Abstract: An injection training device is configured to simulate the tactile sensations and forces associated with the operation of a corresponding injection device. However, the injection training device does not carry the medication or a needle. The injection training device includes a plunger that is depressed to drive a rotor to rotate. A viscous fluid resists rotation of the rotor, which thereby resists depression of the plunger.

Abstract: A surgeon training apparatus includes a cassette, which includes biological tissue re-purposed into a form consistent with the anatomical configuration of a foregut, affixed into an anatomically correct framework which replicates the abdominal anatomy. The framework positions the cassette in an anatomically correct position within the abdominal cavity, enabling surgeons to train using a properly positioned representation of the target anatomy, thus requiring the surgeon to properly use surgical tools to simulate surgical operations performed on a foregut. The cassette is formed by applying biologic tissue to a specially designed “plate,” which affixes the tissue block into the anatomic framework. The cassette can be positioned inside a mannequin, and can be used to train surgeons to perform surgeries using multiple techniques, including robot assisted and laparoscopic methods.

Abstract: A simulated dissectible tissue model for practicing surgical skills is provided. The simulated tissue comprises a simulated anatomical structure, such as one or more artificial vessel, embedded with a silicone gel layer between two silicone layers. The simulated dissectible tissue, with or without a simulated anatomical structure, is connected to one or more artificial organ via a fiberfill layer. The fiberfill layer includes a plurality of entangled fibers embedded between two adjacent silicone layers. The fiberfill layer creates a dissection plane that permits the one or more artificial organ to be removed by spreading apart and selectively dissecting the chains of entangled fibers. Artificial nerves may be included in fiberfill layer.

Abstract: A cannulation simulation device and methods for using the device are described. The device is designed to teach dialysis technicians/nurses or patients to cannulate arteriovenous (AV) fistulas for hemodialysis. The simulator includes one or more artificial fistulas. The simulator includes a pad of simulated flesh that can cover the artificial fistula(s). The pad can be reversed, rotated, and replaced with thicker or thinner pads. A personal simulation device for teaching self-cannulation can include a sleeve for a limb that can carry an artificial fistula. A clinical simulation device can include a plurality of artificial fistulas held in a support. Optionally, the artificial fistulas can vibrate to simulate an actual fistula.

Abstract: A method, an apparatus, and a device for simulating a travel path of a catheter in a blood vessel. The method comprises: determining a preset path for the catheter to travel in a target artery segment based on extending direction of an artery, wherein the target artery segment refers to an artery segment which is subsequently subjected to catheter path simulation and includes an aneurysm (S101); simulating the travel path of the catheter in a lumen of the target artery segment (S102); and correcting the travel path based on the preset path to obtain a corrected travel path (S103): in this way, the resulting simulated and corrected travel path of the catheter may characterize the actual travel path of the catheter in the artery and may also reflect a substantial shape of the catheter indwelling in the lumen of the artery, wherein the corrected travel path highly agrees with the shape of the artery.

Abstract: A human body simulation device includes an aorta model that simulates an aorta, and a biological model that simulates a part of a human body and has a partial blood vessel model simulating a part of blood vessels. The aorta model includes a biological model connecting portion that attachably/detachably connects the biological model in a state where an inner cavity of the aorta model and an inner cavity of the partial blood vessel model are in communication with each other, and a fluid feeding portion connecting portion that connects a fluid feeding portion for feeding a fluid into the inner cavities.

Abstract: In an embodiment, an injection simulation device is provided. The injection simulation device may include a housing defining an opening, the housing having a proximal end and a distal end, a plunger movable relative to the housing, the plunger comprising a first interfacing portion, and distal movement of the plunger initiates an injection simulation, a rotatable component comprising a proximal end and a distal end, and an aperture extending between the proximal and distal ends of the rotatable component for receiving a portion of the plunger, rotatable component comprising a second interfacing portion for interfacing with the first interfacing portion to rotate the rotatable component when the plunger is moved toward the proximal or distal end of the housing.

Abstract: The present invention discloses a visual bionic digestive system for a human gastrointestinal tract model, and belongs to the field of bionic digestive systems.

