Abstract: A burner for directly flaming steel making materials to accomplish reduction without oxidation, wherein the burner comprises a plurality of combustion air outlets spaced circumferentially of the inner wall of a tubular burner tile, and fuel gas outlets disposed centrally of the burner tile, and wherein the combustion air outlets and fuel gas outlets are formed and disposed with specified jetting angles and distances to produce burning without oxidation.

Abstract: In premixing-type combustion of liquid fuel in a burner without a premixing section, a conical column (5) of liquid fuel is formed in the interior (14) of the burner, which column widens in the direction of flow and is surrounded by a rotating stream (15) of combustion air which flows tangentially into the burner. Ignition of the mixture takes place at the burner outlet, a backflow zone (6) forming in the region of the burner outlet. The burner itself consists of at least two hollow part-cone bodies (1,2) which are superposed on one another and have a cone angle increasing in the direction of flow. The part-cone bodies (1, 2) are mutually offset, so that tangential air inlet slots (19, 20) are formed. A nozzle (3) placed at the burner head ensures injection of the liquid fuel (2) into the interior (14) of the burner.

Abstract: The device for feeding waste air and/or combustion air to a burner has an upstream cyclindrical swirl inlet system (inlet header 1) with feeder nozzles (8,9) leading in tangentially. The main nozzle (8) is here provided at a radial distance R from the burner axis on the inlet header (1), which distance is greater than the radius r of the combustion chamber (4). By means of this increase in the swirl radius, a substantially higher swirl intensity can be generated at small throughputs. In order to avoid an undue rise in the swirl at higher throughputs, a secondary flow (7), which is fed in via a control element (11), is introduced into the inlet header (1) via a secondary nozzle (9) tangentially and opposite to the main swirling flow. Alternatively, the secondary flow (7) can also be fed to the inlet header (1) via inlet slots (14) substantially at right angles to the direction of the main flow. In both cases, the tangential flow component of the main flow (6) is slowed down.

Abstract: A gas burner (20) disclosed has general utility but has particular utility when utilized in a closely spaced relationship to roller conveyed glass sheets to provide forced convection heating. The burner (20) includes a cobbustion member (38) in which gas and air are introduced in a tangential relationship with respect to its inner surface to provide a swirling motion that mixes the gas with the air for combustion prior to discharge through outlets (46) to provide the forced convection heating. A glass sheet heated by this gas burner forced convection on the roller conveyor and subsequently cooled has reduced roll-wave distortion and reduced edge distortion as compared to radiantly heated glass sheets.

Abstract: The heating stove system includes a fuel hopper (10) from which fuel is fed into a pyrolysis gasifier (12) by means of a fuel auger apparatus (14). Controlling the entry of biomass input and air into the gasifier and ignition of the material in the gasifier is a head valve apparatus (16) which includes an igniter (129). The gasifier (12) in operation produces carbon and fuel gas which are moved into a stove burner (90) by a blower apparatus (18). The operation of the heating stove system is automatically controlled from a thermostat (150).

Abstract: A gas burner (20) disclosed has general utility but has particular utility when utilized in a closely spaced relationship to roller conveyed glass sheets to provide forced convection heating. The burner (20) includes a combustion member (38) in which gas and air are introduced in a tangential relationship with respect to its inner surface to provide a swirling motion that mixes the gas with the air for combustion prior to discharge through outlets (46) to provide the forced convection heating. A glass sheet heated by this gas burner forced convection on the roller conveyor and subsequently cooled has reduced roll-wave distortion and reduced edge distortion as compared to radiantly heated glass sheets.

Abstract: This invention relates to internal combustion burners. In the burners according to the invention, the combustible mixture flows in counter-current to the combustion gases while in contact with the same, and the introduction of the mixture into the combustion chamber is effected along a wall of said chamber and the emitted gases leave the chamber along a second wall thereof, the two walls being opposite one another. The burners according to the invention, which have improved performance and versatility of use, are of use more particularly for mineral fibre drawing processes.

