Abstract: A micro-combined heat and power (mCHP) system includes a liquid cooled variable speed genset that is located to the exterior of a building and that is provides heat and power to the interior of the building. The genset may be configured to output an electrical supply of between approximately between 500W and 40 kW. A coolant loop may extend from the exterior genset to the interior of a building and is configured to reclaim heat from one or more sources of waste heat at the engine, generator, oil and/or exhaust. The reclaimed heat is then transferred, directly or indirectly, to the air flow path of a building heating system. In one embodiment, the reclaimed heat is transferred to a liquid circuit via a liquid-to-liquid heat exchanger and thence to the cold air intake of a forced air furnace via a liquid-to-air heat exchanger. A thermostat may control heat transfer from the mCHP to the heating system.

Abstract: A process for melting/sintering powder particles for layer-by-layer production of three-dimensional objects is performed by a) applying a layer of a powder material solidifiable under the action of electromagnetic radiation, b) heating the powder material to not more than 10 K below the melting point according to DIN 53765 by a radiation from a heat-radiating element whose maximum radiation intensity is at a wavelength of 5000 nm or at longer wavelengths, c) selective melting/sintering of at least a region of the powder material which corresponds to the cross section of the three-dimensional object, d) repeating steps a) to c) until the three-dimensional object is obtained.

Abstract: Disclosed herein is a method that includes picking up a plate with a nozzle, the plate including at least one opening to allow air to flow therethrough. The method includes picking up a die with the nozzle such that the plate is located between the nozzle and the die. The method includes placing the die and the plate onto a device, substrate or another die such that the plate is located on top of the die. The method includes heating the device, substrate or another die and the die in a heat chamber while the plate remains on top of the die to permanently attach the die to the device, substrate or another die. Further disclosed herein is an assembly system configured to perform a method that utilizes the plate and die combination for attaching the die to a device, substrate or another die by heating.

Abstract: A heating furnace includes a target space (212a) in which a burning target is disposed, and a furnace main body (212) that surrounds the target space. The heating furnace includes one or more closed gas heaters having an introduction hole configured to introduce a fuel gas into the main body, a combustion chamber in which the introduced fuel gas is combusted, a discharge section to which an exhaust gas generated by combustion is guided, a radiation surface heated by the exhaust gas flowing through the discharge section or combustion in the combustion chamber and configured to transfer radiant heat to the burning target, and an exhaust hole configured to exhaust the exhaust gas that heats the radiation surface to the outside of the main body, and disposed in the furnace main body, and an exhaust heat transfer section (an insulated pipe (222a)) in communication with the exhaust hole of the closed gas heater and to which the exhaust gas is guided.

Abstract: A portable catalytic heating system for off grid application, in which the heating system comprises a heating unit with a handle (4) and an, in extension hereof arranged, heating pipe (5) containing a catalytic burner (20) for catalytic combustion of gases for providing infra-red radiation, where the heating pipe (5) is produced in a material that is transparent for infra-red radiation and fluid-proof for immersion in liquids.

Abstract: A furnace system includes at least one lower radiant section having a first firebox disposed therein and at least one upper radiant section disposed above the at least one lower radiant section. The at least one upper radiant section has a second firebox disposed therein. The furnace system further includes at least one convection section disposed above the at least one upper radiant section and an exhaust corridor defined by the first firebox, the second firebox, and the at least one convection section. Arrangement of the at least one upper radiant section above the at least one lower radiant section reduces an area required for construction of the furnace system.

Abstract: An oven apparatus 24 having a modular construction for curing paint on the surface of a vehicle body 26 using radiant and convection heat. The oven apparatus 24 includes a plurality of oven modules, each extending along an axis A along a length B. Each oven module 30 includes an interior shell 52, an outer shell 54 and a wall cavity 56 therebetween. A plurality of Z-shaped rails 84 are disposed in the cavity 56, wherein a rail leg 86 of each Z-shaped rail fixedly engages the outer shell 54. Further, a plurality of support clips 90 are disposed in the wall cavity 56 and fixedly engage the interior shell 52. The support clips 90 each have a clip cavity 96 for receiving a rail leg 88 of a Z-shaped rail 84 for allowing axial movement between the interior and outer shells 52, 54 while restricting transverse movement between the interior and outer shells 52, 54.

