Abstract: The photoresist composition of the present invention includes a solvent mixture, a resin, a photo acid generator, and a quencher, the solvent mixture comprising a first solvent containing an ether compound and a second solvent having a polarity stronger than the first solvent, wherein an amount of the first solvent is in a range of about 61% to about 79% by weight, and an amount of the second solvent is in a range of about 21% to about 39% by weight based on a total weight of the solvent mixture.

Abstract: Disclosed herein is a photoacid generating polymer represented by Formula 1 below: wherein R1 is a C1-10 hydrocarbon or a C1-10 hydrocarbon in which the hydrogen atoms are wholly or partly replaced by fluorine atoms; R2 is hydrogen or a methyl group; and a, b, c and d represent the mole fraction of each monomer and are in the range between about 0.05 and about 0.9, such that the sum of a, b, c, and d equals one. Since the photoacid generating polymer of Formula 1 is not water-soluble and acts as a photoacid generator, it can be used to prepare a top anti-reflective coating composition for immersion lithography.

Abstract: A process for the preparation of resin particles comprising: adding a mixture of at least one free radical reactive monomer continuously to a heated aqueous solution of a water soluble free radical initiator and a water soluble salt to form latex emulsion particles and aggregates thereof; and wherein the rate of continuous addition of said monomer is greater than the rate at which monomer is consumed by polymerization.

Abstract: In a liquid toner for use in imaging processes which comprises pigmented polymer particles, at least one charge director and a hydrocarbon liquid toner carrier, the polymer is a blend of at least two distinct polymer components, the blend being characterized in that in a 40% non-volatile mixture with a hydrocarbon liquid toner carrier, it has on a semi-logarithmic viscosity vs. temperature cooling curve, a break-point at a temperature below about 65.degree. C. at a viscosity of between about 3.times.10.sup.5 centipoises and about 5.times.10.sup.6 centipoises. The polymer blend and an electrostatic imaging process (particularly one using an intermediate transfer member) utilizing the above toner are also claimed. Use of such polymer blends enables liquid toner to be applied in such processes at no more than and in some cases less than the customary processing temperatures.

Abstract: A reactive melt mixing process for the preparation of a low fix temperature toner resin, comprising:(a) mixing a reactive base resin, an initiator, and a polyester with amine functionality, and(b) crosslinking the resulting polymer melt under high shear to form a crosslinked toner resin.

Abstract: A resin composition is provided for an electro-photographic toner. The composition comprises 5 to 95 parts by weight of a high molecular weight vinyl copolymer polymer and 95 to 5 parts by weight of a low molecular weight vinyl copolymer. The former ethylene polymer has a weight average molecular weight (Mw) of from 200,000 to 1,000,000 and a ratio (Mw/Mn) of the weight average molecular weight (Mw) to a number average molecular weight (Mn) of from 8 to 300, and the latter vinyl copolymer has a weight average molecular weight of from 3,000 to 20,000. At least one of the former and latter vinyl copolymer, preferably, the former vinyl copolymer is an ethylene polymer which has been obtained by conducting polymerization in the presence of a monomer having an ionization potential of from 10.0 to 15.0 eV and a difference of from 9.0 to 15.0 eV in level between a highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO) and a lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (LUMO), both determined by computational chemistry.

Abstract: The toner for electrophotography contains a binder resin, wherein the binder resin has a condensation polymerization-type resin for forming a matrix and an addition polymerization-type resin for forming a dispersed domain. The dispersed domain with a cross-sectional diameter of not more than 2 .mu.m has an areal proportion of not less than 90%, based on the total cross-sectional area of the dispersed domain. This toner is stable, which is capable of maintaining a suitable tribo electric charge, thereby providing a high image quality in which the formed images do not undergo deterioration even under severe environmental conditions. Moreover, in a fixing method using a heat roller; fixing at a low temperature can be performed without using an offset inhibiting liquid.

