Abstract: A color display device for displaying an n-primary color image, wherein n is greater than three, the device including an array of sub-pixel (801) configured to have at least one repeating unit having one sub-pixel representing each of the n primary colors, wherein repeating unit (906) is configured to optimize at least one attribute of the n-primary color image.

Abstract: In electrophoretic media, it is advantageous to use pigment particles having a polymer chemically bonded to, or cross-linked around, the pigment particles, the polymer comprising repeating units derived from a fluorinated acrylate or fluorinated methacrylate monomer. The polymer desirably has a branched chain structure with side chains extending from a main chain. Desirably, the fluorinated acrylate or fluorinated methacrylate monomer comprises from 1 to 5 mole percent of the polymer.

Abstract: A display medium includes a pair of substrates, a dispersion medium sealed between the pair of substrates, a migrating particle group dispersed in the dispersion medium, and a surface layer provided on at least one of the facing surfaces of the pair of substrates and including a polymer compound that is a copolymer containing the following constitutional unit (A) and constitutional unit (B), X represents a group containing a silicone chain, Ra1 and Ra2 each independently represent a hydrogen atom or a methyl group, Rb2 represents an organic group containing a substituted or unsubstituted phenyl group, n1 and n2 each represent mol % of the constitutional unit relative to the whole copolymer and satisfy 0<n1<50 and 0<n2<80, respectively, and n represents a natural number of 1 or more and 3 or less.

Abstract: In a composition comprising an oil-in-oil emulsion containing a first oil phase dispersed as liquid droplets in a continuous second oil phase, which liquid droplets have a number median diameter of about 1 ?m to 10 ?m, the liquid droplets are substantially covered with a layer of relatively smaller hydrophobically surfaced solid particles as a result of controlling the size and size distribution of the liquid droplets. The first oil phase optionally further comprises colorant and/or polymer. Also disclosed is a method for making such oil-in-oil emulsions.

Abstract: This invention relates to improved electrophoretic dispersions and a method for improving the performance of an electrophoretic display. The invention also relates to a method of inducing or enhancing the threshold voltage of an electrophoretic dispersion.

Abstract: An electrophoretic sheet includes a substrate having one surface and the other surface, a microcapsule-containing layer comprised of a plurality of microcapsules, the microcapsule-containing layer provided on the other surface of the substrate, each of the plurality of microcapsules having a capsule body and an electrophoretic dispersion liquid contained in the capsule body, the electrophoretic dispersion liquid containing a plurality of electrophoretic particles of at least one color, and the capsule body having an inner circumferential surface and an outer circumferential surface, and at least one colored part provided on the external side of the inner circumferential surface of the capsule body of each of the plurality of microcapsules, and wherein each colored part has a color complementary to the color of the plurality of electrophoretic particles. By using the electrophoretic sheet mentioned above, it is possible to provide the increased whiteness in display of the electrophoretic particles.

Abstract: In the particles for display media used for an information display panel, in which at least one group of display media are sealed between two opposed substrates, at least one of two substrates being transparent, and, in which the display media, to which an electrostatic field is applied, are made to move so as to display information such as an image, a material having electric properties of a semiconductor is provided on a surface of the particles. According to the invention, since use is made of the particle whose surface has electric properties of a semiconductor, it is possible to maintain stably a surface charge of the particle for display media. As a result, it is possible to obtain an information display panel having a stable information display state such as an image.

Abstract: The present invention provides particles for display media constituting the display media used for an information display panel, in which the display media are sealed between two substrates, at least one of two substrates being transparent, and, in which the display media, to which an electrostatic field is applied, are made to move so as to display information, comprising: the particles having a substantially spherical shape, which are made by polymerizing raw materials including monomers, which include (acrylic or methacrylic) resin-hydrocarbon resin copolymer in the particles, in which a part of or all of the monomers are a multifunctional monomer having a plurality of polymerization reactive groups in one molecule, and which have minute irregularities on their surface evenly. By such a construction, the particles for display media can obtain irregularities firmly fixed on their surface. Poor display can be solved by using the same.