Abstract: A combustion air supply apparatus 9 of alternating heat exchange type supplies combustion air and discharges combustion exhaust gas at a flow velocity of 80 to 200 m/sec. A burner assembly 4 is configured in such a manner that low-caloric fuel gas is pre-heated with heat of pre-combusting high-caloric fuel gas before the low-caloric fuel gas reaches a mixing starting space CA in the combustion chamber where the pre-combusting high-caloric fuel gas and the low-caloric fuel gas come to burn together in a full scale in the mixing starting space CA. When an air amount of the combustion air supplied through the high-temperature air supply ports of the plurality of fuel gas combustion apparatuses is defined as Q1 and an air amount of the pre-combustion air to be mixed with the high-caloric fuel gas, supplied from the fuel gas combustion apparatuses, is defined as Q2, a total air amount (Q1+Q2) is 1.02 to 1.10 times more than a theoretical air amount QS required for combustion, and a ratio of Q2/(Q1+Q2) is 0.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for controlling the flow of combustion air, fuel and products of combustion in a heater and equalizing radiant heat flux by providing a structure on one or more of the heater walls that attaches the boundary layer and main flow to the heater wall and increases wall surface area and view angles.

Abstract: The invention relates to a radiant-heating device for heating an industrial furnace using radiated heat. A first burner unit (1) comprises a first burner (2), which heats an air mixture by burning a fuel (6), a first air supplier (60), via which the first burner (2) is supplied with fresh air, and a first elongated radiant-heating pipe (20), which includes a rearward end (20a) connected with the first burner (2) and a forward end (20b) spaced from the rearward end (20a) and in which the hot exhaust gas generated by the first burner (2) flows from the rearward end (20a) to the forward end (20b) of the first radiant-heating pipe (20) and supplies heat energy along this path to the pipe wall of the first radiant-heating pipe (20). A second burner unit (1?) is constructed like the first burner unit (1).

Abstract: A burner assembly for a radiant tube heater having an air duct portion for passage of combustion air to a radiant tube portion includes a mixing cup for mixing combustible gas and air and delivering the mixture to the tube. This cup has an inlet portion and a larger cylindrical outlet portion. Air inlet holes are formed in an upstream end wall of the outlet portion and air ports are formed in a peripheral wall of the inlet portion. An air diverter mounted at an upstream end of the inlet portion has a set of blade which divert a portion of the air through the ports for initial mixing with the gas while a second portion of the air flows through the inlet holes providing additional primary air for mixing. An airflow restricting plate can be mounted on the cup so as to extend circumferentially around the cup.

Abstract: A radiant convection oven for baking a coating on an article which includes an oven enclosure receiving coating articles, a fan receiving fresh air and directing the fresh air to a burner or burners, a plurality of heat radiators each having an internal chamber receiving heated fresh air from the burner. The radiators are located within the oven opposite a coating article, radiating heat energy to the coated article, and a plurality of nozzles connected to the internal chamber of the radiators directing fresh heated onto the article, transferring convection heat energy to the coated article. In the disclosed embodiment, the radiators include radiating side and bottom walls having a relatively shallow depth, increasing the flow rate through the radiators, reducing the size and cost of the radiators and the fan.

Abstract: A convection oven that achieves a substantially enhanced degree of air flow through the use of a special nozzle design. Turbo flow air nozzles create an air flow pattern to provide higher velocity airflow with a smaller fan size and ductwork. The turbo flow air nozzles include main supply nozzles that direct high velocity air through air entrainment and mixing sections that entrain air from the oven interior to generate the increased air flow in a heat transfer zone of the oven. Appropriate ductwork is provided to direct air from a fan or fans to the supply nozzles to generate a high velocity air flow therethrough.