Abstract: A toner composition comprised of a polyester resin with hydrophobic end groups, colorant, optional wax, optional charge additive, and optional surface additives.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a toner for electrostatic image development comprising:a lubricant having a DSC determined endothermic peak at 50.degree.-130.degree. C., with the half value width of said endothermic peak being not more than 15.degree. C., and represented by the formula (I): ##STR1## wherein R.sup.1 represents an alkyl or alkoxyl group having 10 or more carbon atoms, and R.sup.2 represents an alkyl group having 10 or more carbon atoms or a group represented by --X--COOR.sup.3 wherein X represents an alkylene group and R.sup.3 represents an alkyl group having 10 or more carbon atoms;a binder resin comprising a styrene-based resin in which tetrahydrofuran soluble matter has the weight-average molecular weight of not less than 50,000, and has one or more peaks of molecular weight in the range of not more than 5.times.10.sup.4 and the range of 1.times.10.sup.5 to 1.times.10.sup.7 respectively, on the gel permeation chromatogram; anda coloring agent.

Abstract: A polyester resin for a toner, wherein a maximum molecular weight is in a range of 1.times.10.sup.3 to 8.times.10.sup.3, Mw/Mn is in a range of 20 to 200, a proportion of component having a molecular weight of 1.times.10.sup.5 or less is comprised at a range of 80 weight % or greater, and at least one component selected from the group consisting of polycarboxylic acid having more than 3 carboxyl groups and polyalcohol having more than 3 hydroxyl groups.

Abstract: The present invention provides a toner for developing an electrostatic latent image comprising:a colorant; and binder resin including a low-molecular component having a weight-average molecular weight from 3,000 to 15,000 which is obtained by gel permeation chromatography (GPC), said low-molecular component being included from 60 percent-by-weight to 80 percent-by-weight with respect to the binder resin.

Abstract: A toner resin composition and a method of making the same are disclosed. The toner resin composition comprises a polyester resin formed from a reaction between a polybasic acid or anhydride and a polyhydric alcohol, and a polyfunctional epoxy resin which is crosslinked to the polyester resin. The crosslinking is effected in the presence of a catalyst.

Abstract: The invention provides toner for a two-component type developer containing toner particles including a binder resin and magnetic powder dispersed in the binder resin. The binder resin in the toner is prepared from a composition including at least one of (1) a polymer having an anionic group and a wax grafted portion and (2) a mixture of a polymer having an anionic group and a polymer having a wax grafted portion. The magnetic powder is contained in the toner particles at a proportion ranging between 0.1 and 5 parts by weight per 100 parts by weight of the binder resin.

Abstract: A toner for developing electrostatic images, which comprises a binder resin, a colorant and a wax composition, characterized in that the wax composition has a molecular weight distribution as measured by GPC, having a maximum in the region of molecular weight of from 350 to 850 and a maximum in the region of molecular weight of from 900 to 4,000; and the wax composition contains an ester wax with a weight average molecular weight (Mw) of from 350 to 4,000 and a number average molecular weight of from 200 to 4,000.

Abstract: A graft copolymer of recurring units of (C.sub.6 -C.sub.18)alkyl (meth)acrylate (A), vinylpyridine (B), glycidyl (meth) acrylate (C), and glycidyl (meth) acrylate units esterified with (meth)acrylic acid (D) onto which polymeric side chains of units of vinylpyridine, (C.sub.1 -C.sub.3)alkyl acrylate, and optionally (C.sub.1 -C.sub.3)alkyl methacrylate are grafted. The polymer is suitable as a binder for colorless, positively chargeable liquid toners, in particular in combination with a copolymer of (C.sub.6 -C.sub.18)alkyl (meth) acrylate and hydroxyalkyl (meth)acrylate as charge control agents. After fixing of the electrophotographically produced toner image, the toners give colorless resist masks or printing screens with a high resistance toward etching agents and solvents.

Abstract: A toner for developing an electrostatic latent image including a binder resin, a colorant, and a modified polysiloxane having the general formula (1): ##STR1## In the above general formula, R.sup.1 to R.sup.4, which may be identical or different, each stands for an alkyl group having 1 to 6 carbon atoms, a phenyl group, or a naphthyl group; R.sup.5 and R.sup.6, which may be identical or different, each stands for a linear or branched, saturated hydrocarbon group having an average number of carbon atoms of from 16 to 600; and n and m each stands for a number of zero (0) or more.

Abstract: The present invention provides an electrophotographic toner free of metal such as chromium. A novel electrostatic image developing toner is provided, comprising as a charge-controlling agent one or more selected from the group consisting of compounds represented by formulae (I) and (II): ##STR1## wherein A, B and R are as defined in the specification.