Abstract: A particulate coal combustor with two combustion chambers is provided. The first combustion chamber is toroidal; air and fuel are injected, mixed, circulated and partially combusted. The air to fuel ratio is controlled to avoid production of soot or nitrogen oxides. The mixture is then moved to a second combustion chamber by injection of additional air where combustion is completed and ash removed. Temperature in the second chamber is controlled by cooling and gas mixing. The clean stream of hot gas is then delivered to a prime mover.

Abstract: An apparatus for mixing a gas main flow with at least one gas subflow comprises a round inlet region which tapers in the flow direction and over the periphery of which influx openings are distributed for the gas subflow. From these influx openings the gas subflow emerges with a tangential direction component, giving a good mixing with the gas main flow.

Abstract: A furnace (12) including a roller conveyor (18) and gas burners (20) distinct from the conveyor for supplying forced convection that is the dominant mode of heat transfer to glass sheets during a heating process. The gas burners (20) have general utility but have particular utility when utilized in a closely spaced relationship to the roller conveyed glass sheet to provide the forced convection heating. Each burner (20) includes a combustion member (38) defining an elongated combustion chamber (42) extending transversely to the direction of conveyance. Gas and air are introduced into the combustion chamber (42) in a tangential relationship with respect to its inner surface to provide a swirling motion that mixes the gas with the air for combustion prior to discharge through outlets (46) to provide the forced convection heating.

Abstract: A gasified fuel combustion apparatus is constructed such that an air chamber connected with a blower is provided to surround a cylindrical combustion chamber having an outer wall made of a heat-resistant material. A fuel supplying tube is provided to open tangentially in a closed end portion of the combustion chamber and a plurality of main air blowing holes of a comparatively large diameter are provided through the outer wall of the combustion chamber at positions adjacent to the fuel supplying tube such that the main air blowing holes are inclined to both of the rotating direction of the fuel and the blowing direction of the combustion flame. A number of auxiliary air blowing holes having a comparatively small diameter are also provided through the outer wall of the combustion chamber at positions downstream from the main blowing holes with orientations similar to those of the main air blowing holes.

Abstract: A rotary fluidized bed combustion system in which air and particulate solid fuel are introduced and mixed. The mixture is caused to rotate to generate an artificially induced gravitational field. Some of the air is introduced so as to flow inwardly at a later time in a manner such that it interacts aerodynamically with the fuel particles which are propelled outwardly by the centrifugal forces caused by the artificial gravitational field, thus generating a fluidized bed effect for the particles. The fuel and air chemically react and combustion results. As the fuel particles burn, their sizes decrease and they are slowly pushed inwardly by the gas flow which is forced to follow an elongated path around generally conical surfaces of decreasing radii, toward the exhaust vent. The residence time of the fuel particles, inside the combustion region, is thereby increased. The combustion effectiveness of the fuel is thus considerably improved and no recycling of the unburned fuel particles is then required.

Abstract: A technique of forming fibers, employing a drawing apparatus which apparatus is comprised of a centrifuge combined with a hot gas flow produced by a burner. The burner emits a continuous envelope along the centrifuge. This envelope is produced such that it flow out at the origin of a hyperboloidal configuration. This outflow is produced by feeding the burner from feed conduits which are inclined with respect to the axis of the burner.

Abstract: A burner assembly includes a register having a circular front wall and an annular side wall; a plurality of cylindrical bluff body elements circumferentially spaced about the annular side wall in a plurality of axially spaced rows for supplying air to the register; fuel supply assemblies which supply at least one of coal, gas and oil to the register for mixing with the air; and a plurality of bluff body discs, each positioned within a respective bluff body element for increasing the velocity and pressure drop of the air entering the register so as to enhance mixing of the fuel and the air within the register, and to reduce the NOx.

Abstract: A burner for cleaning accumulated soot from a soot filter associated with the exhaust of internal combustion engines, the burner is simple from a constructional viewpoint and especially effective with respect to initiation and maintenance of a soot-burning process in the soot filter. The burner includes a fuel nozzle, air nozzle, and glow plug arranged in a predetermined succession in the flow direction of the air introduced into the burner chamber. An especially intensive intermingling of the fuel-air mixture for the burner and/or for the soot filter is obtained by producing a turbulent flow by means of the air nozzle.

