Abstract: A method for producing a saccharified solution making it possible that while the concentration of a solid in a reactor is kept high at an initial stage of hydrolyzing a cellulose contained in a biomass with an enzyme, the biomass is earlier solubilized to be made into a slurry form. In the method, at an initial stage of mixing an aqueous solution containing a biomass pulverized in a reactor, the aqueous solution is poured into reactor, and then pulverized biomass is supplied thereinto step by step while content in reactor is stirred. A final solid concentration in reactor is set into the range of 15 to 30% both inclusive by mass. The reactor's bottom plane is made into a conical or mirror plate form. At least in upper and lower parts of the reactor's inside, plural stirring fans having a long rotation radius are located to stir content in reactor.

Abstract: Calories in a juice can be reduced by selectively removing more sucrose than primary sugars, for example, glucose and fructose. An acceptable flavor profile can be achieved since the primary sugars have a higher perceived sweetness than sucrose. The food product processing system for reducing calories can include multiple stages for filtering the juice to produce a clarified low-calorie juice having an acceptable flavor profile.

Abstract: Calories in a juice can be reduced by selectively removing more sucrose than primary sugars, for example, glucose and fructose. An acceptable flavor profile can be achieved since the primary sugars have a higher perceived sweetness than sucrose. The food product processing system for reducing calories can include multiple stages for filtering the juice to produce a clarified low-calorie juice having an acceptable flavor profile.

Abstract: There is provided a method of degrading a heterocyclic aldehyde compound comprising the step of treating the heterocyclic aldehyde compound with Enterobacter sp. microorganisms. There is also provided a method of degrading a carboxylic acid compound comprising the step of treating the carboxylic acid compound with Bacillus sp. microorganisms.

Abstract: The present disclosure relates to a Bacillus subtilis alpha-amylase (AmyE) or its variant thereof. AmyE or its variants thereof may be used to eliminate or reduce the iodine-positive starch presented in saccharide liquor.

Abstract: Novel fiber processing methods and the products obtained therefrom are disclosed. Methods may include thermochemical and/or enzymatic hydrolysis of fiber feedstocks including distillers' dried grains, distillers' dried grains with solubles, soyhull, miscanthus and switchgrass. Enzymatic hydrolysis includes hydrolysis with cellulase, hemicellulase, and protease.

Abstract: Methods for enzymatically isolating lignin and other bioproducts, such as fermentable sugars, from herbaceous plant materials, are described. The methods can provide improvements, such as increased product purity and reduced process energy requirements and product modifications and contamination. Systems for practicing the methods also are provided.

Abstract: To achieve efficient use of enzyme in obtaining a sugar solution through a reaction of the enzyme and biomass containing cellulose. In obtaining a sugar solution through a reaction of enzyme and biomass containing cellulose, the biomass and the enzyme are caused to react in a first reaction tank, whereby a sugar solution in which the enzyme is dispersed and a residue containing the unreached biomass adsorbing the enzyme are generated, these sugar solution and residue are next separated, a pH adjusting solution is supplied to the residue in a second reaction tank to prepare a dilute solution whose sugar concentration is lower than that of the sugar solution, and in this dilute solution, a sugar solution is generated through a reaction between the residue and the enzyme adsorbed to the residue.

Abstract: Described herein are variants of H. jecorina CBH I, a Cel7 enzyme. The present invention provides novel cellobiohydrolases that have improved thermostability and reversibility.

Abstract: The invention relates to alpha amylases and to polynucleotides encoding the alpha amylases, and methods of making and using them. In addition methods of designing new alpha amylases and methods of use thereof are also provided. The alpha amylases have increased activity and stability at increased pH and temperature.

Abstract: In one aspect, the invention is directed to polypeptides having an amylase activity, polynucleotides encoding the polypeptides, and methods for making and using these polynucleotides and polypeptides. In one aspect, the polypeptides of the invention can be used as amylases, for example, alpha amylases, to catalyze the hydrolysis of starch into sugars.

Abstract: A method for pretreating and disrupting cell structure of biomass by subjecting the biomass to high pressure, thereby disrupting the cell structure of the biomass is provided. Also provided is a device for performing the method, wherein the device includes a cavitating device and a cell structure disrupting device disposed within the cavitating device for disrupting the cell structure and exposing the internal cell structure to enzymes.

Abstract: The present invention relates to isolated polypeptides having feruloyl esterase activity and isolated polynucleotides encoding the polypeptides. The invention also relates to nucleic acid constructs, vectors, and host cells comprising the polynucleotides as well as methods of producing and using the polypeptides.