Abstract: A magnetic particle brush developing carrier used for electrostatic latent image developing is disclosed, comprising a magnetic particle having a surface coating comprising two kinds of fluoro-type resins, with one of the resins having a higher critical surface tension than the other. The carrier maintains its triboelectric properties even after extended use, it reaches charge saturation after a short period of triboelectrification, and it has excellent charge stability against environmental change.

Abstract: A process for the preparation of toner comprised ofi) flushing pigment into a sulfonated polyester resin, and which resin has a degree of sulfonation of from between about 0.5 and about 2.5 mol percent based on the repeat unit of the polymer;ii) dispersing the resulting pigmented sulfonated polyester resin in warm water, which water is at a temperature of from about 40.degree. to about 95.degree. C., and which dispersing is accomplished by a high speed shearing polytron device operating at speeds of from about 100 to about 5,000 revolutions per minute thereby enabling the formation of toner sized particles, and which particles are of a volume average diameter of from about 3 to about 10 microns with a narrow GSD;iii) recovering said toner by filtration;iv) drying said toner by vacuum; andv) optionally adding to said dry toner charge additives and flow aids.

Abstract: Intermediate binder composition for use in toner compositions, comprising (a) a block copolymer comprising one predominantly poly(monovinyl aromatic) block per molecule and one predominantly poly(conjugated diene) block per molecule, the latter blocks being selectively hydrogenated to a residual unsaturation degree of 20% or lower, in an amount of from 5 to 35% by weight relative to the weight of the intermediate binder composition, and a microcrystalline wax, having a weight average molecular weight of from 1000 to 10,000, and having a drop point of 75.degree. C. or higher (measured according to ASTM D 3104), in an amount of from 95 to 65% by weight relative to the weight of the binder composition. Also covered are electrophotographic toner compositions containing the intermediate binder composition and magnetizable particles.

Abstract: Disclosed is a toner for developing an electrostatic image. The toner comprises a binder resin and a wax, and the value of weight average molecular weight/number average molecular weight (Mw/Mn) of the wax is not more than 1.5.

Abstract: A toner for developing electrostatic images is disclosed which comprises a coloring agent, a styrene homopolymer or copolymer with a vinyl monomer or monomers, and polypropylene in an amount between about 0.02 and 40 parts by weight per 100 parts by weight of the styrene homopolymer or copolymer.

Abstract: The invention provides toner for a two-component type developer containing toner particles including a binder resin and magnetic powder dispersed in the binder resin. The binder resin in the toner is made of a composition including a low molecular weight polymer and a high molecular weight polymer both having an anionic group. The magnetic powder is contained in the toner particles in the range of 0.1 to 5 parts by weight per 100 parts by weight of the binder resin.

Abstract: Low fix temperature toners are fabricated by a two step melt mixing and reactive melt mixing process wherein there is initially prepared, for example, using a melt mixing device, a composite of pigment and resin, followed by crosslinking of the resin component at high temperature and high shear to produce a partially crosslinked toner with substantially no unpigmented gel domains. The toners are particularly suitable for high speed fusing, show excellent offset resistance and wide fusing latitude, and superior vinyl offset properties.

Abstract: The encapsulated toner for heat-and-pressure fixing which includes a heat-fusible core material containing at least a thermoplastic resin and a coloring agent, and a shell formed thereon so as to cover the surface of the core material is produced by a process having the step of carrying out in situ polymerization using a thermoplastic resin as a main component of the shell to form a shell having a structure in which a part of the heat-fusible core material is incorporated therein, the thermoplastic resin having a mechanical loss tangent (tan .delta.) in the range of from 1.0 to 20.0 based on a dynamic viscoelasticity, when measured with a sine stress having an angular frequency of 25 rad/s at a temperature of from 80.degree. to 120.degree. C. By using the encapsulated toner, good offset resistance can be obtained in the resulting toner even when its fixing speed is slow.

Abstract: A liquid developer comprised of a liquid, thermoplastic resin particles, a nonpolar liquid soluble charge director comprised of at least one oxygen containing group with from 1 to 5 oxygen atoms covalently bound to a quaternized ammonium nitrogen in an AB diblock copolymer or an ABA triblock copolymer wherein the A block is polar and is an ammonium containing polymer, and the B block is nonpolar and is a nonpolar fluid soluble polymer, and wherein the A blocks possess a number average molecular weight range of from about 200 to about 10,000 and the B blocks possess a number average molecular weight range of from about 2,000 to 50,000 and the ratio of weight average molecular weight M.sub.w to number average molecular weight M.sub.n is 1 to 5.