Abstract: The present disclosure provides a medical training simulation apparatus for training medical professionals, emergency medical support personnel, military personnel, parents or families of persons who have or will be undergoing neck or airway surgery, or any other persons requiring a simulator for learning the anatomy or practicing procedures or surgery of the neck and/or airway. The apparatus may include a simulated base that may be free standing or may rest on a mannequin and may have a hole for accessing the simulated airway, simulated skin, simulated fat, simulated lymph nodes, simulated neck musculature, simulated arteries and veins with simulated blood therein, simulated thyroid gland, simulated parathyroid glands, simulated laryngeal and tracheal cartilage including the hyoid bone, thyroid cartilage, cricoid cartilage, tracheal rings, epiglottis and arytenoid cartilages, mucosa, recurrent laryngeal nerves, trachealis muscle, esophagus and prevertebral fascia.

Abstract: Anatomy mannequins, models and medical simulation systems may facilitate training by rendering a realistic tactile feedback when the end user manipulates the anatomy model with a handheld tool. An anatomy model may comprise various inexpensive material arrangements to replicate the side-to-side motion friction and resistance against the insertion and manipulation of a surgical instrument in a living body soft body tissue, such as muscle or ligament layers, while ensuring sustainability of the corresponding simulator parts over at least thousands of training sessions. A mesh layer may be arranged as an interlinked mesh of elastomer strands. A soft body layer may also be arranged as a grid of flexible protruding elements. The instrument may be inserted and manipulated through the crossings of the interlinked elastomer strands and/or the recesses or channels between the flexible protruding elements to provide a tactile feedback similar to that of real surgery tool handheld manipulation.

Abstract: In certain embodiments, the present disclosure provides an anthropomorphic phantom for use with cryoneurolysis training. The anthropomorphic phantom having a body shaped to simulate a human anatomical structure. In some forms, the phantom body comprises a first material configured to simulate human soft tissue, a simulated nerve embedded within the first material, and a simulated fascial plane embedded within the first material superficial to the simulated nerve.

Abstract: A perfusive tissue phantom is disclosed. An example tissue phantom includes a chamber with fluid inlets disposed on a first side and fluid outlets disposed on a second side spaced apart from the first side. The tissue phantom also includes a hydrogel region connected to at least one of the fluid inlets and including a permeable hydrogel with structural characteristics that simulate a type of tissue. The tissue phantom also includes a microfluidic conduit coupled to at least one of the fluid inlets. The microfluidic conduit is a flexible, semi-permeable fiber that simulates a blood vessel. The structural characteristics of the permeable hydrogel may include a selected density, porosity, rigidity and dimension that approximate a target density, porosity, rigidity and dimension of interstitial space of the type of tissue.

Abstract: A wound treatment simulation device and method of operating thereof are disclosed. The device includes a housing, a simulated wound structure, a pump, a power supply, a sensor, a feedback device, and a microprocessor. The housing is configured to be secured to the live subject and to cover at least a portion of a body of the subject. The wound structure is configured to simulate a structure associated with the type of simulated wound treatment. The at least one feedback device is configured to provide a feedback signal to the live subject. The microprocessor is connected to the sensor and the feedback device. The microprocessor is programmed to operate the feedback device to provide haptic feedback based upon input (e.g. force or pressure) generated from interaction between a treatment provider and the simulated wound structure. The disclosed device may be used to simulate a variety of wound care and treatments.

Abstract: The presently disclosed subject matter provides a biomimetic organ model, and methods of its production and use. In one exemplary embodiment, the biomimetic organ model can be a multi-layer model including a at least two microchannels and at least one chamber slab with at least one membrane coated with cells disposed between at least one microchannel and the at least one chamber slab. In another exemplary embodiment, the biomimetic organ disease model can be a five-layer model including a first and second microchannel with a membrane-gel layer-membrane coated or encompassing cells disposed between the microchannels. In certain embodiments, at least one device can be coupled to the biomimetic organ model that delivers an agent to at least one microchannel.

Abstract: In general, systems, methods, and devices for modeling air leaks in lungs are provided. In an exemplary embodiment, the systems, methods, and devices provide a model to allow for simulation of negative and positive pressure ventilation modes in vitro, which may allow for evaluation and investigation of pathologies and interventions. In addition to ventilation functions the model includes submersion of the lung sample in fluid inside a chamber and cycling the fluid through a collection system to collect air leaked from the lung. The model can allow for quantification and visual observation of air leaks in real time.

Abstract: A surgical training device is provided. The training device includes a model for practicing the passage of needle and suture. The model includes a base with a plurality of openings configured to receive a plurality of suture tabs. The suture tabs are made of elastomeric material. Some suture tabs includes pre-formed tab apertures for the passage of a suture. Other suture tabs include a penetrable area through which a suture needle may penetrate for passing a suture. The suture tabs are movable with respect to the base to orientate them at different angles with respect to the base. The base itself may include portions that are angled with respect to each other. The suture tabs are movable with respect to the base to pull, expose or open the tab apertures and surfaces. Some of the tab apertures are slits that open upon being pulled relative to the base requiring the user to practice holding the tab while passing the needle through the tab.

