Abstract: This disclosure relates to systems, methods and techniques for implementing metric-based simulation training and assessment of operators for performing various medical procedures. Operators are able to practice the medical procedures on medical simulators that provide simulations of real-world medical procedures. The simulations can be used to train operators to develop new skill sets for performing the medical procedures or to assist trained operators with maintaining their existing skill sets. The medical simulators can include a training and assessment module that defines the procedural phases and sub-steps of the medical procedures, monitors a set of performance metrics during the simulations, and detects when errors have occurred during the simulations. Performance evaluation information can be output based on operators' performances during the simulated medical procedures. The performance evaluation information can provide feedback and recommendations for improving and/or maintaining skill sets.

Abstract: A method comprising: accessing a block that is not opaque and defines a plurality of wells that are not in fluid communication with each other; and providing a storage medium storing a set of instructions on how to use the block.

Abstract: Apparatus, systems, and methods according to which simulated urinary procedure(s) may be performed.

Abstract: A medical training device facilitating practice of a task-specific medical procedure for the treatment of a traumatic injury is presented. The invention includes a simulant with or without a simulated wound and an optional case adapted to receive the simulant. For embodiments specific to establishing an emergency airway, the simulant includes a compressible body with an outer covering and an insert with an inner covering. The compressible body and the outer covering approximate a neck. The insert approximates a trachea. The insert is disposed within and separable from the compressible body. The inner covering is disposed between the outer covering and the insert. For embodiments specific to an intramuscular injection, the simulant includes a compressible body, a slot, and a fill. The compressible body approximates a muscle. The slot extends into the compressible body. The slot is adapted to receive the fill. The fill is removably secured within the slot.

Abstract: A neurosurgical endoscopic training system and method for using the system to develop surgical skills and technical competency of an endoscopist. The system includes a portable part-task enclosure with a plurality of walls defining an internal chamber. One of the walls includes an access port coupling the internal chamber to an external environment and the access port can be configured to facilitate the passage of one or more endoscopic surgical tools. The system further includes a plurality of objects disposed within the internal chamber configured for manipulation by a surgical tool that extends through the access port.

Abstract: An anatomical teaching model can be used to demonstrate principles of breast and/or abdominal surgical procedures. The model can include a female-shaped torso, a pectoralis major muscle piece attachable to the chest wall surface, and a breast tissue piece is positionable over the pectoralis major muscle piece. The model can further include a pair of rectus muscle pieces attachable to the abdominal wall surface and an abdominal tissue piece positionable over the pair of rectus muscle pieces. The pair of rectus muscle pieces have two sections of material positionable symmetrically about a sagittal plane of the female-shaped torso. Relative positions of the pair of rectus muscle pieces and the abdominal tissue piece are manipulable to permit a clinician to demonstrate at least one of a female anatomy, a surgical procedure to the female anatomy, or a condition resulting from the surgical procedure.

Abstract: A medical training device facilitating practice of a task-specific medical procedure for the treatment of a traumatic injury is presented. The invention includes a simulant with or without a simulated wound and an optional case adapted to receive the simulant. For embodiments specific to establishing an emergency airway, the simulant includes a compressible body, an insert, an outer covering, and an inner covering. The compressible body and the outer covering approximate a neck with or without a chin. The insert approximates a trachea. The insert is disposed within and separable from the compressible body. The inner covering is disposed between the outer covering and the insert. For embodiments specific to an intramuscular injection, the simulant includes a compressible body, a slot, and a fill. The compressible body approximates a muscle. The slot extends into the compressible body. The slot is adapted to receive the fill. The fill is removably secured within the slot.