Abstract: A process for preparing low fix temperature toner resin mixture comprising melt blending a resin mixture comprised of a first polyester resin with a low gloss value, and a second polyester resin with a high gloss value, to form a toner resin mixture having an intermediate gloss value.

Abstract: A toner in which a small amount of magnetic powder is disposed in a resin medium for fixing which comprises a cationic polar group-containing copolymer resin or a resin composition. A distinguished feature resides in that the toner does not contain a charge control agent. The toner is positively charged and exhibits very good spent resistance. The toner further exhibits favorable electrophotographic properties such as transfer efficiency despite there is contained no charge control agent.

Abstract: The present specification discloses a toner for electrophotography.This toner comprises two or more kinds of binder resins, and is characterized in that the surface tension of each of the binder resins and the melt viscosity thereof, both at a temperature of 200.degree. C., are respectively below 30 dyne/cm and 100 poises or more, and the melt viscosity thereof and the storage modulus thereof, both at a temperature of 125.degree. C., are respectively below 5000 poises and below 40000 dyne/cm.sup.2, a toner comprising a surface tension reducing agent and a binder resin. Because the melt viscosity of the binder resin at a temperature of 200.degree. C. is 30 poises or more, a toner having an excellent void resistance can be obtained without a worsening of the fixability and blocking resistance thereof.

Abstract: An electrostatic toner contains a polymeric binder and as a charge stabilizer a polyamine whose average molecular weight is from 150 to 15,000 and wherein the nitrogen atoms are separated from each other by C.sub.1 -C.sub.13 - alkylene, which may be phenyl-substituted, or by phenylene, which may be C.sub.1 -C.sub.4 -alkyl-substituted, and are substituted by C.sub.1 -C.sub.13 -alkyl, which may be phenyl-, hydroxyl- or carboxyl-substituted, phenyl, C.sub.1 -C.sub.10 -alkanoyl, benzoyl, C.sub.1 - C.sub.6 - alkylcarbamoyl, phenylcarbamoyl or a radical of the formula CO-L-CO, where L is C.sub.2 -C.sub.8 -alkylene, the last case resulting in the crosslinking of two polyamine units.

Abstract: A negatively charged liquid developer comprised of a nonpolar liquid, thermoplastic resin particles, a charge adjuvant, pigment, and an ABA polymer charge director wherein A and B represent the polymer segments.

Abstract: A charge controller for an electrophotographic toner is disclosed which comprises a graft or block copolymer comprising:(a) a polymer moiety having an alkyl group containing 6-50 carbon atoms and a carboxyl group, said moiety being selected from the group consisting of: a moiety of a polymer or a copolymer containing at least 5 mol. % of monomer units of a monoalkyl ester of an .alpha.,.beta.-ethylenically unsaturated dicarboxylic acid, containing 6-50 carbon atoms in the alkyl group; and a moiety of a copolymer containing 5-75 mol. % of monomer units of a carboxylic group-containing .alpha.,.beta.-ethylenically unsaturated monomer, and 6-80 mol. % of monomer units of an ethylenically unsaturated monomer having an alkyl group containing 6-50 carbon atoms; and(b) a polymer moiety, bound graft-wise or block-wise thereto, said moiety (b) being selected from the group consisting of a styrenic polymer moiety, and a polyester moiety.

Abstract: An in situ process for the preparation of resin particles comprising: preparing a seed particle latex by aqueous emulsion polymerization of a first mixture comprised of at least one monomer, an optional chain transfer agent, and a water soluble free radical initiator, wherein the reaction of the free radical initiator and monomer produces oligomeric radicals which provide in situ stabilization to the resulting first generation seed particles; optionally diluting the first seed particle latex with water; heating and starve feed adding to the first generation seed particles a second mixture comprised of at least one monomer, an organic soluble free radical initiator, an optional chain transfer agent, an optional water soluble free radical initiator, and an optional surfactant to form a third mixture comprised of second generation seed particles; heating and starve feed adding to the second generation seed particles additional said second mixture to form a fourth mixture comprised of third generation seed partic

Abstract: A process for the preparation of an unsaturated polyester which comprises the first reaction of a phthalate and a glycol to provide a transesterified product, and subsequently a second reaction comprising reacting said product with an unsaturated dicarboxylate monomer.