Abstract: Aspects of the present disclosure relate to a wearable medical trainer. The medical trainer may be embodied as a device for simulating wounds and injuries received during a trauma event, or otherwise. Aspects of the present disclosure further relate to a medical training device for Trauma Emergency Casualty Care and Tactical Combat Casualty Care (TCCC). A wearable device may be worn by a live human (e.g., trauma actor) or simulated body (e.g., full/partial manikin, drag dummy, etc.). The medical trainers disclosed herein may include one or more simulated injuries, which may be operational or merely to provide more realism. The medical trainers disclosed herein may further include features directed toward to internal and/or external trauma injuries.

Abstract: Systems and methods are disclosed for an apparatus and method for practicing injection techniques through an injectable apparatus. The injectable apparatus may contain a camera that is configured to detect the intensity and color of light attenuated from a testing tool after it is injected into a simulated human or animal body parts. A training tool may be connected to a user display device to generate a display of the injection apparatus as well as the performance parameters of a trainee.

Abstract: Modified animal tissues, organs, and organ systems for use in simulated surgical procedures are disclosed. The tissues, organs, and/or organ systems can be modified by enhancing their electrical conductivity, by including simulated contents mimicking what would normally be present in live animals, and by having fake blood perfusing through them. Portions of different tissues, organs, or organ systems, which can be from the same or different animals, can be adhered to provide hybrid/chimeric tissues, organs, or organ systems, and also used for simulated surgical procedures. These modifications can provide surgeons with a more realistic experience during a simulated surgical procedure.

Abstract: Systems and methods are disclosed for an injection training model that includes a base structure, an anatomical subassembly mechanically secured to the base, and a ballistic gel structure. The anatomical subassembly includes a first set of 3D-printed components manufactured from a first material, and a second set of 3D-printed components manufactured from a second material, wherein the first material has a greater stiffness than the second material. The ballistic gel structure encapsulates the anatomical subassembly and is transparent, repairable, and inorganic.

Abstract: An airway-related medical training system composed of a base plate and a front panel. The base plate is secured around the neck of a role-playing wearer and has an integrated cut-resistant layer. The front panel connects over the base plate of the wearer. The front panel provides a trachea portion having a replaceable cuttable skin portion to facilitate the airway-related medical training. The front portion may also provide a fluidly coupled blood simulator, a simulated wound site, and other indicia of neck injuries that are used to teach and educate trainees of the airway-related medical training system.

Abstract: An anatomical model for surgical training is provided. The model includes a first layer simulating a liver and a second layer including a simulated gallbladder. A third layer having an inner surface and an outer surface is provided between the first and second layer. The outer surface of the third layer is adhered to the first layer at location around the simulated gallbladder and the simulated gallbladder is adhered to the inner surface of the third layer. A fourth layer is provided that overlays both the second layer and the simulated gallbladder. A frame is embedded within the first layer and is connectable to a support. The model provides a substantially upright projection of a simulated gallbladder and liver in a retracted orientation ideally suited for practicing laparoscopic cholecystectomy when inserted inside a simulated insufflated cavity of laparoscopic trainer.

Abstract: The CPAP machine override monitoring device comprises an air chamber, a diaphragm, a compression head, a push rod, a connecting rod, a crank, a motor, an ON/OFF control, a speed control, one or more batteries, and an enclosure. The device may be adapted to simulate the inhalations and exhalations of a human such that a CPAP machine coupled to the device may operate without generating an alarm. As a non-limiting example, the device may override the CPAP machine's monitoring of air pressure and/or pressure changes such that the CPAP machine may be tested for extended periods of time. The air chamber may replace a CPAP mask at the end of a CPAP tube. The diaphragm may produce the pressure changes within the air chamber that simulate normal breathing with no leaks.

Abstract: The present invention generally relates to a medical training apparatus, injury simulant, method of making and using the same. More particularly, the present invention is directed towards a moulage training apparatus having one or more access panels, injury simulant, method of making and using the same in the field of emergent and non-emergent medical treatment and acute care simulation.

Abstract: In certain embodiments, the present disclosure provides an anthropomorphic phantom for use with cryoneurolysis training. The anthropomorphic phantom having a body shaped to simulate a human anatomical structure. In some forms, the phantom body comprises a first material configured to simulate human soft tissue, a simulated nerve embedded within the first material, and a simulated fascial plane embedded within the first material superficial to the simulated nerve.