Abstract: Novel fiber processing methods and the products obtained therefrom are disclosed. Methods may include thermochemical and/or enzymatic hydrolysis of fiber feedstocks including distillers' dried grains, distillers' dried grains with solubles, soyhull, miscanthus and switchgrass. Enzymatic hydrolysis includes hydrolysis with cellulase, hemicellulase, and protease.

Abstract: The method of producing a microbial adherence inhibitor for administration to food animals to control the incidents of acidosis in food animals by preventing the adherence of colony-forming lactic acid producing bacteria in the rumen or intestinal tracts of the food animals. The method includes inoculating female birds in or about their egg laying age with a lactic acid producing bacteria that colonizes in the intestinal tract of the food animal to be treated. Allowing a period of time sufficient to permit the production in the birds of antibody to the lactic acid producing bacteria and harvesting the eggs laid by such birds. The antibody-containing contents of the eggs are then separated by the shells.

Abstract: An acid recovery system used in a hydrolysis operation includes a chromatographic unit to provide initial separation of sugar and acid. The sugar product provided by the chromatographic unit is processed to produce higher value products, such as ethanol. The remaining acid is contaminated by sugar. A nanofiltration unit containing a nanofilter membrane processes the sugar contaminated acid. The acid is allowed to permeate across the nanofilter membrane while sugar is rejected. The permeate is provided to a conventional acid recovery system and recycled for use in the hydrolysis process.

Abstract: The invention concerns a method for enzymatic preparation of homogentisate (HMO) from 4-hydroxypyruvate (HPP), characterized in that it consists in carrying out in a suitable reaction medium the following enzymatic reactions: enzymatic conversion of HPP into 4-hydroxyphenylacetate (HPA) with a first appropriate enzyme; then an enzymatic conversion of HPA into HMO with a second appropriate enzyme.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a process for the cultivation of chitin/chirosanrich, filamentous fungi with capacity to assimilate mannose as well as xylose, galactose, and glucose, wherein the cultivation of the filamentous fungi in a liquid medium extracted from wood in the production of paper whereupon the said filamentous fungi are recovered from the medium.

Abstract: Enzyme feed supplements containing fungal cellulase produced by Trichoderma viride are specially adapted for increasing protein digestability of dairy cow and cattle feed. Preferred embodiments of the present invention include enzyme formulations adapted for application to corn and enzyme formulations adapted for application to grain sorghum, to which is added Trichoderma viride cellulase. An increase in protein digestability has been evidenced by increased protein content of milk and increased nitrogen retention from the feed.

Abstract: A process for obtaining a polymeric complex from a by-product effluent obtained in a process for manufacturing alcohol by distilling a fermented aqueous sugar solution containing yeast. After distilling alcohol from the effluent a chemical or biological flocculant is added to the effluent to form a homogeneous mixture, which is heated to a temperature of at least about 80° C. Yeast is removed from the heated mixture by a first decantation, then insoluble solids and muds are removed by a second decantation. The mixture is then concentrated by partially evaporating water therefrom to obtain an aqueous solution of the polymeric complex.

Abstract: A new method for clarifying sugar cane juice is disclosed. Treating the phytic acid (or phytate) in sugar cane juice with phytase and acid phosphatase converts the phytic acid to inositol and inorganic phosphate, thereby improving the clarification of the sugar juice substantially. The valuable product inositol results as a consequence of the hydrolysis of phytic acid. The process is environmentally friendly, as it requires only the addition of small amounts of enzymes to existing sugar clarification processes. It does not cause inversion of sucrose to other sugars, and does not cause color formation. The extra phosphate released by this process is available to react with milk of lime, thus improving subsequent flocculation and consequent clarification.

Abstract: Process for preparing surfactant, which comprises contacting cane trash, maize by-products, sorghum by-products, barley by-products, rice by-products, fruits, chicory pulp, tubers or cynara for at least 5 seconds with a hydrolysing agent selected from an aqueous acid solution at between 20 and 150.degree. C. and an enzymatic hydrolysing composition of a plant material at between 20 and 90.degree. C. to obtain a sugar syrup, freeing the sugar syrup from any solid residues and contacting the residue-free sugar syrup with a C.sub.4-22 -alcohol at a temperature of between 20 and 150.degree. C., preferably between 30 and 110.degree. C., until a solution of surfactant glycosides is obtained, and separating the surfactant glycosides from this solution.

Abstract: A process and system are provided for the separation of a fermentation process byproduct into its constituent components and for the subsequent recovery of those constituent components. The process is remarkably simple--requiring only 1) heating of a mixture containing the byproduct so as to separate the oil from a base component of the byproduct to which the oil is bound, followed by 2) recovering the base product, oil, and possibly other substances such as molasses from the mixture. The process can be performed on a large scale and in a continuous fashion using a mechanical separator to recover fibers from a heated mixture to produce a solids stream and a liquor stream and by then removing oil and insoluble substances from the liquor stream in an evaporator assembly.

