. Light which does not enter the fields is reflected.

Abstract: A polyester film for an image-forming transfer material, wherein a difference .DELTA..alpha..sub.t between the maximum coefficient of thermal expansion and the minimum coefficient of thermal expansion in the film plane is not larger than 1.0.times.10.sup.-5 /.degree.C., and the maximum coefficient of thermal expansion .alpha..sub.tmax is not larger than 2.5.times.10.sup.-5 /.degree.C., which can form a high quality color image having less deviation and a high image density.

Abstract: A slide blank comprises a support; a mask layer having a substantially transparent central portion and a non-transparent peripheral portion surrounding the central portion; and an imageable layer which is not substantially photosensitive but is imageable to form an image which can be viewed in transmission. The support, mask layer and imageable layer are secured together so that the support and the imageable layer extend across essentially the entire transparent central portion of the mask layer, at least the portion of the support adjacent the central portion of the mask layer being substantially transparent. This slide blank can be imaged to produce a ready-mounted slide.

Abstract: An optical disk having a greatly improved recording density. The disk has a transparent substrate provided with phase pits. A layer of a phase changeable material is formed on the substrate. This phase changeable material is a chalcogen or chalcogenide such as Sb.sub.2 Se.sub.3 or Sb.sub.2 Te.sub.3. When reading light is directed onto the disk, a part of the layer of the phase changeable material is melted within the spot of the reading light beam, and the reflectivity changes and a phase pit is read through the melted part. After the reading, the melted portion recrystallizes.

Abstract: A display board has a substrate, a transparent photopolymerization resin layer formed on the substrate, and a picture layer formed in a surface of the transparent photopolymerization resin layer. The picture layer is composed of at least one dots-shaped colored photopolymerization resin. This display board is produced by exposing a colored photopolymerization resin film supported by a support member through a negative having a predetermined picture pattern to form a dots-shaped colored photopolymerization resin layer on the support member, transferring the dots-shaped colored photopolymerization resin layer to a surface of a transparent photopolymerization resin layer formed on a substrate to form a picture layer in the surface of the transparent photopolymerization resin layer, and setting the transparent photopolymerization resin layer in which the picture layer is formed to fix the picture layer.

Abstract: Method for fabricating components for integrated optics are provided wherein a film of poly-4BCMU on a glass substrate, is masked, e.g. with one or more metallic strips on a glass plate and such film is irradiated with, e.g. a UV lamp, tuned within the absorption band of such film, in air, to photobleach the film portions around channels covered by the masking strips and reduce the refractive index thereof below that of the unbleached film channels. The bleached film portions then provide reflective beam confining interfaces which define the unbleached channels and form waveguides within the film. The invention also provides for interfering two laser beams, of like .lambda., at a coupling spot on the film, which beams are again tuned within the absorption band of such film, which bleach alternate lines or bars of such film to provide a phase grating therein.

Abstract: A technique related to color filters to be arranged on the light-receiving surface of a color liquid crystal display device, color video camera, and the like. The color filter consists of a substrate (10) and a colored filter layer (12) formed thereon. The colored filter layer (12) comprises, for example, three groups of filter picture elements (14R), 14G, 14B) having spectral characteristics respectively corresponding to red, green and blue. Each group of filter picture elements are made of polyimide resin and dye contained therein. Further, each group of the filter picture elements (R, G, B) are arranged in direct contact with one surface of the substrate (10) without using any intermediate protecting film. The first group of filter picture elements patterned on one surface of the substrate (10) are subjected to heat treatment at a high temperature of about 250.degree. C., for example, to increase their resistance against the solvent.

Abstract: A photomask for an ultraviolet light with a contrast of 10 or larger can be fabricated by generating a color center by irradiating a calcium fluoride crystal substrate with a KrF excimer laser (wavelength of 248 nm) with an energy of 10 J/cm.sup.2 through an original photomask formed by a chromium film on a quartz substrate and forming a pattern by a color center corresponding to an original photomask pattern. In the same way, a similar photomask can be fabricated by irradiating a calcium fluoride crystal substrate with X-rays having a wavelength ranging from 0.5 to 1.0 nm through an original mask formed by a gold film on the silicon substrate.