Abstract: The present disclosure relates to a tourniquet 1 comprising a tension sensor 8 and loop portion 4 ensuring that an intended pressure has been achieved on a body part on which the tourniquet is applied. The tension sensor comprises a plurality of cuts 20 arranged in a predetermined pattern. The present disclosure also relates to a dispenser comprising a plurality of such tourniquets, and a kit comprising a tourniquet.

Abstract: The disclosure provides a phantom and method for quality assurance of a hadron therapy apparatus used in the intensity modulated particle therapy mode. The phantom comprises a frame structure comprising a base plate, one or more energy wedges, an energy wedge first face inclined with respect to said base plate and an energy wedge second face perpendicular to said base plate, said one or more energy wedges being mounted on said base plate, a 2D detector; said one or more wedges, and 2D detector being in known fixed positions in relation to said frame structure. Said phantom comprises in addition a Spread-Out Bragg Peak wedge, said SOBP wedge having an SOBP wedge first face inclined with respect to said base plate, and a SOBP wedge second face, perpendicular to said base plate, said SOBP wedge being made of a material having a relative density higher than 1.3 preferably 1.5, more preferably 1.

Abstract: An augmented reality system including: a physical anatomic model; a display unit via which a user is adapted to receive first and second optic feedbacks, the first optic feedback emanating from the physical anatomic model and passing through the display unit, and the second optic feedback emanating from the display unit and including a virtual anatomic model; a tracking system adapted to track a position and orientation of the display unit; and a computing device adapted to: receive a first signal from the tracking system relating to the position and orientation of the display unit, and send a second signal to cause the display unit to overlay the second optic feedback on the first optic feedback, the second signal being based on the first signal. In some embodiments, the second optic feedback further includes ancillary virtual graphics such as medical data, instructional steps, expert demonstrations, didactic content, and exigent circumstances.

Abstract: A processing system may comprise a central processing unit, a graphics processing unit, and a memory having computer readable instructions. The computer readable instructions may cause the processing system to obtain a reference tree of nodes and linkages based on a reference 3D volumetric representation of a branched anatomical formation in a reference state and obtain, by the central processing unit, a reference 3D geometric model based on the reference tree. The instructions may also cause the processing system to receive, by the graphics processing unit, a non-rigid transform for the nodes of the reference tree and determine, by the graphics processing unit, a rigid transform for the reference tree nodes based on the non-rigid transform. The instructions may also cause the processing system to transform each node into a deformed node, create a 3D deformation field, and create a deformed 3D geometric model of the branched anatomical formation.

Abstract: An anatomical model includes a first container, a second container disposed within the first container, and a third container disposed within the second container. The second container and the third container simulate components of kidney anatomy, and the model includes ballistics gel to improve echogenicity during an ultrasound-guided training procedure using the model.

Abstract: A rotary fatigue tester with complex loads includes a pump, a first motor, a second motor, a circulatory loop, an experimental kettle body, and a holding device. The experimental kettle body is a cylindrical tank, the circulatory loop is located on the experimental kettle body, a pump is located within the circulatory loop and is connected with a corrosive gas pipeline; the holding device is located within the experimental kettle body for fixing a test piece, a force-bearing pole is located at one side of the experimental kettle body for applying a shear force to the test piece, the holding device and the force-bearing pole are connected with the first motor and the second motor respectively. The rotary fatigue tester is able to simultaneously apply the axial alternating load and tangential alternating load to the test piece, for simulating the force of the test piece under complex loads.

Abstract: The present disclosure describes a surgical training model that emulates a human pelvis for robotic, laparoscopic, and/or abdominal/open approach surgical training. Methods of performing a simulated surgery using the surgical training model are also provided.

Abstract: A device for placing a lung in a variety of different inflation states using positive air pressure. An exemplary device includes a housing and an air supply component. The housing includes a platform receives at least one of a synthetic lung or a real lung. The platform is at the same air pressure as a surrounding environment. The air supply component is located within the one or more internal cavities of the housing. The air supply component inflates the synthetic lung or the real lung with positive pressure.

Abstract: A three-dimensional morphological vessel model (20) can be obtained by assigning diameters (14,15) along the vessel derived from a two-dimensional morphological projection (10) at locations in the three-dimensional model defined by the temporal locations (21,22) of a trackable instrument (5). An apparatus (7), a system (1) and a method (100) for use of the system (1) in characterizing the vessel of a living being (2) by rendering a three-5 dimensional morphological vessel model (20) are presented.