Abstract: The present disclosure, when used by a live actor, may allow users to safely simulate hemorrhaging in some of the most challenging blood vessels in the most challenging anatomical locations such as the carotid artery, the axillary artery, and the femoral artery. The present disclosure may further provide the ability for users to safely perform hemorrhage control procedures, such as compression and ligation. The simulated wound of the present disclosure may be compressed to control hemorrhage. The simulated wound receptacle of the present disclosure may be packed with hemostatic or simple gauze to control hemorrhage. The simulated blood vessel of the device may be ligated with hemostats or other ligating instruments or material and bandaged with pressure dressings to control hemorrhage.

Abstract: An anatomical feature simulation unit is a physical device designed to help simulate an anatomical feature (e.g., a wound) on an object (e.g., a human being or human surrogate such as a medical manikin) for instructing a trainee to learn or practice treatment skills. For the trainee, the simulation looks like a real body part when viewed using an Augmented Reality (AR) system. Responsive to a change in the anatomic state of the object (e.g., bending a knee or raising of an arm) not only the spatial location and orientation of the anatomical feature stays locked on the object in the AR system, but the characteristics of the anatomical feature change based on the physiologic logic of changing said anatomical state (e.g., greater or less blood flow, opening or closing of a wound).

Abstract: Aspects of the present disclosure relate to a wearable device for simulating wounds and injuries received during a trauma event. Aspects of the present disclosure further relate to a medical training device for Trauma Emergency Casualty Care and Tactical Combat Casualty Care (TCCC). A wearable device may be worn by a live human (e.g., trauma actor) or simulated body (e.g., full/partial manikin, drag dummy, etc.). The medical trainers disclosed herein may include one or more simulated injuries, which may be operational or merely to provide more realism. The medical trainers disclosed herein may further include features directed toward to internal and/or external trauma injuries.

Abstract: A wound therapy system includes a negative pressure circuit, a pump, a pressure sensor, and a controller. The negative pressure circuit applies negative pressure to a wound. The pump is fluidly coupled to the negative pressure circuit and produces a negative pressure at the wound or within the negative pressure circuit. The pressure sensor measures the negative pressure within the negative pressure circuit or the wound. The controller performs a testing procedure including a first drawdown period, a leak rate determination period, a vent period, and a second drawdown period. The controller is configured to receive one or more pressure measurements of the pressure sensor over the leak rate determination period to determine a leak rate parameter, monitor an amount of elapsed time over the second drawdown period to determine a drawdown parameter, and estimate a volume of the wound based on the leak rate parameter and the drawdown parameter.

Abstract: A modular surgical training system for training surgical interventions, includes a training module and a base module. The training module reproduces or has anatomical structures and is capable of holding at least one consumable medium. The base module supplies energy to the training module. The training module and the base module are connected to one another via a combination interface. The base module and the training module include conveying means connected via the combination interface. At least one consumable medium can be conveyed into the anatomical structures by the conveying means. The base module includes a sensor module that measures at least one physical variable. The sensor module and the training module include measurement means connected via the combination interface. The measurement means in the training module includes at least one air-filled connection means.

Abstract: An ostomy apparatus comprising a flexible container having an interior chamber for receiving waste from a patient's stoma and an opening for surrounding the stoma, a housing coupled to the container, wherein the housing is configured to accommodate an absorbent material that surrounds the stoma, a port configured to provide fluid communication between the housing and a pressure source; and an adhesive layer configured to seal the housing to skin around the stoma.

Abstract: An electro-anatomical model of the mammalian His/Purkinje system includes a shell simulating the anatomy of at least a portion of a mammalian heart. The shell has a hollow interior and a first port providing an aperture to the interior of the shell. A plug is inserted in the first port so that a surface of the plug is exposed to the interior of the shell. An electrical circuit provides signals to electrodes in the plug which simulate the electrical signals generated by the bundle of His/Purkinje system in vivo. A second port provides access to the interior of the shell for an introducer catheter to locate the simulated bundle of His and to insert a pacing lead therein. The model is useful for developing tools for His pacing and for training users in techniques for implanting His pacing leads.