Abstract: The present invention provides a toner composition mainly comprising a binder resin (D) which contains at least 20% by weight of an urethane-modified polyester resin (C) obtained by reacting a polyester resin (A) with an isocyanate compound (B) and whose gel fraction ranges from 2 to 75% by weight. The toner composition exhibits good melting properties upon heating suitable for fast reproduction such as a low lower limit of the fixing temperature and a wide range for permitted fixing temperature and is further excellent in resistance to blocking, resistance to carrier contamination and image-forming properties. The binder resin as the main component of the toner composition can be prepared according to a method comprising the step of continuously adding an isocyanate compound (B) to a polyester resin (A) in an equivalent ratio, NCO/OH, of the amount of the NCO groups of the isocyanate compound (B) to that of OH groups of the polyester resin (A) ranging from 0.3 to 1.

Abstract: A toner for developing an electrostatic image, comprises a binder resin and a colorant. The toner has a glass transition temperature (Tg) of 65.degree. C. or lower. The binder resin comprises a styrene-acrylic copolymer formed from at least a styrenic monomer and a mixture of two or more acrylic monomers. The binder resin contains 10% by weight or more of THF insolubles. The amount of the styrenic monomer remaining in the toner is 0.005 part or less by weight based on 100 parts by weight of the binder resin component in the toner (50 ppm), and the amount of the acrylic monomers remaining in said toner is 0.001 part by weight based on 100 parts by weight or less of the binder resin component in the toner (10 ppm). At least one component of the mixture of acrylic monomers has a Q-value of 0.5 to less than 1.0 and the other has a Q-value of 0.3 to less than 0.5.This toner is excellent in the anti-off-set property to a fixing roller surface, good in fixability, giving high image density and little odor.

Abstract: A toner prepared by allowing finely-divided particles of a vinyl resin having an alkali-reactive group to react with a fluorine-containing quaternary ammonium salt to obtain surface-modified finely-divided particles; mixing the surface-modified finely-divided particles and core particles composed of a resin and a coloring agent; and filming the above core particles with the finely-divided particles of the surface-modified vinyl resin with application of mechanical energy thereto.

Abstract: A positively charged liquid developer comprised of thermoplastic resin particles, optional pigment, a charge director, and a charge adjuvant comprised of a polymer of an alkene and unsaturated acid derivative; and wherein the acid derivative contains pendant ammonium groups, and wherein the charge adjuvant is associated with or combined with said resin and said optional pigment.An example of a charge adjuvent copolymer compound containing alkylene and an unsaturated acid derivative such as acrylic acid and methacrylic acid containing pendent ammonium groups is represented, for example, by the following general formula ##STR1## wherein Z is oxygen or substituted nitrogen; Y is alkyl; R is hydrogen, alkyl or aryl; and X is an anion.

Abstract: The present invention provides a developer which is comprised of the magnetic toner having the specific binder resin component and low-molecular weight wax and the additives of the fine silica powder, metal oxide powder and fluorine-containing fine resin powder which are used in combination in given amounts. Hence, it is possible to prevent the melt-adhesion of toner to the surfaces of the contact charging member and contact transfer member, to cause no faulty images and to obtain images with the enjoyment of superior low-temperature fixing performance and anti-offset properties, even when copies are taken on a large number of sheets using the image forming method having contact charging and contact transfer systems.

Abstract: A toner composition comprised of pigment, an optional charge enhancing additive and a polyesteramide-siloxane resin of the following Formulas I,II or III ##STR1## wherein m, n and o represent the number of monomer segments present; R is independently selected from the group consisting of aryl and alkyl; and R' is independently selected from the group consisting of alkyl, alkylene and oxyalkylene.

Abstract: A low melt, low gloss toner resin with low minimum fix temperature and wide fusing latitude contains a linear portion and 20-45% by weight of a cross-linked portion containing high density, cross-linked microgel particles, but substantially free of low density, cross-linked polymer. The resin is particularly suitable for low gloss applications such as black only and highlighting and for high speed fusing, shows excellent offset resistance and wide fusing latitude and superior vinyl offset properties. The resin may be formed by reactive melt mixing.