Abstract: An improved apparatus is provided for curing powdered coatings on the face of porous wood products, such as medium density fiberboard (MDF), wherein a pair of inclined infrared catalytic heaters are used to apply heat directly onto the side edges of the board. In addition, catalytic heaters that are normally used to heat and cure the face surface of the board are moved father back to reduce their effectiveness and to limit out-gassing of entrapped air from the inner low density core of the board. This arrangement also allows the coating to cure at the side edges of the board at approximately the same rate as the face of the board, promoting a more uniform curing of the powder coating.

Abstract: A method and apparatus are provided for curing powdered coatings on the face of porous wood products, such as medium density fibreboard (MDF), wherein a pair of inclined infrared catalytic heaters are used to apply heat directly onto the side edges of the board. In addition, catalytic heaters that are normally used to heat and cure the face surface of the board are moved father back to reduce their effectiveness and to limit out-gassing of entrapped air from the inner low density core of the board. This arrangement also allows the coating to cure at the side edges of the board at approximately the same rate as the face of the board, promoting a more uniform curing of the powder coating.

Abstract: An apparatus for curing paint on a surface of a vehicle body includes an oven enclosure having an oven section for receiving the vehicle body. A plurality of radiant tube heating elements is disposed in the oven section and each of the radiant heating tube elements has an exterior surface. An oven heater includes at least one burner disposed therein and is positioned external to the oven section. The oven heater is connected to the heating elements for providing heat energy to the oven section. A control means is connected to the oven heater for turning the oven burner on and off to maintain a predetermined temperature at the exterior surfaces of the heating elements whereby uncured paint on a surface of a vehicle body in the oven section is cured.

Abstract: An apparatus for curing paint on a surface of a vehicle body includes an oven enclosure having an oven section for receiving the vehicle body. A plurality of radiant tube heating elements is disposed in the oven section and each of the radiant heating tube elements has an exterior surface. An oven heater includes at least one burner disposed therein and is positioned external to the oven section. The oven heater is connected to the heating elements for providing heat energy to the oven section. A control means is connected to the oven heater for turning the oven burner on and off to maintain a predetermined temperature at the exterior surfaces of the heating elements whereby uncured paint on a surface of a vehicle body in the oven section is cured.

Abstract: A high-temperature, non-catalytic, infrared heater is formed within a housing having a bottom and at least one side lined with a refractory material. The burner includes a burner surface area and is positioned within the housing. A re-radiating surface is positioned above the burner and comprises a mesh having a re-radiating surface area greater than the burner surface area with the re-radiating surface operating between approximately 400° F. and 2200° F.

Abstract: Equipment (60) for the surface emission of infrared radiation, comprising a thermally insulated wall (62) forming a tunnel (63), and a number of unitary surface emission devices (1) each arranged with respect to and in the thermally insulated wall (62), characterized in that, in combination: each unitary surface emission device (1) comprises a box (21) arranged in the thermally insulated wall (62) and in which there is formed an opening (22) facing the downstream face (30) of the catalytic combustion wall (3); a number of transparent ceramic window panes (23) are mounted in such a way as to form, with the various seats of catalytic combustion (2), a respective number of circuits (24) for discharging the flue gases (25); the thermally insulated wall (62) comprises a secondary surface emission metal sheet (64) in a direct heat-exchange relationship with the tunnel (63) and forming with the remainder of the wall (62) a channel (65) for the flat circulation of burnt gases (25).

Abstract: It has been discovered that the tubes within a radiant heating section of a coking furnace can be advantageously arranged differently than in a single vertical column and connected together in a simple, planar serpentine pattern. By arranging the tubes in a plurality of offset or staggered vertical columns, the same number of tubes can be contained in a shorter vertical space with savings in the size of the coking furnace. This arrangement permits the upper tubes to be closer to the radiant heat source thus making the heating of the feedstock more efficient, and also allows the tube bends connecting adjacent tubes to be of greater radius, meaning that the pressure at which the feedstock is passed through the tube bundle can be lower allowing more vaporization of the cracked process fluids. The tendency for coke to deposit on the interior walls of the tubes is reduced, increasing operational availability and lowering maintenance costs for cleaning out the tubes.

