Abstract: A method of fabricating a semiconductor device includes placing a semiconductor wafer into a processing chamber, the semiconductor wafer including a first conductive layer and a second conductive layer separated by an intermediate layer; applying an electrical bias voltage across the intermediate layer by coupling the first conductive layer to a first potential and coupling the second conductive layer to a second potential; and annealing the semiconductor wafer while applying the electrical bias voltage.

Abstract: A temperature adjustment apparatus for a high temperature oven, comprising: an oven comprising an oven cavity, at least one intake manifold, at least one exhaust manifold, an inner casing cover, at least one heating element, and a chamber door; wherein a processing chamber is formed inside the oven cavity; the inner casing cover is disposed around an inner wall of the oven cavity; the inner casing cover is heated by at least one of the heating elements, and the processing chamber is heated by the inner casing cover in the form of thermal radiation; and a gas reprocessing device comprising a gas recovery device, wherein a gas in the processing chamber is sucked into the gas reprocessing device by using the gas recovery device, and the sucked gas can be directly discharged from the gas reprocessing device or reprocessed and flows back to the processing chamber.

Abstract: The tunnel kiln according to the present invention includes a tunnel kiln main body having an inner wall constituted by a furnace material, and having a debinding zone and a sintering zone wherein respectively debinding and sintering of a body to be fired containing an organic component are performed; a conveying unit for conveying the body to be fired from an inlet side to an outlet side of the tunnel kiln main body; and a lining provided so that at least an inner wall of the debinding zone of the inner wall of the tunnel kiln main body is covered therewith.

Abstract: A method for processing solar cells comprising: providing a vertical furnace to receive an array of mutually spaced circular semiconductor wafers for integrated circuit processing; composing a process chamber loading configuration for solar cell substrates, wherein a size of the solar cell substrates that extends along a first surface to be processed is smaller than a corresponding size of the circular semiconductor wafers, such that multiple arrays of mutually spaced solar cell substrates can be accommodated in the process chamber, loading the solar cell substrates into the process chamber; subjecting the solar cell substrates to a process in the process chamber.

Abstract: A cooling device for use in an electric arc furnace is provided. The cooling device provides a novel and effective method for cooling burners, lances, enclosures, and other devices used in high heat environments, such as in Electric Arc Furnaces. According to one aspect of the invention used in a steel making process in an electric arc furnace, a cooling tube is inserted into a cooling cavity in a burner. Cooling fluid is injected through the cooling tube into the cavity to cool the portions of the burner adjacent the cooling cavity. The cooling fluid is then extracted from the cavity through a concentric space between the cooling tube and the cooling cavity. According to another aspect of the present invention, a cooling fluid distribution flange is provided to distribute cooling fluid to a plurality of cooling tubes to inject cooling fluid into a plurality of associated cooling cavities.

Abstract: A cooled furnace wall comprises a furnace shell with an inner and an outer side and cooling plates lining the inner side of the furnace shell. Each of the cooling plates has a plate body and protruding connection pieces for supplying the cooling plate with a coolant. The furnace shell has connection openings therein for interconnecting the connection pieces of adjacent connection plates from the outer side of the furnace shell. At least one of the connection pieces is formed by a tube bend that protrudes from an edge face of the plate body and that has a connection end to extending through one of the connection openings in the furnace shell.

Abstract: A coolable arched roof for a high-temperature melting furnace having a furnace interior. At least the following layers are present on that side of a layer of refractory bricks, which is remote from the furnace interior: a sealing layer, which is used to seal the furnace interior against the leakage or penetration of gas; an insulation layer having a thermally insulating action; and a cooling layer, which is designed to carry a cooling fluid. The arrangement of layers results in an increased gastightness and prevents premature aging of the refractory bricks.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for acoustically enhancing cooling of molten liquid. In one embodiment, a cement plant has a mill in which raw materials are mixed and ground into a powder, a kiln in which the powdered raw material undergoes a calcining process and is converted into a molten liquid known as clinker, a cooler for cooling and solidifying the clinker, and a finishing mill for grinding and mixing the clinker with gypsum and/or other raw materials. The clinker cooler has a transport mechanism for transporting clinker from an inlet end to an outlet end and a plurality of fans, located below the transport mechanism, for blowing air up through the transport mechanism and into the bottom surface of the clinker bed. The clinker cooler has one or more horns positioned on the roof of the cooler for emitting acoustic energy into the cooler. A controller controls activation of each horn independently, such that each horn may be operated continuously or intermittently.