Abstract: A cowper having no combustion shaft is presented wherein a combustion chamber is topped by a cupola and is positioned above the chequerwork. One or more burners are arranged symmetrically on the cupola wall, each burner being installed at a specific angle relative to the horizontal plane through the cupola. A burner duct is installed in the cupola masonry in front of each burner, the outlet of the duct widening conically at the entry into the cupola and being aligned at a particular angle towards the cupola arch.

Abstract: Various embodiments of apparatus and methods are disclosed for the conversion of steam boilers from being oil fired to coal and natural gas fired without adversely affecting the normal power density of the boilers or the emission pollution therefrom. In some cases even the resultant coal ash can be modified by injecting a powdered catalyst or phosphate slimes into the flame to produce a fertilizer ash having desirable minerals to enhance the economic value thereof.Basically all embodiments include a swirling coal-air mixture directed along a path to form a sheath and a swirling gas-air mixture internally thereof with the swirling of the latter being in the same direction and fortifying the motion of the former. A gas-air mixture, swirling or non-swirling, may be supplied outwardly of such sheath to enhance the more complete burning of the coal-air mixture.

Abstract: A carbon black reactor having tangential entry of combustion gases is provided with semicircular ramps to smoothly guide the flow of each tangentially introduced stream of combustion gases toward the reactor outlet enough to avoid turbulent impact with other tangentially introduced combustion gas streams.

Abstract: A combustor for burning a feedstock includes a cylindrical body having a tangential feedstock inlet and an exhaust outlet. A catchment chamber of hollow cylindrical form intersects the wall of the body and opens into the cavity to provide a common boundary. Swirling or vortical flow is created in the cavity and a secondary vortex is generated and driven within the chamber by the main flow. In operation contaminant matter is sheared off from the flow in the body into the chamber and is entrapped by the secondary vortex from which it is precipitated, there being no net gas flow across the boundary.

Abstract: A gas burner of the air and combustible gas mixture type includes a flame control cell mounted away from the actual flame. The control cell, by being located away from the actual flame, can monitor the operating conditions of the flame and, in response thereto, controls the flow of air and gas, the firing of the lighting electrode and the regulating of the gas intake valve. The control cell is further protected from the flame and any possible backfires by a pressure differential existing between the injected air and combustible gas mixture.

Abstract: A steam generator for burning a normally-solid fuel which produces non-combustible solid residues, including, an elongated combustion chamber, a fuel introduction means to introduce fuel adjacent the axis of the combustion chamber as a centrally-disposed stream moving in a downstream direction, a combustion-supporting gas introduction means for introducing the gas as an annular, rotating stream about the fuel stream and which, together with the fuel introduction means forms a rotating, toroidal vortex of the fuel and the combustion-supporting gas moving in a downstream direction. The combustion chamber has a volume sufficient to burn all of the fuel and, together with the fuel introduction means and the combustion-supporting gas introduction means, cause the vortex to collapse and form plug flow thereafter. Water introduction means introduces water into the flue gas at the downstream end of the combustion chamber as a plurality of peripherally-arranged jets.

Abstract: A thermal decomposition furnace in which waste tires having original shape, not broken up, can be laid horizontally and be thermally decomposed. The furnace is constructed by providing a feeder above, forming downward a fluidized bed-forming section having inlets for air, forming beneath a sealing bed-forming section of right cylindrical shape having a diameter smaller than that of fluidized bed-forming section, and installing a conveyor below said sealing bed-forming section. At the lower end of sealing bed-forming section, an oblique opening is formed so as to keep an progressively increasing clearance to the conveyor in the direction of advance of conveyor.

Abstract: Various embodiments of apparatus and methods are disclosed for the conversion of steam boilers from being oil fired to coal and natural gas fired without adversely affecting the normal power density of the boilers or the emission pollution therefrom. In some cases even the resultant coal ash can be modified by injecting a powdered catalyst or phosphate slimes into the flame to produce a fertilizer ash having desirable minerals to enhance the economic value thereof.Basically all embodiments include a swirling coal-air mixture directed along a path to form a sheath and a swirling gas-air mixture internally thereof with the swirling of the latter being in the same direction and fortifying the motion of the former. A gas-air mixture, swirling or non-swirling, may be supplied outwardly of such sheath to enhance the more complete burning of the coal-air mixture.