Abstract: Novel addressing schemes for controlling electronically addressable displays include a scheme for rear-addressing displays, which allows for in-plane switching of the display material. Other schemes include a rear-addressing scheme which uses a retroreflecting surface to enable greater viewing angle and contrast. Another scheme includes an electrode structure that facilitates manufacture and control of a color display. Another electrode structure facilitates addressing a display using an electrostatic stylus. Methods of using the disclosed electrode structures are also disclosed. Another scheme includes devices combining display materials with silicon transistor addressing structures.

Abstract: An electrophoretic display (EPD) device adapted to prevent a dispensed fluid sealant from moving toward a non-active area is disclosed. The EPD device includes: a first substrate configured to include a flexible plate divided into an active area and a non-active area; a thin film transistor array formed on the active area of the plate; a second substrate opposite to the first substrate; an electrophoretic film, between the first and second substrates, configured to contain charged particles driven depending on electrophoresis; a sealant, between the first and second substrates, hardened from fluid state; a sealant block formed on a sealant formation region to prevent the fluid sealant from flowing into the non-active area before hardening of the fluid sealant, wherein the sealant block is configured to include a first dam, a second dam, and a furrow between the first and second dams.

Abstract: To stabilize the supply of color material particles as well as reduce the wasteful amount of color material particles used and suppress deformation or damages of the outer walls of a plurality of cell regions partitioned by partition walls provided upright, an interval holding section having a first height dimension for holding an interval between a non-display area of the surface of a substrate for a display panel, which has an electrode at each of the cell regions, and a non-transfer area of the surface of an electrophotographic transfer body, is provided between the non-display area of the surface of the substrate and the non-transfer area of the surface of the transfer body, at a predetermined value at the time when the transfer body transfers the color material particles to the substrate, and the color material particles are transferred to the substrate from the transfer body while biasing the substrate toward the transfer body in such a way that the interval holding section holds the interval between th

Abstract: This invention relates to improved electrophoretic dispersions and a method for improving the performance of an electrophoretic display. The invention also relates to a method of inducing or enhancing the threshold voltage of an electrophoretic dispersion.

Abstract: This invention relates to improved electrophoretic dispersions and a method for improving the performance of an electrophoretic display.

Abstract: This invention relates to the field of electrophoretic displays. In particular, it relates to imagewise opening, filling and sealing multicolor display components and the manufacture of multicolor displays.

Abstract: An electronic paper printer is provided that is capable of describing display patterns properly and definitely on rewritable electronic paper. An electronic paper printer 1 has a describing head 3 for describing display patterns on electronic paper 2 capable of having display patterns rewritten thereto and erased therefrom, using electrophoresis, an erasing head 4 for erasing display patterns described on the electronic paper 2, a drive mechanism (not shown) for driving the describing head 3 and the erasing head 4 so that they turn, and a conveyor mechanism (not shown) for conveying the electronic paper 2. The describing head 3 is configured by a pair of drums 31 and 32 supported so that they freely turn. The erasing head 4 is configured by a pair of drums 41 and 42 supported so that they freely turn.

Abstract: In an electrophoretic display apparatus, a surface of the charged particle, the dispersion medium, and a surface of an inner wall on which charged particles are to be deposited satisfy any one of the following (A) to (D): (A) the charged particle surface is hydrophilic, the dispersion medium is hydrophobic or is hydrophobic and lipophobic, and the inner wall surface is hydrophilic; (B) the charged particle surface is hydrophobic, the dispersion medium is hydrophilic or is hydrophobic and lipophobic and the inner wall surface is hydrophobic; (C) the charged particle surface is hydrophobic and lipophobic, the dispersion medium is hydrophobic or hydrophilic, and the inner wall surface is hydrophobic, with the proviso that when the dispersion medium is hydrophobic, a difference in hydrophobicity between the dispersion medium and the charged particle surface is larger than a difference in hydrophobicity between the inner wall surface and the charged particle surface; and (D) the charged particle surface is hydroph

Abstract: An object of the present invention is to provide a microcapsule for an electrophoretic display device which can suppress reduction in later contrast even when the electrophoretic display device is allowed to stand under the high temperature and high humidity condition, favorably, under the high temperature and high humidity condition for a long time (e.g. under 60° C., 90% RH for 24 hours). As a means of achieving this object, a microcapsule according to the present invention for an electrophoretic display device comprises an electrophoretic fine particle and a solvent both of which are encapsulated in a shell, and is characterized in that an amount of an alkaline metal ion in the whole microcapsule is 150 ppm or smaller.