Abstract: An embodiment includes a system comprising: an artery, a vein, and a nerve; a first length of tubing adjacent at least one of the vein, artery, and nerve; a second length of tubing to couple to the first length of tubing; and a pump comprising a number of actuators; wherein when the system when operating is configured such that (b)(i) the second length of tubing couples to at least one of the number of actuators, (b)(ii) ends of the first and second lengths of tubing are closed, (b)(iii) a second end of the first length of tubing is operatively coupled to a second end of the second length of tubing, (b)(v) the pump pulsates fluid within the first length of tubing in response to the number of actuators intermittently contacting the second length of tubing.

Abstract: A human body model is disclosed that can make an image acquired by a medical device similar to an image of a body lumen acquired during surgery. The human body model includes a main body portion that includes a lumen passing through a portion of the main body portion between a first surface and a second surface disposed on a side opposite to the first surface, and a tubular body that is provided in at least a part of the lumen and is made of another material different from the material of the main body portion. An acoustic impedance of the material of the tubular body being equal to an acoustic impedance of a body lumen, and a hardness of the material of the main body portion being higher than a hardness of the material of the tubular body.

Abstract: A method for monitoring and visualizing a patient's medical condition, wherein a graphical representation of the patient comprising a body having at least a torso and a head, as well as particularly two legs and two arms, is displayed using a display device, wherein said displayed graphical representation comprises at least one region which is allocated to at least one or several provided (e.g. measured and/or determined) patient monitoring quantities, and wherein the appearance of the at least one region is altered in real-time when the at least one patient monitoring quantity to which said at least one region is allocated changes.

Abstract: An imitating lung device includes a first liquid accommodating layer, a first elastic membrane, an airway layer, a second elastic membrane and a second liquid accommodating layer. A first liquid chamber is formed in an inner surface portion of the first liquid accommodating layer. The airway layer includes a plurality of air channels and a plurality of imitating alveolar regions. The imitating alveolar regions are communicated with the air channels. The air channels simulate a branched structure of the 15th generation to the 19th generation of a human lung, and the imitating alveolar regions simulate a branched structure of the 20th generation to the 23th generation of a human lung. A second liquid chamber is formed in an inner surface portion of the second liquid accommodating layer.

Abstract: A processing system comprises a processor and a memory having computer readable instructions stored thereon. The computer readable instructions, when executed by the processor, cause the system to obtain a reference tree of nodes and linkages based on a reference three dimensional volumetric representation of a branched anatomical formation in a reference state. The computer readable instructions also cause the system to obtain a reference three dimensional geometric model based on the reference tree and detect deformation of the branched anatomical formation due to anatomical motion based on measurements from a shape sensor. The computer readable instructions also cause the system to obtain a deformed tree of nodes and linkages based on the detected deformation and create a three dimensional deformation field that represents the detected deformation of the branched anatomical formation.

Abstract: A set of full-scale anatomical reference guides that may be draped over a body for purposes of mapping the underlying anatomical structures and viscera, and for providing a panel to be worn comfortably by a patient during manipulation therapy.

Abstract: A body model system for temporary hemorrhage control training and simulation includes a frame simulating at least a torso of the body having a hollow portion, a simulated artery positioned in the hollow portion, a thigh patch mounted to the frame proximate the hollow portion, a pump connected in fluid communication with the simulated artery and a reservoir connected in fluid communication with the simulated artery and the pump. The frame is substantially rigid. The thigh patch is constructed of a resilient material that is pierceable by a needle. The simulated artery extends through the thigh patch. The pump is configured to produce a pulsatile flow in the simulated artery.

Abstract: A simulated rectum model for training transanal minimally invasive surgery is provided. The model includes three substantially concentric layers, a first layer, a second layer and a third layer, made of electrically conductive hydrogel material sized and configured to simulate a mucosal layer, a muscle layer and a mesorectum layer, respectively. Each layer is made of a dual interpenetrating cross-linked network having a ratio of covalently cross-linked acrylamide to ionically cross-linked alginate. The ratio for each layer is selected for the desired adhesion properties between two adjacent layers. The model is capable of expanding in size when insufflated and simulating a billowing condition. When the model is dissected with electrosurgical instruments, the hydrogel material realistically emits vapor simulating smoke and causes char to build up on instruments. Artificial polyps and transverse folds are molded on the inner surface of the model.