Abstract: Provided is a liquid developer for electrostatic photography comprising resin particles dispersed in a highly insulating hydrocarbon medium wherein said resin particles are prepared by polymerizing a monomer which is soluble in the medium and becomes insoluble therein upon polymerization in the presence of a polymer which is soluble in the medium and has a chain transferable group at its terminal or on its side chain, thereby to form resin particles stably dispersed in the medium.

Abstract: A toner composition comprised of pigment, an optional charge enhancing additive and a side chain polymer comprised of a polyester present as a side chain on a polyalkylene of the following formula ##STR1## wherein m, n, and o represent the number of monomer segments present; R is independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen and alkyl; R' is independently selected from the group consisting of arylene and alkylene; R" is independently selected from the group consisting of alkylene and oxyalkylene; and wherein m is from about 10 to about 1,000, n is from about 1 to about 1,000 and o is from about 10 to about 1,000.

Abstract: A process for producing a binder resin is disclosed, which comprises blending in a reactor a raw monomer for a first polymerization system and a raw monomer for a second polymerization system which undergoes polymerization through a reaction path different from a reaction path of said first polymerization system and then conducting said first and second polymerization reactions in the same reactor. A toner and a developer composition employing the binder resin are also disclosed. The binder resin can easily be pulverized and can give toners and developer compositions which hold a good charge and from which an environmentally stable fixed image can be obtained.

Abstract: The present specification discloses a toner for electrophotography.This toner comprises two or more kinds of binder resins, and is characterized in that the surface tension of each of the binder resins and the melt viscosity thereof, both at a temperature of 200.degree. C., are respectively below 30 dyne/cm and 100 poises or more, and the melt viscosity thereof and the storage modulus thereof, both at a temperature of 125.degree. C., are respectively below 5000 poises and below 40000 dyne/cm.sup.2, a toner comprising a surface tension reducing agent and a binder resin. Because the melt viscosity of the binder resin at a temperature of 200.degree. C. is 30 poises or more, a toner having an excellent void resistance can be obtained without a worsening of the fixability and blocking resistance thereof.

Abstract: A toner for developing electrostatic images has a binder resin having as a constituent an acid component with an acid value of from 0.5 mg.KOH/g to 100 mg.KOH/g, a colorant, and at least one of compounds represented by Formulas (I), (II) and (III).

Abstract: A developer for electrostatic electrophotography which comprises a composition of colorant particles, an electric charge supplying agent and a resin binder dispersed in a dispersion medium. The resin binder is a copolymer which has a polyoxyethylene units at side chains thereof, so that the interaction with the electric charge supplying agent is improved. The resultant developer ensures good resolution, gradation and fixing property and is suitable for wet development to give high-quality images. When the copolymer used as the resin binder has styrene units therein, its solubility in the dispersion medium is improved. The developer is either liquid or solid depending on the type of dispersion medium.

Abstract: A toner for an electrostatic charge image, which has improved preservation stability and improved fixing properties. The toner contains a binder resin and a colorant as main components and further contains from 1% by weight to less than 10% by weight, based on the total weight of the toner, of an ethylene-acrylic ester-maleic anhydride terpolymer resin.

Abstract: The present invention provides an electrophotographic toner containing, as a fixing resin, a styrene-acrylic copolymer in which styrene content, molecular-weight distribution and acid value are specified. The electrophotographic toner of the present invention is improved in heat resistance by raising the glass transition temperature of the fixing resin, while assuring excellent low-temperature fixing properties and resistance to off-set.

Abstract: A toner for developing electrostatic images is prepared from a binder resin and a hydrocarbon wax. The toner is provided with improved fixability and anti-offset characteristic by controlling the thermal characteristic of the hydrocarbon wax so as to provide a DSC (differential scanning calorimeter) curve, showing an onset temperature of heat absorption in the range of 50.degree.-110.degree. C. and at least one heat absorption peak P1 in the range of 70.degree.-130.degree. C. giving a peak temperature T.sub.P1 on temperature increase, and showing a maximum heat evolution peak temperature in the range of T.sub.P1 .+-.9.degree. C. on temperature decrease. Correspondingly, the toner provides a DSC curve showing a rising temperature of heat absorption of at least 80.degree. C., an onset temperature of heat absorption of at most 105.degree. C. and a heat absorption peak temperature in the range of 100.degree.-120.degree. C.