Abstract: Aspects of the disclosure are directed to methods and/or apparatuses that may facilitate simulation for various cannulation activities. As may be implemented consistent with one or more embodiments herein, an apparatus includes a pliable surface structure having an inner surface and an outer surface, a tube adjacent the inner surface, and a tank configured to hold fluid and to receive fluid exiting from the tube. The tube and pliable surface structure simulate a blood vessel below the inner surface of the pliable surface structure. The tank operates with the tube and the pliable surface to receive a cannula passed through the pliable surface, into the tube and extending into the tank, and facilitates simulated blood flow in the tube below the inner surface of the pliable surface structure via fluid pumped from the tank, through the tube and back into the tank.

Abstract: The cannulation training apparatus is a medical device. The cannulation training apparatus is configured for use in training a client to insert a cannula into the vein of a patient. The cannulation training apparatus simulates the arm of a patient such that the cannulation training apparatus receives the insertion of the cannula from the client. The cannulation training apparatus comprises a silicone housing, a fluidic circuit, and a timing device. The silicone housing contains the fluidic circuit and the timing device. The silicone housing emulates an appendage of the patient. The fluidic circuit emulates the flow of blood through the appendage of the patient. The timing device controls the operation of a pump that pumps fluid through the fluidic circuit in a rhythmic fashion that emulates the pulse of a patient.

Abstract: A test bench assembly for simulating cardiac surgery includes a passive heart having at least one pair of cardiac chambers with an atrial chamber and a ventricular chamber. A reservoir is adapted to house working fluid. A pressure generator fluidically connects both to the ventricular chamber of the passive heart and to the reservoir. A pressure regulation device provides working fluid in input to the atrial chamber with preload pressure, and working fluid in output from the ventricular chamber with afterload pressure. The pressure regulation device fluidically connects both to the atrial chamber of the passive heart and to the ventricular chamber of the passive heart. The pressure regulation device has a single compliant element for each pair of cardiac chambers, which provides working fluid with both preload, and afterload pressures.

Abstract: A medical training device facilitating practice of a task-specific medical procedure for the treatment of a traumatic injury is presented. The invention includes a simulant with or without a simulated wound and an optional case adapted to receive the simulant. For embodiments specific to establishing an emergency airway, the simulant includes a compressible body, an insert, an outer covering, and an inner covering. The compressible body and the outer covering approximate a neck with or without a chin. The insert approximates a trachea. The insert is disposed within and separable from the compressible body. The inner covering is disposed between the outer covering and the insert. For embodiments specific to an intramuscular injection, the simulant includes a compressible body, a slot, and a fill. The compressible body approximates a muscle. The slot extends into the compressible body. The slot is adapted to receive the fill. The fill is removably secured within the slot.

Abstract: A medical training device facilitating practice of a task-specific medical procedure for the treatment of a traumatic injury is presented. The invention includes a simulant with or without a simulated wound and an optional case adapted to receive the simulant. For embodiments specific to establishing an emergency airway, the simulant includes a compressible body, an insert, an outer covering, and an inner covering. The compressible body and the outer covering approximate a neck with or without a chin. The insert approximates a trachea. The insert is disposed within and separable from the compressible body. The inner covering is disposed between the outer covering and the insert. For embodiments specific to an intramuscular injection, the simulant includes a compressible body, a slot, and a fill. The compressible body approximates a muscle. The slot extends into the compressible body. The slot is adapted to receive the fill. The fill is removably secured within the slot.

Abstract: A pumping heart simulator is described. The pumping heart simulator can include an inflow pump, an outflow pump, and a control apparatus. The inflow pump can have a first magnetic motor that facilitates flow of fluid from a bottom portion of a fluid reservoir to three inlet valves of a heart via the inflow pump. The outflow pump can have a second magnetic motor that facilitates flow of fluid from two outlet valves of the heart to a top portion of the fluid reservoir via the outflow pump. The control apparatus can alternately activate the first magnetic motor and the second magnetic motor. Related apparatuses, systems, methods, techniques and articles are also described.