Abstract: A semiconductor commutator which is constructed by joining a semiconductor region of the first conductivity type and a semiconductor region of the second conductivity type, wherein there is provided a grain boundary which is located near a junction surface of the semiconductor region of the first conductivity type and the semiconductor region of the second conductivity type so as not to cross said junction surface.

Abstract: The invention relates to a cooler grate for a reciprocating grate cooler, with a plurality of grate plate supports extending transversely with respect to the cooler grate and constructed as hollow bodies, on which in each case grate plates are supported so that they are co-ordinated in transverse rows and sealed by means of screw connections, wherein the grate plates have cooling gas openings and cooling gas connecting channels are constructed between the grate plate support and the cooling gas openings.

Abstract: A forced cooling apparatus for a heat treatment apparatus comprising a heat treatment furnace having a process tube with one end open at an furnace opening and another end closed at an furnace top portion; and a heater portion which covers the process tube, and wherein cooling of the heat treatment furnace is performed by forced cooling by flowing air into a gap formed between the heater portion and the process tube and which extends to the furnace top portion.

Abstract: Nozzles that blow an air are disposed in a space between an outer wall of a process tube and a heat generating resistor. The openings of the nozzles are oriented to the process tube corresponding to an arrangement area of semiconductor wafers. An air blowing angle and alignment of the openings of the nozzles are designated corresponding to the length of the arrangement area of the semiconductor wafers. Thus, since a portion where natural heat radiation is weak is forcedly cooled, the cooling effect can become equal in the entire region of the process tube, thereby reducing temperature drop time.

Abstract: A forced cooling apparatus for a heat treatment apparatus comprising a heat treatment furnace having a process tube with one end open at an furnace opening and another end closed at an furnace top portion; and a heater portion which covers the process tube, and wherein cooling of the heat treatment furnace is performed by forced cooling by flowing air into a gap formed between the heater portion and the process tube and which extends to the furnace top portion.

Abstract: An arrangement of apparatus and process thereof for cooling hot fluid solid particles, especially hot regenerated catalytic particles are disclosed. The apparatus comprises a substantially vertical, cylindrical and close ended heat removal vessel through the shell sid passage of which is passed the fluid solid particles that flow downwardly in the form of dense phase fluidized bed, and one or more seperate heat exchange tube units through the tube side passage of which the coolant is passed and evaporized, each of said heat exchange tube units comprising a supply coolant inlet tube, a supply coolant collecting chamber, one or more heat exchange tubes, a vapour collecting chamber and a resulting vapour discharge tube, all of which constitute a close type coolant-to-vapour circulation.

Abstract: A forced cooling apparatus for a heat treatment apparatus comprising a heat treatment furnace having a process tube with one end open at an furnace opening and another end closed at an furnace top portion; and a heater, portion which covers the process tube, and wherein cooling of the heat treatment furnace is performed by forced cooling by flowing air into a gap formed between the heater portion and the process tube and which extends to the furnace top portion.

Abstract: An arrangement of apparatus and process thereof for cooling hot fluid solid particles, especially hot regenerated catalytic particles are disclosed. The apparatus comprises a substantially vertical, cylindrical and close ended heat removal vessel through the shell side passage of which is passed the fluid solid particles that flow downwardly in the form of dense phase fluidized bed, and one or more separate heat exchange tube units through the tube side passage of which the coolant is passed and vaporized, each of said heat exchange tube units comprising a supply coolant inlet tube, a supply coolant collecting chamber, one or more heat exchange tubes, a vapour collecting chamber and a resulting vapour discharge tube, all of which constitute a close type coolant-to-vapour circulation.

Abstract: An integrated, vertical tube heat exchanger for use with a plurality of heat transfer mediums including fluidized solid particulates and hot gaseous products of combustion includes a plurality of vertically extending spaced apart, tubes for containing water/steam flow in close heat transfer relationship with the walls of the tubes. A unitary and compact containment housing is provided around a bank of said vertical tubes for directing a generally lateral flow of fluidized solid particulates moving through a first heat exchange chamber formed around the exterior surface of lower portions of the tubes. A gas plenum chamber is provided adjacent a first end of the lower heat exchange chamber for directing fluidizing gas into the solid particulates in the chamber. The housing is provided with a dividing wall forming a second heat exchange chamber that is separate from and operationally independent of the first heat exchange chamber.