Abstract: A thermal decomposition furnace in which waste tires having original shape, not broken up, can be laid horizontally and be thermally decomposed. The furnace is constructed by providing a feeder above, forming downward a fluidized bed-forming section having inlets for air, forming beneath a sealing bed-forming section of right cylindrical shape having a diameter smaller than that of fluidized bed-forming section, and installing a conveyor below said sealing bed-forming section. At the lower end of sealing bed-forming section, an oblique opening is formed so as to keep a progressively increasing clearance to the conveyor in the direction of advance of conveyor.

Abstract: A bio-mass suspension burner for use with furnaces or boilers includes a delivery system for injecting particulate solid fuel into a combustor. A primary air stream mixes with and conducts the fuel into the combustor. Secondary air is introduced at the point of ignition, while tertiary air is introduced tangentially to maintain a cyclonic vortex. The burning, gasified fuel exits the combustor through a nozzle where quartiary air is introduced to burn the gas. Proper flame stability, gasification and ash fusion control is achieved by regulation of the various air streams.

Abstract: A high temperature reactor includes a reaction chamber which is symmetrical about a longitudinal axis. Surrounding the reaction chamber are annular spaces to which a gaseous reactant is supplied. A plurality of conduits conduct the gaseous reactant from the annular spaces to the reaction chamber and introduces the gaseous reactant into the latter in the form of a helicoidal flow. A plurality of cooling conduits are disposed between the annular spaces and the reaction chamber for conducting a cooling medium. The cooling medium can also be conducted so as to cool a rear end of the reactor. The reactor can be used in combination with a contacting chamber to supply hot gases thereto.

Abstract: Various embodiments of apparatus and methods are disclosed for the conversion of steam boilers from being oil fired to coal and natural gas fired without adversely affecting the normal power density of the boilers or the emission pollution therefrom. In some cases even the resultant coal ash can be modified by injecting a powdered catalyst or phosphate slimes into the flame to produce a fertilizer ash having desirable minerals to enhance the economic value thereof.Basically all embodiments include a swirling coal-air mixture directed along a path to form a sheath and a swirling gas-air mixture internally thereof with the swirling of the latter being in the same direction and fortifying the motion of the former. A gas-air mixture, swirling or non-swirling, may be supplied outwardly of such sheath to enhance the more complete burning of the coal-air mixture.

Abstract: A steam generator for producing steam in a confined space such that it can be positioned in a borehole for use in secondary and tertiary recovery of hydrocarbons. Fuel is injected axially into a combustion chamber having a reduced orifice in the bottom thereof and oxygen is introduced tangentially from a plurality of ports in the top of the combustion chamber to create a stable vortex flame. A portion of the walls of the combustion chamber are formed from a porous, sintered stainless steel cylinder through which water is pumped to cool the walls of the chamber and to form steam. The combustion products are mixed with a water mist in a steam generating section to form steam.

Abstract: An improved high temperature furnace is disclosed for consuming various fuels and organic waste materials while generating usable energy. The furnace has a high pressure aeration system in its combustion chamber to increase combustion efficiency. One set of obliquely oriented nozzles disposed at the periphery of the combustion chamber injects high velocity, heated air into the furnace and an opposed set of nozzles also injects high velocity, heated air tangentially from the adjacent center of the chamber. Heated, high velocity air from all the air nozzles is directed generally in the same tangential direction creating a swirling action or turbulence which accelerates the break up of the waste to increase the completeness of the combustion and retains the fuel in suspension within the furnace until combustion is essentially completed. The centrifugal force created by this swirling action impels the hot ash toward the outer chamber wall to minimize its upward escape through the incinerator flue.