Abstract: A pill pouch is disclosed. The pill pouch can include a receptacle to contain a pill. The receptacle can have an opening to receive the pill therein. The receptacle can be defined at least in part by a flexible side to facilitate breaking or crushing of the pill inside the receptacle. The pill pouch can also include an access feature associated with the receptacle to facilitate removal of the pill from the receptacle after the pill has been broken and/or crushed.

Abstract: A flow model is described. The flow model may include one or more distal arteries that drain into a reservoir, preferably, a sealed cavity. Pumps and artificial organs, such as an artificial human heart, may be used to create a more lifelike experience. One or more neurovascular devices, such as thrombectomy devices, may be deployed in the simulated blood vessels for training purposes.

Abstract: An anatomical model for surgical training is provided. The model includes a first layer simulating a liver and a second layer including a simulated gallbladder. A third layer having an inner surface and an outer surface is provided between the first and second layer. The outer surface of the third layer is adhered to the first layer at location around the simulated gallbladder and the simulated gallbladder is adhered to the inner surface of the third layer. A fourth layer is provided that overlays both the second layer and the simulated gallbladder. A frame is embedded within the first layer and is connectable to a support. The model provides a substantially upright projection of a simulated gallbladder and liver in a retracted orientation ideally suited for practicing laparoscopic cholecystectomy when inserted inside a simulated insufflated cavity of laparoscopic trainer.

Abstract: A medical needle insertion training apparatus having an elongated and generally cylindrical body with a central axis and a hollow cavity for storing components of the apparatus. The body has two training regions on its outer surface. A set of legs extend from the body opposite each training region to selectively support each training region in an upward facing orientation. The legs share a common leg between them.

Abstract: An electro-mechanical box trainer for neurosurgery comprise: (i) a base part which comprises a rubberized working port (11) for insertion of endoscope (26) and tool (25) for manipulation, a microcontroller programmed motorized peg plate (14) placed at 45° degrees of inclination for defining a practice volume according to the neuroendoscopy, a membrane keypad to change the angle of rotation of said peg plate (14) along vertical axis, liquid crystal display (LED) array to illuminate the interior of the box and a removable base plate (6) to house the circuitry; and (ii) a removable part enclosed of five walls such as a front wall (18), two lateral walls (17 and 19), a back wall (20) and a top wall (23), comprises a housing to mount an auxiliary camera (32) to record all the task for evaluation and a slider at the back to adjust the camera focus.

Abstract: A wound simulation unit is a physical device designed to help simulate a wound on an object (e.g., a human being or human surrogate such as a medical manikin) for instructing a trainee to learn or practice wound-related treatment skills. For the trainee, the simulation looks like a real wound when viewed using an Augmented Reality (AR) system. Responsive to a change in the anatomic state of the object (e.g., bending a knee or raising of an arm) not only the spatial location and orientation of the wound stays locked on the object in the AR system, but the characteristics of the wound change based on the physiologic logic of changing said anatomical state (e.g., greater or less blood flow, opening or closing of the wound).

Abstract: A training kit is provided for practicing aortic valve reconstruction. The aortic valve reconstruction training kit is provided with a blood vessel model and multiple valve leaflet models, and the blood vessel model has a base-capped or base-uncapped cylindrical form having an opening formed on at least the top part thereof. The blood vessel model also has a valve ring part which is formed in the middle of the cylinder and to which the valve leaflet models can be sutured. By using the training kit, it becomes possible to practice a suturing technique that is believed to be the most difficult in aortic valve reconstruction, namely, a technique of accurately suturing a new valve leaflet to a valve ring part, to which an abnormal valve leaflet has been attached, of a cylindrical aorta while viewing the inside of the aorta from above.

Abstract: A Tactile-Visual Wound (TVW) simulation unit is a physical device designed to help simulate a wound on a human being or human surrogate (e.g., a medical manikin) for instructing a trainee to learn or practice wound-related treatment skills. For the trainee, the TVW would feel (to the touch) like a real wound, look like a real wound when viewed using an Augmented Reality (AR) system, and appear to behave like a real wound when manipulated.