Abstract: The invention relates to a structure for controllably discharging articles that are being continuously transported by a primary conveying structure. A discharge assembly is provided having a chute with an inlet and an outlet. Articles are diverted away from the primary conveying structure and delivered to the chute inlet. The discharge chute is mounted for rotation about a vertical axis and structure is provided for reciprocatively moving the chute outlet back and forth over an infeed portion of a secondary conveying structure to evenly distribute material in a serpentine path along the length of the infeed portion of the secondary conveying structure. In a preferred form, the secondary conveying structure has an associated trough for containing a cooling fluid.

Abstract: An automated curing oven system for use in the manufacturing of semiconductors. This system may easily be incorporated with other automated machinery used for various semiconductor processing steps because it employs the same device holding magazine used for many other steps. The device holding magazine serves as the oven chamber itself thereby eliminating many manual handling steps.

Abstract: The cooling apparatus which is preferably constructed in the form of a grate cooler contains in its material inlet portion a material transfer arrangement with at least two rows lying behind one another of transversely extending air boxes which can be supplied with air and have upper surfaces with air holes. The clear opening width of these air holes (area for the air to pass through) is adjustable, so that all air boxes can be supplied independently of one another with adjustable quantities of air. In this way the streams of cooling air can be adapted to differing local ranges of grain sizes of the clinker on the material transfer arrangement.

Abstract: A process for the dry sluicing of sediment from pressurized systems, such as gasification processes, in which gravitationally conveyed sediments are cooled to below their release temperature before removal. The sediments are cooled via indirect heat exchange, such as radiation cooling, to below their release point in a first zone, and are then further cooled indirectly as well as directly via cool countercurrent gas in a second zone to temperatures below 300.degree. C., the sediment route in the second zone being lengthened by deflection of at least a part of the sediment, the sediment being removed via a sluice.

Abstract: The invention relates to a liquid to solids heat exchanger and to a process for retorting carbon-containing solids (e.g. oil shale) using such heat exchanger. The heat exchanger contains a liquid pool reservoir, heat source or heat sink for heating or cooling the liquid pool, a support for the solids such that there is heat exchange between the solids and the liquid pool without direct contact of the solids and the liquid pool, and oscillators or vibrators to cause the solids to be conveyed while exchanging heat with the liquid pool.

Abstract: In a rotary tube cooler for indirect cooling of pulverized to granular material with a revolving drum, the drum shell of the rotary tube cooler is formed of a tube system through which a liquid cooling medium is conducted. The tube system comprises either tubes meandering in longitudinal direction of the rotary tube cooler, or be formed of spiral tubes, or the combination of meandering and spiral tubes. The tubes are welded together. The feed of the cooling medium and the discharge of the heated cooling medium occurs via swivel joints. Connected downstream is a device for utilization of the waste heat of the rotary tube cooler.

Abstract: An apparatus for cooling high-temperature particles in which various factors which adversely disturb the stability of the moving layer of high-temperature particles can be substantially eliminated and large-sized and medium-sized lumps contained in the high-temperature particles are forcibly broken into smaller particles for prevention of shutdown of a clinker burning process or the like.

Abstract: A vacuum furnace for heating dental reconstructionproducts using sintered powder metal that includes a sealed vacuum tube made of a material having a relatively low thermal shock resistance characteristic. The vacuum tube is desirably relatively short. The vacuum tube chamber has a heating chamber and end seals for the vacuum tube have a maximum use temperature of less than 200.degree. C. Insulation is positioned around and connected to the tube proximate the ends of the tube, and heating elements are placed around the heating chamber in an annular insulation chamber formed in the insulation between the insulation and the vacuum tube. Opposed annular clearances extending to positions proximately spaced from the ends of the tube and opening to the central annular insulation chamber are formed between the insulation means and the vacuum tube. The insulation prevents heat from passing to the ends of the tube and overheating the seals there.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a method and apparatus for waste heat recovery and reduction in industrial furnaces and heating equipment. The method of heat recovery comprises directing the exhaust gases through a system of channels inside the refractory wall where heat from the flue gases is transferred to the refractory lining and also to the combustion air traveling inside of a heat exchanger also located inside said channels. The high temperature exhaust flue gases traveling along said channels increase the hot face temperature of the refractory wall and reduce the heat flux from the working chamber through the refractory wall. An apparatus for the realization of the heat recovery method includes a flue duct, a recuperator, hot air piping and a hot air burner, all located inside the furnace wall refractory lining.