Abstract: A general purpose fluid displacement device for use as an external combustion engine, a compound expansion engine, a hydraulic pump, or as an air compressor. At least one bank of circumferentially spaced pistons are operably connected to and radially disposed about a rotor member that is eccentrically disposed to an imaginary circle collectively defined by said pistons such that the amount of eccentricity of said rotor determines the throw of said pistons as the pistons orbit the rotor attendant operation of the device.

Abstract: The clean combustion of a combustible material is facilely carried out by (i) in situ generating a dispersing first stream of hot combustion gases by establishing a first downstream axially extending, axially symmetrical helical flowstream of combustion-supporting gases in a first combustion reaction zone and by introduction and combustion of a combustible fluid feedstream therein, (ii) serially directly contacting and intimately admixing the material cleanly combustible hereby with said first stream of hot combustion gases at a zone of reduced pressure thereof defining the inlet end of a second combustion reaction zone and whereat and downstream thereof said first stream of hot combustion gases is also in the configuration of an axially symmetrical helical flowstream, (iii) the amounts of said combustion-supporting gases and said combustible fluid being such as to effect essentially instantaneous dispersion and entrainment of fine particles of said cleanly combustible material at and downstream of said point

Abstract: A method for generating steam by a high pressure, high intensity, or high heat release method of combustion in an elongated combustion zone having upstream and downstream ends and an intermediate location and utilizing a normally-solid fuel which produces non-combustible solid residues in which the fuel is introduced axially and a volume of air, at least equal to the stoichiometric amount, is introduced as an annular, rotating stream to produce a rotating vortex of fuel and air, such introduction and flow through the combustion zone being carried out in a manner to collapse the vortex and create plug flow at the intermediate location, burning the fuel and air to produce flue gas at a heat release rate of at least 7 MM Btu/hr, abruptly terminating combustion by the introduction of water, vaporizing the water to produce a mixture of flue gas and steam, and separating solid residues therefrom.

Abstract: Methods and apparatus for combusting particulated ash producing solids are provided. The methods include the steps of conveying the solids to an elongated cylindrical combustion chamber, combining air with the solids to form an air-solids mixture and longitudinally injecting the mixture into the combustion chamber wherein the solids are ignited and combusted. One or more streams of relatively cool gas are tangentially injected into the interior of the combustion chamber in directions transverse to the longitudinal axis thereof so that a helical vortex is created within and along the length of the combustion chamber and the flame, ash and hot gaseous products of combustion produced therein are caused to flow through the central portion of the combustion chamber surrounded by a sleeve of cooler gas. The ash and hot gases are cooled in the combustion chamber to solidify tacky or molten ash therein and the resulting solidify ash and gases are withdrawn from the combustion chamber.

Abstract: A combustion device, especially for slow-to-react pulverized coal or coal dust.

Abstract: The invention comprises a steam generator having a migrating fluidized bed combustor system. The bottom, head end of the bed incorporates a support floor system through which air is admitted tangential to the floor in a manner which causes the bed to migrate in a retraceable track. Tangential admission of air cools the floor and inhibits reverse flow down through the floor when the bed is slumped. Particle entrainment velocities are developed at mid-point in the bed. Tangential entrainment gas flow assures uniform distribution of combustibles and inert material throughout the lower bubbling bed and furnace area above the mid-point. Platens in the furnace zone straighten gas flow for gravity separation of particulate at the outlet of heat transfer surface above the furnace.

Abstract: A combustion apparatus is disclosed wherein a main combustion chamber is provided at one end thereof with an auxiliary combustion chamber adapted for the combustion gas produced therein to flow spirally into the main combustion chamber, air is supplied to the auxiliary combustion chamber in an amount approximating the theoretical value based on the amount of the fuel supplied so as to ensure complete combustion in the auxiliary chamber, the fuel supplied into the main combustion chamber is mixed with the combustion gas coming from the auxiliary combustion chamber so that the resultant mixture, on combustion, produces a reducing atmosphere and this atmosphere is forwarded in the direction of the downstream side of the main combustion chamber, and the reducing combustion gas is completely burned by air introduced on the downstream side.