Abstract: A medical/veterinary procedure simulation apparatus includes a simulated mammalian body part. The simulated mammalian body part further includes one or more anatomical replications of mammalian tissue. The apparatus also includes an attaching substrate for fixedly attaching the simulated body part to a mammal or a model of the mammal. The apparatus further includes one or more sensors configured to provide a quantified measurement of one or more actions, pertaining to at least one medical procedure. The apparatus further includes a virtual reality system configured to receive one or more input signals from the one or more sensors. The virtual reality system is further configured to display at least one visual representation of at least one clinical procedure being performed on the one or more anatomical replications based on the one or more input signals from the one or more sensors.

Abstract: The present invention, when used by a live actor, allows users to safely simulate hemorrhaging in some of the most challenging blood vessels in the most challenging anatomical locations such as the carotid artery, the axillary artery, and the inguinal artery. The present invention further provides the ability for users to safely perform hemorrhage control procedures, such as compression and ligation. The simulated wound of the present invention may be compressed to control hemorrhage. The simulated wound receptacle of the present invention may be packed with hemostatic or simple gauze to control hemorrhage. The simulated blood vessel of the device may be ligated with hemostats or other ligating instruments or material and bandaged with pressure dressings to control hemorrhage.

Abstract: A anatomical phantom is disclosed containing a pathological abnormality having fluorescing properties to simulate fluorescence training and/or the simulation of medical procedures, such as fluorescence-based methods for intraoperative visualization and image-guidance. The phantom is made of materials that mimic anatomical biomechanical properties and wherein the pathological abnormality contains fluorescing properties to fluoresce in responsive to UV light excitation. The phantom may be a standalone model or may be used in a complementary simulation kit to provide a more comprehensive training approach.

Abstract: A training device applicable to training personnel in the treatment of a traumatic injury is presented. The invention includes a compressible body, a base, a wound structure, and an annular cavity. The compressible body simulates a body portion. The compressible body resides within the base. The base is disposed about a top surface of the compressible body. The base is harder than the compressible body so that the base protectively covers the compressible body. The wound structure is disposed along the compressible body. The wound structure includes a wound cavity which extends from the top surface into the compressible body. The annular cavity extends into the compressible body about the wound cavity. The annular cavity permits movement and/or expansion of a wall defined by and between the wound cavity and the annular cavity when probed by a finger or instrument and packed with gauze, bandages, and the like during treatment of the wound structure to stem blood flow from a bleed tube.

Abstract: A mannequin has a torso portion with a simulated vertebral column and anatomical aortic zones for the REBOA procedure. A fluid pressure source provides a fluid to the torso portion, and a fluid collection reservoir receives fluid from the torso portion. Conduits extend between the fluid pressure source and collection reservoir. Valves associated with the conduits and the fluid pressure source and collection reservoir may be positioned to simulate injuries in the first, second and third REBOA zones. A main conduit simulates the aorta. A simulated groin portion is configured to receive a REBOA catheter. The simulated groin portion has a conduit simulating the femoral artery.

Abstract: A training device applicable to training personnel in the treatment of a traumatic injury is presented. The invention includes a compressible body, a base, a wound structure, and an annular cavity. The compressible body simulates a body portion. The compressible body resides within the base. The base is disposed about a top surface of the compressible body. The base is harder than the compressible body so that the base protectively covers the compressible body. The wound structure is disposed along the compressible body. The wound structure includes a wound cavity which extends from the top surface into the compressible body. The annular cavity extends into the compressible body about the wound cavity. The annular cavity permits movement and/or expansion of a wall defined by and between the wound cavity and the annular cavity when probed by a finger or instrument and packed with gauze, bandages, and the like during treatment of the wound structure to stem blood flow from a bleed tube.