Abstract: A tunnel baking oven comprises at least two oven trains, which are disposed side by side and parallel to a direction of throughput, having an inlet station and an outlet station. A baking chamber extends in each oven train from the inlet station as far as to the outlet station. Furthermore, provision is made for at least one energy cell heating the baking chambers. A continuous baking conveyor belt extends in each baking chamber from the inlet station as far as to the outlet station, the baking conveyor belts being drivable at the same rate as well as at different rates.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for post-forming an acrylic sheet using radiant heat are disclosed. The heating apparatus includes radiant heating tubes mounted to a frame and positioned in a heating plane. A support platform is also mounted to the frame. A heating area is defined between the heating tubes and the support platform. The heating area is substantially exposed to the atmosphere, allowing unheated air to exchange with the heated air in the heating area. To use the apparatus, combustible gas is ignited and passed through the radiant heating tubes, such that heat radiates from the tubes to the heating area. An acrylic sheet is placed on the support surface such that the unfinished side of the sheet faces the radiant heating tubes. The entire sheet is positioned in the heating area for a selected period of time. The heated sheet is then positioned in a mold until almost cool. At that point, the sheet is removed and allowed to cool completely.

Abstract: This invention concerns a boiler fitted with a burner suitable for wall heaters or built-in kitchen heaters in which a mantle-shaped heat exchanger made of pipe elements connected in parallel and/or series divides the boiler chamber into a combustion chamber and an exhaust chamber. The heat exchanger has openings for hot flue gases distributed over its mantle. The burner head disposed in the combustion chamber is suitable for burning oil and has a flame tube with an axial flame opening and a flame baffle element disposed at a distance from the flame opening which is constructed so that the flame is diverted into the space between the flame tube and the heat exchanger. In addition, a fire chamber mantle can be disposed between the heat exchanger and the flame tube to protect the heat exchanger from direct contact with the flame.

Abstract: “Process for Adjusting the Water Vapor Content in Very High Temperature Furnace”

Abstract: A thermal processing unit for the processing of plastisol-based floor coverings comprising a radiant heat transfer section which raises the temperature of a plastisol-based floor covering to an approach temperature followed by a convection heating section which raises the temperature of the plastisol-based floor covering to a predetermined target temperature.

Abstract: A tunnel baking oven comprises at least two oven trains, which are disposed side by side and parallel to a direction of throughput, having an inlet station and an outlet station. A baking chamber extends in each oven train from the inlet station as far as to the outlet station. Furthermore, provision is made for at least one energy cell heating the baking chambers. A continuous baking conveyor belt extends in each baking chamber from the inlet station as far as to the outlet station, the baking conveyor belts being drivable at the same rate as well as at different rates.

Abstract: In an apparatus for producing perlite granules, having an expansion tube and one or more burners arranged at one end of the expansion tube, the combustion air is blown into the flame through one or more combustion air nozzles. An additional subsonic nozzle is arranged in at least one combustion air nozzle. In a process for expanding raw perlite in the updraft from a flame, with the introduction of oxygen or oxygen-enriched air into this flame, the oxygen or oxygen-enriched air is introduced axially into the flame through subsonic nozzles.

Abstract: Radiant tube space heating appliance (FIG. 1) has radiation ducting 10 with one or more inline burners 16 in a branch or branches 12 upstream of common tailpipe 20. An exhuast fan 22 in the tailpipe draws heated gases thought the ducting. A power operated control damper 28 in the tailpipe is actuated in response to sensing of the gas temperature in the tailpipe to reduce the induced flow therein when the temperature is below a certain level to counteract the increased volume throughput of the adjacent fan at lower temperature so that performance burners, e.g. on start up, is not adversely affected.