Abstract: An arrangement for recovering the sensible heat of dumpable hot stock includes a continuous conveying belt guided about at least two deflection pulleys and formed by articulately connected plates. The carrying run of the conveying belt with the hot stock applied thereon and the empty lower run each are guided through a cooling zone. In order to recover the sensible heat from the hot stock to an extent as large as possible and with a high efficiency, without having to use a bed covering material, the plates of the conveying belt are designed to include at least two layers, an outwardly carrier layer receiving the hot stock and an inwardly arranged insulation layer.

Abstract: The method in accordance with the invention comprises a rolling of the liquid slag between at least two cooling rolls of metal, preferably steel, the temperature of and the distance between the rolls being controlled such that a cohesive slag slab is obtained having a solidified surface layer and a melted central layer, the slab still being sufficiently plastic to be shapable, a shaping in conjunction with the rolling or after the same, of the slab into briquettes and a recovery of heat at least from the shaped briquettes, preferably after these have been separated from each other, via any suitable cooling means or medium.The apparatus in accordance with the invention comprises at least two cooling rolls (1) arranged to roll out the liquid slag into a cohesive, shapable slab, means (4) for briquetting the slab and means (5,7) for recovering heat from the shaped briquettes.

Abstract: To recover the sensible heat of slag the slag is allowed to solidify on the surface of a hollow cooling body provided with a liquid internal cooling and is indirectly cooled by the liquid internal cooling. The liquid cooling medium of the liquid internal cooling is guided in a thermodynamic cyclic process. In order to ensure as completely a recovery of the sensible heat of the slag as possible and a high percentage of glassy portions of the slag as well as a good grindability of the slag, the liquid slag on the surface of the cooling body is intensively cooled indirectly by the liquid cooling medium to a temperature of closely below the solidification temperature in a first cooling step. The solidified slag separated from the surface of the cooling body is then directly cooled by a gas flow in a second cooling step. The heated gas flow also is guided in a thermodynamic cyclic process.

Abstract: A temperature control apparatus for a high temperature reactor in an analytical instrument of the type in which a development reagent is added to a flowing stream as part of the detection process. The temperature control apparatus utilizes solid state heat transfer means to transfer heat between a thermoconductive block to which is mounted the reactor and an air exchange heat sink which obtains heat from or disposes heat into ambient air as required. The control apparatus regulates the temperature of the reactor at a very rapid rate in the high temperature range of approximately 90.degree. C. to 150.degree. C. without the use of a separately contained heat exchange medium. The ability of the apparatus to cool the reactor rapidly eliminates the requirement to keep reactor contents at elevated pressures to prevent vaporization of the stream being analyzed.

Abstract: In a primary air supply unit of a rotary kiln, an improved method for reducing a primary air rate by providing a high-pressure blower for primary air to inject the primary air from a burner together with fuel. In addition, in order to preheat the primary air and to protect any fragile portions in a clinker box for cooling sintered material from the rotary kiln and for preheating the primary air.

Abstract: The cooling zone (24) for a kiln, more specially a roller kiln, made up of a preheating zone (21), a firing zone (22) and a cooling zone (24), through which the goods to be kilned (10), more specially ceramic tiles or plates are transported without any burning tools of refractory material supporting them, is (for the purpose of stopping any effect on the kilned goods in the cooling zone (24) and in the parts next to the cooling zone (24), because of the effect of the atmosphere in the cooling (24) and any reoxidation of the kilned goods (10) because of this, and for giving a simple way of producing effect on the outer face of the kilned goods (10) using a moving heat vehicle, more specially liquid heat vehicle) is indirectly cooled, and has inlet systems, able to undergo adjustment in their direction and their rate of inlet, for materials for producing an effect on the outer face of the kilned goods.