Abstract: A method is described herein that comprises selecting a training objective, wherein the training objective comprises an objective to teach an animal to perform a behavior in an environment. The method includes testing the animal to determine a profile. The method includes identifying an optimal training product for the animal based on the profile. The method includes identifying an optimal training protocol for the animal based on the profile. The method includes simulating an experience of teaching the animal the behavior in a virtual training environment using the optimal training product and the optimal training protocol, the simulating including one or more applications running on a computing device for providing a virtual training environment, wherein the virtual training environment mimics the environment.

Abstract: Disclosed is a toy having a head, a torso, a pair of forelimbs and a pair of hindlimbs to represent a life form. The toy is a 3-D, hollow article, which is made up of a sculptured front member and a rear cover. The interior of the 10 toy has a hollow member to provide a variable volume to contain a fluid. The hollow member may be a deformable bag or a cylinder-plunger assembly. The cylinder-plunger assembly may be joined to a connector and a tube in leak-proof fluid communication. A first end of the connector is exposed to the exterior. The toy is useful for demonstrating a medical treatment or procedure involving infusing, withdrawing or transferring a fluid, or connecting a feeding or breathing tube during treatment. The toy/deformable bag may represent an organ.

Abstract: A method is described herein that comprises providing through an electronic interface a simulated environment. The method includes representing a product within the simulated environment. The method includes representing use of the product within the simulated environment, wherein the represented product mimics an appearance and an operation of a corresponding physical product. The method includes providing one or more peripheral input devices for manipulating objects represented in the simulated environment, wherein the objects include the represented product. The method includes evaluating the manipulating of the represented product according to at least one criterion.

Abstract: A modular medical training apparatus having a body shaped like an upper torso and configured to house a plurality of self-contained needle insertion training devices. Preferably, the body will house at least one self-contained needle insertion training devices in the forearm of the torso for catheter needle insertions training and at least one in the front upper chest area for needle decompression insertion training. Also disclosed is a readily replaceable simulated vein strip for needle insertion training devices including such components of the modular training apparatus, and a simulated vein with index markings to facilitate length determination for use with needle insertion training devices including such components of the modular training apparatus.

Abstract: A pulsatile flow generating pump for a catheter simulator, which makes it possible to conveniently perform catheter operation training is provided. The pump (10) includes a cylinder (13) provided inside with a piston performing a reciprocating motion; a driving motor (15) causing the piston to perform a reciprocating motion; a link mechanism (19) converting the rotational motion of the driving motor (15) to the reciprocating motion of the piston; an extrusion port (86b), through which a liquid inside the cylinder is extruded to the outside by the piston; a suction port (86a), through which a liquid from the outside is sucked into the cylinder; and a control unit 70 for controlling the rotation of the driving motor 15. The control unit 70 controls the driving motor 15 so as to output pulsatile flows at a rate of 20 times to 200 times per minute.

Abstract: The invention relates to a Model Gut System (MGS) comprising a pancreatic phase consisting essentially of synthetic pancreatic juice comprising pancreatin and one or more suitable pancreatic diluent(s) at a pH from about 7 to about 9, preferably about 7.9 to about 8.2, and porcine bile.

Abstract: A synthetic surgical simulation system includes an anatomical structure comprising a hydrogel and at least 60% water and a tubular structure that is configured to at least partially vaporize, seal, and/or cut in response to an application of energy emitted by an electrosurgical tool. Some exemplary tools are a high-frequency alternating and direct current electrosurgical tool, a high frequency sound wave electrosurgical tool, or an argon beam coagulator. In some embodiments, the system also includes connective tissue. In further embodiments, the connective tissue couples a first anatomical structure and a second anatomical structure. In some embodiments, the tubular structure is at least partially embedded in one or more of the first anatomical structure, the second anatomical structure, and the connective tissue.

Abstract: Systems and methods for delivering a gaseous contrast agent to the lungs of a subject.