Abstract: A recuperator of simple design constructed from a hollow tube. A penetrating tube is formed of a hollow tube, preferably of stainless steel, closed at one end and open at the other end. The open end is cut and welded, or otherwise secured, to a perpendicular hollow tube which introduces and expels ambient air. A divider wall is disposed within the penetrating tube to force introduced ambient air along the length of the penetrating tube before exiting the recuperator. This arrangement exposes the ambient air to the heated surface of the penetrating tube along its entire flow path, substantially twice the length of the penetrating tube. A spiralled strip of 14 gage stainless steel may be disposed within the penetrating tube to enhance heat exchange between the penetrating tube and ambient air flowing there within.

Abstract: A kiln for baking ceramic materials includes a plurality of burners arranged along the conveyor surface so as to heat the internal volume of the kiln. The kiln includes a deflector which is arranged along the path of the flame that exits from at least one of the burners, so that the path of the flame is diverted with respect to a straight free path, achieving diffusion of the flame in the intended direction.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for efficiently preheating glass batch utilizing waste gas from a glass melting furnace is provided. In a method and apparatus for preheating glass batch utilizing hot waste gas discharged from a glass melting furnace before glass batch is inputted thereto, a heat exchanger 30A for heating heat medium gas located in a waste gas flue 12A and a glass batch preheater 20A located on the upstream side of a batch input port 11A are communicated by means of an inline duct 31A and an outline duct 32A to form a heat medium gas circulating circuit. Clean gas having heat radiation intensity in the infrared ray wavelength range such as carbon dioxide or water vapor is enclosed in the circuit as the heat medium and is forced to endlessly circulate and go round in the circuit by a blower 33A located in the outline duct thereby to preheat glass batch and, at the same time, to cool hot waste gas to appropriate temperature.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for post-forming an acrylic sheet using radiant heat are disclosed. The heating apparatus includes radiant heating tubes mounted to a frame and positioned in a heating plane. A support platform is also mounted to the frame. A heating area is defined between the heating tubes and the support platform. The heating area is substantially exposed to the atmosphere, allowing unheated air to exchange with the heated air in the heating area. To use the apparatus, combustible gas is ignited and passed through the radiant heating tubes, such that heat radiates from the tubes to the heating area. An acrylic sheet is placed on the support surface such that the unfinished side of the sheet faces the radiant heating tubes. The entire sheet is positioned in the heating area for a selected period of time. The heated sheet is then positioned in a mold until almost cool. At that point, the sheet is removed and allowed to cool completely.

Abstract: A tunnel-type conveyor oven having two types of heat sources is provided. The oven includes a conveyor for carrying items through the oven along a conveyor path. The conveyor has first and second opposite sides. A plurality of radiant heaters are located transverse to and extend across the conveyor path. The radiant heaters are spaced apart in a direction of the conveyor path. Each radiant heater includes an inner tube having a wall with a plurality of openings defined therethrough, an open first end and a second end. A burner is directed into the open first end of the inner tube. An outer tube is located around the inner tube. The outer tube has an outer surface which is adapted to radiate heat, a first end and a second end. An exhaust outlet is located on the second end of the outer tube.

Abstract: A method of quick purging beds of a regenerative fume incinerator which is practically applicable for use in 2, 3 and 4 bed incinerators. For a very short purge period near the end of an operating time cycle, the bed being switched from receiving impure gases to discharge of clean gas is purged of impure gases by being supplied with clean gas discharged by the incinerator. The quick purging takes less than 4% of the cycle time and thus inflow of impure gases is stopped for a very brief period when this quick purge method is used in a 2 bed incinerator. When using this quick purge method in a three or four bed regenerative fume incinerator there is always at least one bed receiving impure gases. This quick purge method improves the quality of the discharged clean gas without significant loss of thermal efficiency and without significant reduction in operating capacity.