Abstract: A hot blast stove for use with high capacity blast furnaces incorporates a gas flow baffle particularly configured for improving mixture of combustion air and gas within the combustion chamber to enhance fuel burning characteristics with a concomitant reduction in pressure-pulsation experienced within the system and without an appreciable reduction in fuel firing rate.

Abstract: A combustion apparatus which has a burner having an inner wall lined with a refractory material forming a combustion chamber and an outer wall spaced from the inner wall by spacing members. A primary air supply supplies air to the burner combustion chamber through the outer and inner walls. A pulverizer for pulverizing solid fuel is connected to the primary air supply for feeding the pulverized solid fuel to the burner combustion chamber. A secondary air supply supplies air to the burner between the inner and outer walls and into the burner combustion chamber. The secondary air supply supplies air to an area of negative pressure in the combustion chamber created by the swirling flow of air from the primary and secondary air supply. An ignition pilot is mounted through the burner inner and outer walls adjacent to the primary air and fuel feed. The ignition pilot has a pilot flame detector which looks at the pilot and the main combustion flame.

Abstract: A device for mixing by turbulence gaseous fluids and solid particles placed in suspension, comprising a mixing chamber into which emerge a first flow of gas introduced through an inlet located at one end of the chamber and forming a vortex which is exhausted through an outlet volute, and a second axial flow introduced through the other end and penetrating along the axis of the vortex in order to mix there with the first flow, the whole being exhausted through the outlet volute. The outlet volute is located in the central portion of the mixing chamber, the latter comprising an upper portion for the formation of the vortex between the outlet volute and the inlet for the vortex flow (A), located at the upper end of it, and a lower portion for recovery and recycling of the solid particles, in the form of a sloping surface which widens upwardly from the inlet orifice for the axial flow (B), located at the lower end of the chamber, as far as the outlet volute.

Abstract: A thermal processing system and method which is directed to the controlled high rate of exchange of thermal energy between solid matter or liquids and a gas which functions simultaneously as the thermal energy transport medium and the physical transport medium. The system includes a primary processing device which is provided with means for introducing the solid or liquid matter in a finely divided state and a means for introducing the carrier gas so as to create a very high velocity stream together with means for supplying and/or controlling the thermal energy input(s) to the system by operating on such carrier gas. The system also includes means for continuously removing the resulting products (solids, liquids, gases and in some instances, energy) in such a way that a continuous stream process results. The system is also provided with any necessary or desirable auxiliary devices to ensure that all discharges from the process are substantially cleaner than required by any applicable environmental standards.

Abstract: A furnace in which fuel, such as pulverized coal, is burned, with the fuel and air being introduced into the furnace through tangential burners located in each of the four corners thereof and being directed tangentially to an imaginary circle in the center of the furnace. The invention will be described with pulverized coal, but is not limited to coal. Combustion gases from downstream of the furnace are recirculated back to the furnace, and are also introduced into the furnace from the four corners, in a tangential manner. The coal is introduced along with primary air to be directed at the smallest of a series of concentric imaginary circles; the recirculated gases are directed tangentially at a somewhat larger imaginary circle; and the secondary air is directed tangentially at a still larger imaginary circle.

Abstract: A cyclone burner in which an air/fuel mixture is admitted through one or more ports located close to the throat through which combustion products escape from the burner, and additional air is admitted through one or more inlets located closer to the throat than said port or ports. The air/fuel mixture is admitted such that it moves tangentially to the curved internal wall of the burner, and the additional air is admitted such that it moves generally tangential to the direction of the combustion products travelling towards the throat, and towards one of the air/fuel ports.

Abstract: An improved waste gas cyclone combustor designed to operate with acceptable pressure losses when utilizing low calorific gases such as industrial waste gases of differing heating values. The improvement consists of the installation of one or more additional tangential inlet ports with valves which can be opened when the waste gas is of richer quality than the minimum quality for which the combustor is designed. Use of the additional port(s) reduces the inlet velocity which in turn reduces the inlet pressure drop losses to balance the increased chamber drag and outlet pressure drop resulting from the higher combustion temperature of the richer gas. This reduction in inlet velocity, when utilizing richer waste gases, is consistent with the fact that richer gases do not require swirl ratios as high as leaner gases.