Abstract: An apparatus that is designed to heat a flowable granular material up to an elevated temperature and cool the material back down to a temperature that is as close as possible to the temperature of the incoming material before exiting, where a substantial portion of the heat transferred in both heating the incoming material up and cooling the outgoing material back down is not being accomplished by outside heat sources and heat sinks, but rather by transferring heat from outgoing material to incoming material on a more or less direct basis. This is to be accomplished by an apparatus that is comprised of two coaxial cylinders rotating about their common axis whereby feed material enters and exits from one end, and a heat source is provided at the opposite end. Feed material enters into the inner chamber and travels towards the heat source.

Abstract: A coke calcining apparatus comprises a rotary kiln (1), an intermediate cooler (3) installed outside of but rotating unitarily with the kiln at an intermediate part thereof and having inlets (32) and outlets (33) respectively communicating with the upstream and downstream interiors (A,B) of the kiln, and an annular weir (7) fixed to and around the inner wall surface of the kiln at a part thereof between the inlets and outlets of the cooler and functioning to cause the entire quantity of coke (6) which has been subjected to a first-stage calcination at 600.degree. to 1,000.degree. C. in the upstream interior (A) to flow through the cooler (3). The coke thus cooled to 200.degree. C. or lower is subjected to a second-stage calcination at 1,200.degree. to 1,400.degree. C. in the downstream interior (B) for 10 to 30 minutes.

Abstract: A cooling zone for a kiln having a preheating and firing zone and with a train of rollers for moving tiles through the kiln in a single layer has an indirect cooling system using a fluid and more specially liquid cooling medium moving through coils over and/or under the tiles after burning. A system using louvers or two moving plates of slotted metal are used for screening off the coils to a greater or lesser degree for controlling the cooling effect.

Abstract: An apparatus for manufacturing a rapidly cooled solidified slag, which comprises: a pair of cooling drums, the peripheral surfaces of said pair of cooling drums being in contact with each other and rotating in directions opposite to each other at the same peripheral speed; a pair of weirs provided at the both ends of said pair of cooling drums so as to be in contact with the both ends of said pair of cooling drums, said pair of weirs forming a slag sump in cooperation with the upper half of the peripheral surface of each of said pair of cooling drums, and a molten slag being poured into said slag sump; a pair of gas nozzles provided adjacent the peripheral surface of each of said pair of cooling drums, said pair of gas nozzles uniformly ejecting a gas onto the molten slag, which has been deposited on the surface of said pair of cooling drums in said slag sump, to blow part of said molten slag back into said slag sump, thereby uniformly reducing the thickness of said molten slag deposited on the peripheral sur

Abstract: An improved apparatus for manufacturing a rapidly cooled solidified slag, the improvement relating to the use of pairs of weirs having an annular shape and a hollow portion therein; each of said pair of weirs being fixed to each edge of the peripheral surface of one of a pair of cooling drums so as to form a circular flange at right angles to the axial line of the one cooling drum around the entire circumference thereof.

Abstract: An apparatus for manufacturing a rapidly cooled solidified slag, which comprises: at least one rotating cooling drum rotating around a horizontal center axis thereof, said cooling drum being cooled by a cooling medium, and having an outer peripheral surface comprising a plurality of jogs over the entire surface thereof; a slag sump arranged at a position where said peripheral surface of said cooling drum begins to rise, the depositing molten slag onto said peripheral surface of said cooling drum; a scraper proved at the lower part of said peripheral surface of said cooling drum; and a slag feeding means arranged above said cooling drum, for pouring said molten slag into said slag sump; whereby said molten slag poured into said slag sump is deposited onto said peripheral surface of said cooling drum, rapidly cooled through heat exchange with said cooling medium along with rotation of said cooling drum to become a solidified slag, and peeled off from said peripheral surface of said cooling drum by said scraper.

Abstract: A furnace assembly of the type used for melting of ore concentrate, wherein at least one separating wall is provided within the confines of the furnace to dip into the melt and divides the furnace space into separate melting, settling, and exhaust spaces. The specific improvement of the present invention involves providing a separating wall which is composed of individual metallic cooling elements in a stacked arrangement with each cooling element being provided with means for passing a coolant therethrough.