Abstract: The present invention involves a method and a device for the heat treatment of workpieces, which are heated with radiant heat generated through the combustion of gaseous fuel. Some of the workpieces are subjected to a carburisation atmosphere formed by a heated mixture of hydrocarbon containing gas and carbon dioxide, where the carbon dioxide has been separated from the exhaust gas of the gaseous fuel combustion. Other workpieces may be subjected to a nitrocarburisation atmosphere formed by a mixture of ammonia and the exhaust gas remaining after the carbon dioxide has been separated. By recycling some of the products of the combustion process, the present invention improves the efficiency of the carburisation process while reducing pollutant emissions.

Abstract: A thermal processing unit for the processing of plastisol-based floor coverings comprising a radiant heat transfer section which raises the temperature of a plastisol-based floor covering to an approach temperature followed by a convection heating section which raises the temperature of the plastisol-based floor covering to a predetermined target.

Abstract: A calcination furnace capable of variably setting calcination conditions such as a size of a calcination chamber, a temperature, a temperature distribution and flowing of gas in the calcination chamber; and the like depending on calcined intermediate products. A furnace body in which a furnace chamber is defined includes two movable sections, which are moved in predetermined directions, to thereby vary an internal volume of the furnace chamber as desired.

Abstract: A curing device for drying bonding material used for bonding, for example, chips to a lead frame for semiconductor devices including a workpiece heating chamber casing having heating blocks for heat-drying the bonding material and a gas supply chamber casing provided above the workpiece heating chamber casing so as to cover the heating chamber casing and to supply a high-temperature gas to the surfaces of the heating blocks, and the gas supply chamber casing is constructed so that it can be opened and closed with respect to the workpiece heating chamber casing, assuring easy access to the inside of the heating chamber casing for various works such as cleaning of the heating blocks, etc.

Abstract: A calcination furnace capable of variably setting calcination conditions such as a size of a calcination chamber, a temperature, a temperature distribution and flowing of gas in the calcination chamber; and the like depending on calcined intermediate products. A furnace body in which a furnace chamber is defined includes two movable sections, which are moved in predetermined directions, to thereby vary an internal volume of the furnace chamber as desired.

Abstract: A heater for radiant heating of an object in a heating tunnel, furnace or the like has a layer of ceramic fibers through which a fuel/air mixture is fed for combustion at the surface and use of the heater as a gas burner. Partly embedded in the surface is an electrical-resistance heater which is heated up by the burner action and then can be energized to provide controlled heating of the object when the gas is shut off. A flow of cooling air through the heater can terminate the heating operation and rapidly quench the heater.

Abstract: A standard atmosphere furnace constructed of a steel casing formed as a cylinder with fibrous insulation attached is operated as a vacuum furnace. A plurality of radiant, fuel-fired ceramic heat tubes positioned in a centered but circumferentially spaced arrangement provides heat input to the furnace to permit it to operate at high, vacuum associated temperatures. The ceramic tubes are vacuum sealed to the furnace case by an elastomer seal/water jacket arrangement which uses an outboard clamp arrangement to establish a ceramic-to-metal contact to permit thermal cooling and prevent tube-flange movement so that the integrity of the elastomer seal can be maintained. In addition, an articulated joint connector is provided so that the tube can be supported in a pivotable manner permitting thermal movement while reducing tube stress to prolonged tube life.

Abstract: A standard atmosphere furnace constructed of a steel casing formed as a cylinder with fibrous insulation attached is operated as a vacuum furnace. A plurality of radiant, fuel-fired ceramic heat tubes positioned in a centered but circumferentially spaced arrangement provides heat input to the furnace to permit it to operate at high, vacuum associated temperatures. The ceramic tubes are vacuum sealed to the furnace case by an elastomer seal/water jacket arrangement which uses an outboard clamp arrangement to establish a ceramic-to-metal contact to permit thermal cooling and prevent tube-flange movement so that the integrity of the elastomer seal can be maintained. In addition, an articulated joint connector is provided so that the tube can be supported in a pivotable manner permitting thermal movement while reducing tube stress to prolonged tube life.