Abstract: An electric display device of the type wherein a liquid is disposed in a space defined by a substrate, a spacer disposed on the substrate, and a sealing film disposed on an upper end portion of the spacer is produced through a process including a step of disposing a sealing film precursor, comprising a polymerizable compound, supported by a supporting member on both an exposed surface of the liquid and the upper end portion and at least a part of the side portion of the spacer in a state that the liquid is filled between adjacent spacers, and a step of polymerizing the polymerizable compound to form the sealing film.

Abstract: A front plane laminate useful in the manufacture of electro-optic displays comprises, in order, a light-transmissive electrically-conductive layer, a layer of an electro-optic medium in electrical contact with the electrically-conductive layer, an adhesive layer and a release sheet. This front plane laminate can be prepared as a continuous web, cut to size, the release sheet removed and the laminate laminated to a backplane to form a display. Methods for providing conductive vias through the electro-optic medium and for testing the front plane laminate are also described.

Abstract: An apparatus for forming an image using an electrophoretic particle suspension containing media including: a transitioner for sufficiently lowering a viscosity of the suspension to facilitate mobility of at least some of the electrophoretic particles; and, imaging electrodes for selectively providing an imaging electric field associated with the image to be formed and positioned with respect to the transitioner such that the imaging electric field impinges upon the lowered viscosity suspension; wherein, the imaging electric field is sufficient to cause select ones of the electrophoretic particles in the lowered viscosity suspension to migrate depending upon the image to be formed.

Abstract: An electronic paper printer is provided that is capable of describing display patterns properly and definitely on rewritable electronic paper. An electronic paper printer 1 has a describing head 3 for describing display patterns on electronic paper 2 capable of having display patterns rewritten thereto and erased therefrom, using electrophoresis, an erasing head 4 for erasing display patterns described on the electronic paper 2, a drive mechanism (not shown) for driving the describing head 3 and the erasing head 4 so that they turn, and a conveyor mechanism (not shown) for conveying the electronic paper 2. The describing head 3 is configured by a pair of drums 31 and 32 supported so that they freely turn. The erasing head 4 is configured by a pair of drums 41 and 42 supported so that they freely turn.

Abstract: The invention relates to a novel electrophoretic dispersion comprising a fluorinated solvent as the continuous phase, charged pigment particles or pigment containing microcapsules as the dispersed phase, and the charge of the pigment particles is provided by a charge controlling agent comprising: (i) a soluble fluorinated electron accepting or proton donating compound or polymer in the continuous phase and an electron donating or proton accepting compound or polymer in the dispersed phase; or (ii) a soluble fluorinated electron donating or proton accepting compound or polymer in the continuous phase and an electron accepting or proton donating compound or polymer in the dispersed phase.

Abstract: A method for manufacturing an image displaying medium is provided in that a display element in the form of powder can be filled between facing substrates. After patterning spacer particles on a first flat substrate supplied from a first film roller set on a first roller shaft by a first electrostatic coating device, they are fixed by a first fixing device to form a spacer on the first flat substrate, and then black particles are coated, on the entire surface by a second electrostatic coating device. After coating white particles thereon by a third electrostatic coating device, the black particles and the white particles on the upper part of the spacer are removed by a blade, and a second flat substrate supplied from a second film roller set on a second roller shaft is superimposed, followed by fixing the upper part of the spacer and the second flat substrate by a second fixing device.

Abstract: An electrophoretic display material and apparatus is disclosed, including a dispersion medium, a white particulate material having a volume median particle diameter Dw, and a colored particulate material having a color different from the color of the white particulate material and a volume median particle diameter Dc, and wherein a ratio Dc/Dw is from 1/1 to 1/50.