Abstract: A silicate glass article comprising an amount of SiO.sub.2 effective as a network former and,at least one surface of said article having a substantially continuous silver and hydration content over its area, effective to render said surface darkenable upon exposure to electron beam radiation but substantially not thermoplastic,said article having been substantially darkened by electron beam irradiation over at least a portion of at least one surface thereof,and said article having geometric characteristics suitable for functioning as a photomask reticle, optical disk or similar archival storage medium.

Abstract: Silicate glasses are provided which when exposed to a silver ion exchange surface treatment are writable with electron beams. These glasses contain OD agents and do not require elements having 1-4 d-electrons in the atomic state.

Abstract: Solid photopolymerizable compositions and photosensitive elements are provided that are useful in preparing optical elements, and especially holograms. The compositions contains a polymeric binder, a liquid ethylenically unsaturated monomer, and a photoinitiator system. Typical compositions have a refractive index modulation of at least 0.005 when measured per the specified test.

Abstract: A toner image carrying thermoplastic layer on a receiving sheet is texturized from the back side of the sheet by positioning the sheet between a smooth hard surface and a texturizing surface with the texturizing surface contacting the back side. The thermoplastic layer is softened by heat and becomes texturized without embossing the back side. A curl preventing layer on the back side is not embossed because it has a melting point above the temperature of the process. A glossy-textured print can be produced this way. The process is especially useful in making multicolor prints of photographic quality.

Abstract: An apparatus and method for characterizing lithography imaging to quickly optimize a lithography process is described. The apparatus consists of two lithography masks for use with an optical stepper, ion-beam or x-ray lithography tool. The first mask is used for creating topography on the wafer substrate, and is patterned with groups of large elements arranged in orthogonal and angular directions. The second mask is used for defining a periodic pattern over the large elements. Preferably, the periodic pattern is in the same order of dimension as the critical element on the integrated circuit. A method is provided for characterizing lithography tools which do not have lithography masks such as an electron beam exposure tool.

Abstract: A method of producing a self-supporting film carrying a positive photographic image is provided, comprising splitting an image-carrying positive photographic film in a manner known per se and removing remaining adhering paper residues from the image part and using the so obtained image part as the self-supporting film having thickness of less than 50 .mu.m. Also embodiments are shown for carrying out this process continuously.

Abstract: Film suitable for thermal imaging comprising (1) a substrate formed from a flexible material, (2) a layer of thermally imageable material applied to at least one major surface of the substrate, and (3) a release coating overlying the layer of imageable material, the release coating being the hydrosilation product of (a) a polyorganohydrosiloxane, (b) an ethylenically-unsaturated perfluoropolyether monomer, and (c) an effective amount of a hydrosilation catalyst. Preferably, the film is transparent to visible light. The coating is sufficiently flexible so that the film bearing it can be imaged in commercially available infrared copying machines. Toner powder from plain paper copies will not stick to this coating when the imaging film is processed in a conventional thermal imaging apparatus.

Abstract: A color toner forming a developed image to be transferred to a transparent sheet by a known electrophotographic method, the refractive index of said color toner being smaller than that of said transparent sheet, but greater than that of the air.

Abstract: The invention relates to high energy beam-sensitive glass articles exhibiting insensitivity and/or inertness to artinic radiation, i.e., glass articles which are darkened and/or colored within a thin surface layer of, e.g., about 0.1-3 .mu.m upon exposure to high energy beams, electron beams, and ion beams in particular, without a subsequent development step, and which need no fixing to stabilize the colored image, since both the recorded image and the glass article are sensitive to radiation in the spectral range of UV, and longer, wavelengths. More particularly, the instant invention is concerned with Ag+ ion-exchanged glass articles having base glass within alkali metal silicate composition fields containing at least one of the oxides of transition metals which have one to four d-electrons in an atomic state.

Abstract: Information is provided in a multilayer identification card by means of a laser beam. This information is recorded by irreversibly changing (blackening) transparent synthetic material. Synthetic materials which blacked at different intensity values are used for the individual card layers. By controlling the laser beam intensity, information can thus be recorded only in one layer or else simultaneously in several layers. If the layer arrangement, layer materials and recording parameters (intensity, writing width, etc.) are selected appropriately, images can be produced which change their appearance when the viewing angle is changed. The various visual effects which can thereby be obtained serve to distinguish the authenticity of the identification card.