Abstract: A thermic reactor having plural V-shaped chambers wherein hot exhaust gases are caused to flow turbulently through the chambers in a manner to ensure good heat transfer between the exhaust gases and the walls of the thermic reactor.

Abstract: A system for heating a furnace having a heating chamber defined by furnace walls is provided with a plurality of individual burner assemblies mounted on a furnace wall to direct heating gas streams into the heating chamber, each of the burner assemblies including a diffusion chamber, a burner arranged to direct products of combustion through the diffusion chamber into a furnace heating chamber and means for directing the flow of diffusion gases into the diffusion chamber to admix with the burner products of combustion so that the gas stream entering the furnace heating chamber has a greater mass velocity than the burner products of combustion, there being provided a diffusion gas supply means connected to the heating chamber of the furnace for delivering hot gases from the furnace heating chamber to the diffusion chambers of each of the burner assemblies.

Abstract: Apparatus for the production of gaseous mixtures is disclosed wherein said apparatus includes a combustion chamber, and burner means for blending a mixture of oxidizing gas and a primary fuel causing the mixture to assume a highly turbulent compact and self-contained configuration within the combustion chamber while totally combusting the mixture. The apparaus also includes fuel means for introducing a secondary fuel into the chamber to form a sheath around the self-contained configuration for mixing and reacting with the products of combustion therein to produce the gaseous mixture. Gaseous mixtures are suitable for use as agents for synthesis process raw materials.

Abstract: This invention relates to a new and novel method and apparatus for reacting nongaseous material with a gaseous reactant comprising introducing a first stream containing a nongaseous material into a reaction zone; simultaneously introducing a second stream containing a gaseous reactant into the reaction zone such that the gaseous reactant immediately contacts and reacts with the first stream thereby producing a gaseous product; forming a spiralling vortex within the reaction zone to cause substantial separation of gases, including the gaseous product, from the nongaseous material; forming and removing a third stream from the reaction zone containing the gaseous product which is substantially free of the nongaseous material before a major portion of the gaseous product can react with the nongaseous material; and forming and removing a fourth stream containing the nongaseous material from the reaction zone.

Abstract: A burner of the double vortex type wherein combustibles travel in an outer spiral during which time the combustibles ignite and burn and the combustion products are expelled from the burner by travelling along an inner spiral. The inner and outer spiral layers are separated by a cylindrical wall to prevent disruption of the currents and countercurrents and adverse turbulence as a result thereof in order that the combustibles and particularly solid fuels are entrained in the combustion stream for a sufficient residence time for maximum combustion and minimum particulate emission. The burner is particularly suitable for operation at slagging temperatures so that the slag can be collected and drawn off to further reduce particulate emission.

Abstract: Apparatus for burning the gaseous and carbon particulate products from a kiln in which carbon is being calcined, including a pair of vertical cylindrical vessels, to which the effluent products of calcining are carried, by means of an input conduit, which enters the first vessel in a tangential manner near the bottom end, so that the gases will circulate circumferentially in a spinning flow inside of the vessel, as they progress upwardly to a outlet near the top of the first vessel, which leaves tangentially, and passes to the second vessel and enters it tangentially. The gases then circulate around the inner wall of the second vessel spin flowing downwardly, where they leave near the bottom to enter the stack. Means are provided on the entrance conduit for injecting combustion air into the inlet conduit prior to entry of the effluent products into the first vessel.

Abstract: The invention concerns a method and apparatus for carrying out a reaction, particularly an exothermic one, between fluids, at a certain distance from the walls, the walls being protected from excessive heating. The apparatus comprises an external casing which is cylindrical or frustoconical, an internal perforated wall which is co-axial with the casing and which bounds the reaction chamber, an axial injection pipe for part of the reagents and a tangential feed pipe for another part of the reagents, the feed pipe imparting a symmetrical helical movement to them. The method is specially applied to the combustion of many different fluids, and the apparatus enables the heat liberated to be directed in a very flexible manner.