Abstract: This invention relates to electrophoretic displays having improved performance.

Abstract: An image display medium that can maintain stable display characteristics without dew condensing on a display substrate surface or on particles in almost all environments in which the image display medium is presumed to be used, even if there are changes in the environment external to the image display medium. In a closed gap formed between a display substrate having an electrode and a back substrate disposed opposite to the display substrate and having an electrode, plural kinds of particle groups differing in color and charge characteristics and movable between the substrates by an electric field are sealed. The gap is given a proper amount of water vapor so that dew does not condense within a predetermined temperature range. Thus, favorable and stable display characteristics can be obtained.

Abstract: A method for displaying an image with an electrophoretic display device that includes a multiplicity of individual reservoirs, each containing an electrophoretic display fluid, located between two conductive film substrates, at least one of which is transparent, includes appropriately applying an electric field and a magnetic force to a selected individual reservoir in a manner to cause either a first set of particles or a second set of particles of the display fluid to be displayed. The first set of particles exhibit a color different from and contrasting to a color of the second set of particles, and also preferably a different charging property.

Abstract: An electrophoretic display liquid composition for use in an electrophoretic display device that has a multiplicity of individual reservoirs, each containing the liquid, contains one or at least two sets of particles dispersed in a transparent and/or colored liquid system. The at least two sets of particles exhibit different, contrasting color and different charging properties from each other, while in the one particle system, the particles exhibit a different, contrasting color from the colored liquid. In all embodiments, at least one of the sets of particles are particles with adjustable morphology made from emulsion/aggregation process. The morphology of the particles is controlled to be from grape, cauliflower, raspberry, or potato up to substantially perfect spheres.

Abstract: An electrophoretic display liquid composition for use in an electrophoretic display device that has a multiplicity of individual reservoirs, each containing the display liquid of at least two sets of particles dispersed in a transparent liquid system, the at least two sets of particles exhibiting different, contrasting color and different charging properties from each other, and at least one of the sets of particles containing flow aid particles as additives upon an external surface of the particles. Preferred flow aid additives include silica and titania particles.

Abstract: An electrophoretic display liquid including a dispersion medium, a first granular material having one or more hollows therein and a color and a second granular material having a color different from the color of the first granular material. When an imagewise electric field is applied to the display liquid, the second granular material electrophoreses in a direction, resulting in formation of an image of the second granular material in the display liquid.

Abstract: Apparatus and method for immobilizing molecules, particularly biomolecules such as DNA, RNA, proteins, lipids, carbohydrates, or hormones onto a substrate such as glass or silica; patterns of immobilization can be made resulting in addressable, discrete arrays of molecules on a substrate, having applications in bioelectronics, DNA hybridization assays, drug assays, etc.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for displaying capillary electrophoresis data wherein absorbance with respect to time is related to graphic values within a graphic range or scale of values and selected graphic values are displayed with respect to time. The selected graphic values may comprise a range hues, color saturation and/or brightness or may represent a monochromatic scale. The resulting representation may be horizontally aligned with the corresponding electrophoretogram absorbance values to provide both a quantitative value (electrophoretogram absorbance values) and qualitative (graphic stripe) display.

Abstract: A metallic toner fluid composition that contains (A) electrostatically charged, colloidal elemental metal particles dispersed in an electrically nonconductive organic carrier liquid having a dielectric constant less than about 3.5 and a volume resistivity greater than about 10.sup.12 ohm-cm, (B) a soluble surfactant in an amount sufficient to charge and stabilize the colloidal metal dispersion, and (C) an effective amount of organosol particles and/or a soluble polymer that is not a soluble surfactant (B). Also disclosed at a substrate coated with elemental metallic toner fluid particles. The coated substrate can act as a donor substrate for thermal mass transfer of images to a secondary receiving substrate by performing either or both of the following steps, in any order:a) transferring the elemental metal coating from the primary substrate to the secondary receiving substrate;b) contacting the elemental metal coated primary or secondary substrate with an electroless metal plating solution.