Abstract: An apparatus for manufacturing a vitreous slag, which comprises: a pair of cooling drums, the peripheral surfaces of said pair of cooling drums being in contact with each other, and said pair of cooling drums rotating in directions opposite to each other at the same peripheral speed; a pair of weirs provided at the upper halves of the both ends of said pair of cooling drums so as to be in contact with said both ends of said pair of cooling drums, a slag sump being formed by means of said pair of weirs and the bodies of said pair of cooling drums, and molten slag being poured into said slag sump; a cooling medium for cooling said pair of cooling drums, said cooling medium comprising a high boiling point heat medium having a boiling point under 1 atmospheric pressure of at least 200.degree. C.

Abstract: A diffuser adapted for transmitting thermal energy by conduction across metallic members and by convection of a heat-treating gas in an annealing furnace is comprised of a base, a diffuser member having a plurality of radial gas passages, and an in-line cooling member disposed longitudinally within each of the radial passages; which cooling member includes a cooling fluid inlet, at least one radial cooling fluid leg having a longitudinal axis extending substantially in the direction of the gas flow through the radial passage, and a cooling fluid outlet.

Abstract: A glassmaking tank furnace which comprises a basin, a heating system, a housing which includes a roof and a gas flue, a cooling system, a feed port and a discharging port. The bottom and walls of the basin and at least a part of the housing formed with the feed port are defined by fittingly adjoining metal tubes of the cooling system, which ensure a continuous operation and long service life of the furnace and set up favorable conditions for further intensification of the melting process.

Abstract: A diffusion furnace having particular utility in the processing of SOS devices wherein a temperature gradient, per unit length of furnace tube, is provided at a section of a reaction tube extending between the furnace and the scavenger and load-unload chambers in order to minimize the thermal shock to which a sapphire wafer may be subject, either at the commencement of processing when the wafer is first introduced into the furnace or at the conclusion of the processing as the wafer is being withdrawn from the furnace.

Abstract: In the baking of carbon anodes (for aluminum reduction cells) or the like, in so-called ring-type furnaces where green carbon bodies are deposited in pits, each of which is circumstanced successively for preheating stages, one or more baking stages, and cooling stages, while air travels in heat exchange relation through flues past a series of pits respectively undergoing such cooling, baking and preheating operations, improvement is effected by introducing water spray into the air as it flows past the pits at a cooling region. Such water, first as spray and then as vapor, increases the quantity of heat that can be absorbed by the air flow and also increases the heat transfer coefficients of the flue walls in the cooling regions, so as to provide recovery or removal of heat in greater amount or more rapidly.

Abstract: The invention has to do with an apparatus for removing heat from cylinders of the rotary kiln recuperator cooler. The apparatus comprises heat-exchange tubes which are fixed on the lateral surfaces of bow-shaped support members so that they go around the cooler surface along a wave line with a space of variable cross section being formed between the heat-exchange tubes and the surfaces of the cylinders. Such constructional arrangement of the apparatus permits the heat-transfer area to be increased and substantially greater amount of heat to be removed from the surfaces of the cylinders.

Abstract: A clinker roasting plant comprising a rotary kiln having a housing and a hot head. A cooler for cooling clinker is mounted downstream of the rotary kiln. There are also provided heat-exchange tubes arranged in the zone of flow of roasted clinker from the hot end of the kiln to the place of discharge of finished clinker from the cooler. A heat insulating casing is provided around the heat-exchange tubes, the casing having at least one movable wall for connecting the inner space of the heat insulating casing with the inner space of the zone of flow of clinker.

Abstract: A metal preheating apparatus has a box-like structure including, a bottom, a top wall, a pair of sidewalls, and a pair of end walls forming an enclosed receptacle. Fluid channels are defined between the outer surfaces of a pair of inner walls spaced inwardly from the sidewalls and the inner surfaces of the sidewalls. The upper and lower edges of the inner walls terminate short of the top wall and short of the bottom to place the upper portion of the receptacle in fluid communication through the fluid channel with the lower portion of the receptacle. A horizontally, oriented, load supporting grate member is positioned intermediate these apertures and extends longitudinally between the end walls and transversely between the inner walls. The bottom of the structure is open. The top wall of the structure contains an upper door for charging scrap metal into the upper portion of the receptacle so that the scrap metal is supported by the grate member.