Abstract: A simulated dissectible tissue for surgical training is provided. The simulated tissue comprises a silicone gel layer encapsulated within a silicone shell. A simulated anatomical structure is embedded together with the silicone gel layer within the sealed shell. The silicone shell as well as the silicone gel layer may include a deadening agent. Further processing of the silicone gel layer may include adding alcohol and, optionally, heating the mixture. The simulated dissectible tissue may be formed into a specific tissue or organ model for practicing surgical skills. The user practices incising through the outer layer and separating the shell layer along a dissection plane defined by the silicone gel layer to gain visibility of the embedded simulated anatomical structures. The silicone gel layer simulates dissectible tissue and has glossy and elastic properties that provide a realistic dissectible tissue layer for emulating skeletonization of the simulated anatomical structures contained therein.

Abstract: A system for performing a myringotomy training procedure placing a tympanostomy tube in a simulated ear drum of a patient includes a canal structure. The canal structure includes a tubular portion having an inner surface formed from a conductive material disposed about a longitudinal axis, the tubular portion having a first end, an opposite second end; and a thin membrane selectively coupled to the second end of the tubular portion.

Abstract: A surgical simulator for surgical training is provided. The simulator includes a frame defining an enclosure and a simulated tissue model located inside the enclosure. The simulated tissue model is adapted for practicing a number of surgical procedures including but not limited to transanal excisions and transvaginal hysterectomies. The simulated tissue model includes one more components and is interchangeably connected to the frame with fasteners configured to pass through apertures in the frame to suspend the simulated tissue model within the frame. The enclosure of the frame is increasingly laterally constricted along the longitudinal axis to progressively increase the confinement of the components of the simulated tissue model.

Abstract: The Lateral Canthotomy and Cantholysis Simulation Device of the present invention includes a base with a depression to receive a simulated eye, a skin covering, and a plug having a plug head and a plug band that is removably attached to the base under said skin covering, where the band is under tension between the first end and the second end to simulate a canthal tendon. The plug band is pulled through an opening formed into the skin covering and an opening formed into the base. A bending member is attached at one end to a stationary member and the other end to plug. The simulated eye is attached to a hook, which is used with the bending member to move to simulated eye away from the base to simulate proptosis. When plug band is cut, bending member moves to a relaxed configuration and simulated eye moves back towards base.

Abstract: Systems, devices, and methods to simulate cardiac electrophysiological scenarios are disclosed. Embodiments use processor-controlled state machines that provide dynamically programmable timing periods of nodes representing structural portions of the heart and links representing conduction pathways. The timing periods include refractory periods, conduction delays, and cycle lengths for areas of cardiac tissue that automatically or spontaneously generate electrical impulses. The timing periods can be dynamically calculated and reset based on a function of a node's current cycle length and/or diastolic interval, among other things. A special-purpose hardware interface board interfaces with an EP recording system and is configured to detect, convert, and condition simulated cardiac signals transmitted to and received from the EP recording system. Pacing spikes can be detected by the system. Simulated surface ECG and IEGM signals are displayed to the user on a workstation.

Abstract: A processing system comprises a processor and a memory having computer readable instructions stored thereon. The computer readable instructions, when executed by the processor, cause the system to receive a reference three-dimensional volumetric representation of a branched anatomical formation in a reference state and obtain a reference tree of nodes and linkages based on the reference three-dimensional volumetric representation. The computer readable instructions also cause the system to obtain a reference three-dimensional geometric model based on the reference tree and detect deformation of the branched anatomical formation due to anatomical motion based on measurements from a shape sensor.

Abstract: Provided is an aqueous gel composition for a body organ model and the body organ model from which it is possible to obtain an incision touch feeling similar to that of an actual body organ when the body organ model is used. In the above-described aqueous gel composition for a body organ model, brittleness and tenderness measured through a multiple integration bite method are respectively within ranges of 1.10 to 1.70 and 2.94 MPa to 4.90 MPa (30,000 gw/cm2 to 50,000 gw/cm2).

Abstract: A passability test device for a medical elongated body includes a main body portion that is provided with hole portions into which a balloon catheter or other medical elongated body is insertable; and at least one obstacle portion that inhibits the balloon catheter inserted into the hole portion from passing under a load (F) having a known magnitude. The obstacle portion is provided with a movable portion which projects into the hole portion in a retractable manner relative to the hole portion and with which the balloon catheter comes into contact, and a load portion that applies, to the movable portion, a load acting in a direction in which the movable portion is caused to project into the hole portion.