Abstract: A metallic toner fluid composition that contains (A) electrostatically charged, colloidal elemental metal particles dispersed in an electrically nonconductive organic carrier liquid having a dielectric constant less than about 3.5 and a volume resistivity greater than about 10.sup.12 ohm-cm, (B) a soluble surfactant in an amount sufficient to charge and stabilize the colloidal metal dispersion, and (C) an effective amount of organosol particles and/or a soluble polymer that is not a soluble surfactant (B). Also disclosed is a substrate coated with elemental metallic toner fluid particles. The coated substrate can act as a donor substrate for thermal mass transfer of images to a secondary receiving substrate by performing either or both of the following steps, in any order:(a) transferring the elemental metal coating from the primary substrate to the secondary receiving substrate;(b) contacting the elemental metal coated primary or secondary substrate with an electroless metal plating solution.

Abstract: The present invention provides a process for thermal mass transfer of metallic images, the process comprising the steps of(a) providing(1) a toner fluid dispersion comprising electrostatically charged, colloidal elemental metal particles dispersed in an electrically nonconductive organic carrier liquid and an amount of a soluble surfactant effective to charge and stabilize said dispersion,(2) a dielectric or photoconductive substrate, and(3) a thermoplastic receptor substrate,(b) electrophoretically depositing the charged colloidal elemental metal particles of the toner fluid in a uniform or imagewise fashion on the dielectric or photoconductive substrate using standard electrographic techniques to provide a donor substrate bearing an electrically nonconductive, colloidal, elemental metal coating thereon;(c) transferring, by application of energy, said metal coating from said donor substrate to said thermoplastic receptor substrate, to provide a metallic image on said receptor substrate,(d) optionally, subjec

Abstract: The present invention relates to toner fluid dispersions comprising electrostatically charged colloidal elemental metal particles dispersed in nonconductive organic liquid media of low dielectric constant and containing a charge-inducing surfactant. In other aspects, processes are disclosed for electrophoretically depositing the colloidal elemental metal particles of the toner fluid to produce nonconductive, continuous coatings or patterns and methods of enhancing the coatings or patterns to make them electrically conductive.

Abstract: Methods of using improved liquid toner dispersions in high-speed electrophotography are disclosed wherein pigment charge homogeneity and mobility are improved by the addition of effective carrier liquid-insoluble monomeric organic acids to the toner solution. Preferred acids include benzoic, succinic, p-toluenesulfonic acid, phenylphosphonic acid, salicylic acid, and 2-nitro and 4-nitrobenzoic acid.

Abstract: An imaging process which comprises the formation of an image on an imaging member; subsequently developing the aforementioned image with an electrophoretic liquid developer composition comprised of an insulating suspending fluid with a resistivity of from about 10.sup.12 ohm-cm to about 10.sup.16 ohm-cm, pigment particles, a stabilizer component, and a charge control additive; and wherein the resulting ink has a resistivity of from about 10.sup.9 to about 10.sup.12 ohm-cm; applying the ink composition from an applicator roll, which roll transports the ink to the imaging member surface; and wherein the ink is attracted to the charged areas of the imaging member.

Abstract: The invention is concerned with a method of preventing undesirable gas generation between a pair of opposite, electrically energized negative and positive electrodes spaced from one another by a gap filled with an aqueous electrolyte solution. According to the invention, the positive electrode is coated with an olefinic substance to form micro-droplets thereof on the surface of the positive electrode prior to electrically energizing the electrodes such that upon electrical energization hydrogen generated as a result of electrolysis is consumed by reaction with the olefinic substance to convert same by hydrogenation into an ethylenically saturated product, the hydrogenation reaction being carried out in the presence of a metallic oxide catalyst. In this manner, undesirable hydrogen generation and accumulation at the negative electrode is prevented.