Abstract: A device at a heat treatment oven of the type using a combination of radiation heat and convection heat, and where in connection to the oven chamber are provided means (4, 19) arranged to circulate the oven atmosphere through the oven chamber and a channel (20, 21) situated outside the oven chamber and back to the oven chamber, whereby the device incorporates a gas burner (7) arranged at combustion to emit its flame in a direction, which at least partly touches or coincides with the circulation channel (20, 21) for the oven atmosphere, and where the gas burner (7) is arranged to direct its flame into a vessel (22), provided in the circulation channel (20, 21) for the circulating atmosphere.

Abstract: A curing apparatus used in manufacturing semiconductor devices including high-temperature gas chamber and heating chamber communicated with slits formed in a partition plate installed between the two chambers. Gas diffusion plates are installed in the gas chamber at right angles against the flow of gas so that the diffused and uniform high-temperature gas passes through slits and blown onto workpieces placed directly beneath the slits.

Abstract: An improved industrial furnace employing a new and unique heat transfer arrangement is disclosed. The furnace is a closed end cylindrical chamber with a circular, concentrically positioned plate dividing one side of the furnace into a fan chamber containing a fan and the other side of the furnace into a heat treat chamber containing the work. The plate has a central under-pressure opening and its outer circular edge is spaced from the cylindrical wall to define an annular space which is non-orificing. Fan rotation in the fan chamber produces an annulus of wind mass swirling at high circumferential speed which axially travels through the non-orificing space towards the closed end of the heat treat chamber at slow speed. Heating elements extend through the non-orificing space into the heat transfer chamber and are constantly impinged by the swirling annulus wind mass to effect good heat transfer therewith.

Abstract: A radiant wall oven with a heating chamber and hot air chamber separated by a radiant wall, an air heating chamber, supply and return ducts between the air heating chamber and hot air chamber and blower means for circulating hot air through the ducts is provided with a radiant wall temperature control comprising two cascaded closed loop controls. The first compares the radiant wall temperature with a first setpoint value to generate the difference as a second setpoint value for the second, which compares the temperature of the supply duct with the second setpoint value to control a heat source such as a burner. Under certain conditions, the air heating chamber is vented to atmosphere.

Abstract: An apparatus and process for positioning and for simultaneously oscillating a plurality of heater probes within a plurality of heat exchanger tubes mounted in a tubesheet of a nuclear steam generator is disclosed herein. The apparatus generally comprises a frame, a plurality of probe drivers mounted onto the frame, wherein each driver includes a pneumatically operated, bladder-type gripper for selectively gripping and ungripping the push-cable of one of the heater probes, as well as an oscillating mechanism powered by a variable voltage d.c. motor. A controller connected between the d.c. motor and a power source separately controls the frequency and the amplitude of the cycle that the oscillating mechanism moves the gripper in, and further controls the alignment between the midpoint of the oscillatory cycle and a selected point along the longitudinal axis of the tube.

Abstract: Coherent radiation is used to provide the energy, excite and sustain of plasma in which solid waste materials are reduced to a slag-like material from which has been removed the more harmful constituents. The effluvia of the plasma reduction process is scrubbed to remove particulates and the gas is processed by additional heating to eliminate products of incomplete combustion and/or chemically convert harmful constituents. The remaining gas is then safely exhausted into the atmosphere. The solid waste material may be the ash by-product of prior incineration.

Abstract: A heating mantle for heating materials in a retort includes a housing for a chamber holding the retort, a source of hot gases and a porous wall. The gases pass through the porous will which heats the retort. The heating takes place in a so-called porous wall radiation barrier process. In the first step, the gases passing through the wall heating it be convection. In the second stage, the heated porous wall radiates heat towards said retort.

Abstract: The invention relates to an apparatus for the heat treatment and/or the drying of a web of material 1 passing continuously through. In this case the web of material 1 is treated on one or both sides with infrared radiation. The infrared radiators 6, 7 can be adjusted in their radiation capacity over the width of the web of material 1 by being heated by a plurality of individual hot-gas streams which are guided parallel to the web of material 1, can be adjusted to differing temperatures or can sweep at differing flow rates over the rear sides of radiating plates 6a, 7a of the infrared radiators 6, 7.