Abstract: A wound debridement model for practicing debridement during classroom training. The wound debridement model includes a base comprising a top surface with at least one hole in the top surface of the base, wherein the bottom of the hole is painted red. The model includes a first layer at least partially covering the top surface of the base such that the first layer is built into a ridge around the hole, wherein the first layer is a flesh colored layer. Further, the wound debridement model includes a second layer coated in a portion of the red painted base of the hole, wherein the second layer comprises wax. Further, the wound debridement model includes a third layer, wherein the third layer comprises a yellow stringy and slimy material. Furthermore, the wound debridement model includes a fourth layer covering the third layer. The fourth layer includes a round piece of leather.

Abstract: Simulated pregnant abdominal systems and associated devices, systems, and methods are provided. The pregnant abdominal systems allow an interactive scenario simulating a routine gestation palpation of a fetal baby, the performance of an external cephalic version as well as the Leopold's Maneuvers. Further, the pregnant abdominal systems can be used as a platform to physically hear the fetus heartbeat using stethoscope, Doppler instrument, or a prenatal monitor. Further, in some implementations the fetus can be visualized using standard ultrasound systems.

Abstract: A training method for sclerotherapy. The method includes directing a needle tip into communication with an artificial venous structure, dispensing a fluid through the needle to force fluid from the artificial venous structure and detecting the fluid that is displaced from the artificial venous structure.

Abstract: A surgical simulation system is provided. The system includes at least one simulated body organ placed upon the base of an organ tray and at least one covering layer placed over the simulated body organ. At least one of the simulated body organ and covering layer includes electro-conductive gel that is operably severable under application of electrical current to simulate electrosurgery in a training environment. The training environment comprises a top cover connected to and spaced apart from a base to define an internal cavity that is partially obstructed from direct observation by a practitioner. The tray, simulated body organs and covering layer are placed inside the internal cavity for the practice of laparoscopic surgical procedures.

Abstract: A hydraulic model of the cardiovascular system for illustrating a plurality of physiological concepts and relationships including arterial compliance, venous compliance, and peripheral resistance, said model comprising: a.) a cardiac subsystem for moving a fluid in a singular direction in a closed hydraulic system; b.) an arterial subsystem for modeling arterial compliance, the arterial subsystem fluidically coupled with the cardiac subsystem to receive the fluid discharged from the cardiac subsystem; c.) a peripheral resistance subsystem for modeling peripheral resistance, the peripheral resistance subsystem fluidically coupled with the arterial subsystem to receive the fluid discharged from arterial subsystem; d.

Abstract: A heart phantom assembly comprises a mechanical actuator system comprising a support operatively supporting at least two actuators and a fixing device. A phantom interface is operatively connected to the at least two actuators to be displaceable in at least one translational degree of freedom and at least one rotational degree of freedom as a function of actuation from the at least two actuators. A deformable heart phantom is connected at an end to the phantom interface, and at another end to the fixing device, to be subjected to compression/expansion in response to movements of the phantom interface in the translational degree of freedom, and to torsion in response to movements of the phantom interface in the rotational degree of freedom.

Abstract: A perfusion system apparatus includes a subject simulator for simulating a subject. The subject simulator includes a circulatory system having an inlet line for receiving fluid from the perfusion system, an outlet line for transferring fluid to the perfusion system, at least one sensor for sensing at least one fluid property and at least one control device coupled to at least one of the inlet line and the outlet line. The control device manipulates the at least on fluid property based at least partially on signals from the at least one sensor, to thereby simulate a least one of compliance and resistance of the simulated subject.

Abstract: The present invention relates to an ocular surgery training device, which includes an eye model having a hole at one side, and a catheter inserted into the hole, wherein a pressure sensor for measuring a pressure applied to the hole by the catheter is provided at one end of the catheter. The present invention may provide the ocular surgery training device which may enhance the skill of users in performing ocular surgery, thereby preventing complications.