Abstract: Electrophoretic process and apparatus for developing an electrostatic charge pattern carried by a dielectric surface by progressively moving that surface through a development station and simultaneously progressively advancing a layer of liquid toner (11) comprised of toner particles dispersed in a carrier liquid, through that station in proximity to said charge-carrying surface, (3), and imposing an electric field bias to cause or promote selective image-wise movement of toner particles through said liquid at said development station and deposition thereof on said charge-carrying surface in a pattern representing said electrostatic charge pattern, wherein said layer of liquid toner contains toner particles in a concentration of from 2 to 25% by weight, and including the step of applying a film of a substantially toner-free non-polar liquid which is miscible with the carrier liquid of said liquid toner and which has a specific conductivity lower than 0.

Abstract: Presensitized lithographic printing plates, having extended press run life, are provided by electrolytically passing a current through the light-sensitive material in the prefabricated plate. Press runs of up to sixty percent longer than expected are possible with plates which are so treated.

Abstract: A photoelectrophoretic imaging process, wherein a suspension of photosensitive pigment particles between two electrodes, at least one of which is transparent, is subjected to the influence of an electric field and exposed to an image, which process comprises using, as photosensitive pigment, an isoindoline of the formula ##STR1## wherein R.sub.1 and R.sub.3 are cyano, --COOR or --CONHR', in which R is alkyl, cycloalkyl, aryl or a heterocyclic aromatic radical, and R' is hydrogen, alkyl, cycloalkyl, aryl or a heterocyclic aromatic radical, R.sub.2 and R.sub.4 are cyano, or wherein R.sub.3 and R.sub.4, together with the carbon atom linking them, form a heterocyclic 6-membered ring.The pigments used in this invention are distinguished by particularly good photoelectrophoretic sensitivity and low fog density.

Abstract: A photoconductive composition for electrophotography containing a photoconductive material, a sensitizing dye comprising a specific very stable sensitizing dye for red light to infrared rays, and a film-forming polymer binder.

Abstract: An electrophoretic display device which provides high contrast images and a stable suspending fluid is described. A white marking material such as titanium dioxide is suspended in a colloidal dispersion containing black colorant such as colloidal size iron oxide particles known as ferrofluids. Image formation is achieved electrophoretically by selective application of an electric field across the imaging suspension.

Abstract: In general, materials having the structure ##STR1## wherein n equals 1 or 2;A represents phenylene, naphthylene, anthracenyl, anthracenediyl, and dibenzothien-diyl;R.sub.1 and R.sub.2 which may be the same or different when taken alone represent hydrogen, cyano, alkylcarbonyl and arylcarbamoyl, arylcarbonyl, cyanoaryl;R.sub.1 and R.sub.2, when taken together, represent sufficient atoms to form substituted and unsubstituted radicals selected from the group consisting of furanylidene, fluorenylidene, pyrimidinylidene, thiazolidinylidene, pyrrolinyl, and indenyl, isoxazolinylidene, pyrazolinylidene and indanylidene, wherein said substituents are selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, cyano, aryl, oxo, thioxo, nitro, alkyl, nitroaryl, carbamoyl and cyanoalkyl; andalkyl represents an alkyl group having from one to six carbon atoms; aryl represents an aromatic nucleus selected from the group consisting of benzene, naphthalene or anthracene, are useful in electrophoretic migration imaging processes.

Abstract: Electrophotosensitive materials having the structure ##STR1## wherein: r and s may be zero, one two or three;R.sup.1 and R.sup.2 may be the same or different and each may represent hydrogen, alkyl, aryl, alkoxyalkyl or alkoxyaryl;Y represents O or S;L.sup.1, L.sup.2, L.sup.3, L.sup.4 and L.sup.5 may be the same or different, represent hydrogen, alkyl, aryl or aralkyl and in addition either L.sup.1 and L.sup.2 or any two of L.sup.3, L.sup.4 and L.sup.5, together with the atoms to which they are attached, may represent the elements needed to complete a carbocyclic ring;A.sup.1 and A.sup.2 represent a substituted or unsubstituted heterocyclic nucleus.

Abstract: A photoconductive polymer material having the following repeating unit: ##STR1## wherein R represents an alkyl group is disclosed.

Abstract: An electrophoretic migration imaging composition featuring certain polymeric charge control agents is provided. An electrophoretic migration imaging process using these imaging compositions is also provided.