Abstract: A glucanase enzyme is described. In addition, there is described a nucleotide sequence coding for the glucanase enzyme and a promoter for controlling its expression.

Abstract: A process for decolorizing an aqueous solution of methyl glucoside, the solution containing at least one color component and at least one sugar component, is disclosed. The process comprises the steps of providing the aqueous solution of MeG; adding to said solution an amount of yeast or other sugar-converting microorganism sufficient to reduce the level of said sugar component; preferably further adding to the solution an amount of activated carbon sufficient to assist the color component in the solution; and recovering the solution to yield a decolorized, low-sugar solution of MeG. Also disclosed is a process comprising the steps of providing a solution containing MeG and dextrose; and adding to the solution an amount of a sugar-converting microorganism sufficient to reduce the level of the dextrose in the solution. Decolorized MeG solutions prepared by the foregoing processes also are disclosed.

Abstract: Disclosed are a DNA encoding an enzyme which releases trehalose from non-reducing saccharides having a trehalose structure as an end unit and having a degree of glucose polymerization of 3 or higher, recombinant DNA and enzyme, transformant, and their preparations and uses. These facilitate the industrial-scale production of trehalose with a relative easiness and low cost, and trehalose thus obtained can be satisfactorily used in a variety of food products, cosmetics and pharmaceuticals.

Abstract: Disclosed are a DNA encoding an enzyme which releases trehalose from non-reducing saccharides having a trehalose structure as an end unit and having a degree of glucose polymerization of 3 or higher, recombinant DNA and enzyme, transformant, and their preparations and uses. These facilitate the industrial-scale production of trehalose with a relative easiness and low cost, and trehalose thus obtained can be satisfactorily used in a variety of food products, cosmetics and pharmaceuticals.

Abstract: A process for the preparation of a sweetener, in which sucrose is converted enzymatically into a saccharide mixture which is called "isomerized sucrose" and has a disaccharide content of more than 85% by weight, then non-isomerized remaining sucrose is removed from the latter by enzymatic and/or H.sup.+ ion-catalyzed cleavage, and this product is catalytically hydrogenated. Preferably either before or after the catalytic hydrogenation, the resulting mixture is subjected to a chromatographic separation. The sweeteners prepared by this process contain either a mixture of 10 to 50% by weight of 6-O-.alpha.-D-glucopyranosyl-D-sorbitol; 2 to 20% by weight of 1-O-.alpha.-D-glucopyranosyl-D-sorbitol; and 30 to 70% by weight of 1-O-.alpha.-D-glucopyranosyl-D-mannitol or of 5 to 10% by weight of 6-O-.alpha.-D-glucopyranosyl-D-sorbitol; 30 to 40% by weight of 1-O-.alpha.-D-glucopyranosyl-D-sorbitol; and 45 to 60% by weight of 1-O-.alpha.-D-glucopyranosyl-D-mannitol.

Abstract: A process for converting cellulosic materials, such as waste paper, into fuels and chemicals, such as sugars and ethanol, utilizing enzymatic hydrolysis of the major carbohydrate of paper: cellulose. A waste paper slurry is contacted by cellulase in an agitated hydrolyzer. An attritor and a cellobiase reactor are coupled to the agitated hydrolyzer to improve reaction efficiency. Additionally, microfiltration, ultrafiltration and reverse osmosis steps are included to further increase reaction efficiency. The resulting sugars are converted to a dilute product in a fluidized-bed bioreactor utilizing a biocatalyst, such as microorganisms. The dilute product is then concentrated and purified.

Abstract: A method of processing waste is disclosed wherein the municipal solid waste is segregated and processed to recover reusable rubber, metal, plastic, glass and the remaining organic portion of the waste stream is used to make lactic acid and other chemicals. One process utilizes a pretreatment step with dilute sulfuric acid to reduce the heavy metal content of the cellulosic component of the municipal solid waste which may contaminate the produced lactic acid or inhibit the fermentation of the sugars obtained from such waste. In another, the heavy metal content of the cellulosic component of municipal solid waste is removed via an ionic exchange process, after hydrolysis with sulfuric acid. A process for an economical, energy efficient production of lactic acid from municipal solid waste is also disclosed.

Abstract: A method for isolating and purifying trehalose from trehalose-containing solutions is described. Using ultrafiltration and selective concentration, highly pure crystals of trehalose dihydrate are obtained from aqueous solution.

Abstract: A process for converting cellulosic materials, such as waste paper, into fuels and chemicals utilizing enzymatic hydrolysis of the major constituent of paper, cellulose. A waste paper slurry is contacted by cellulase in an agitated hydrolyzer. The cellulase is produced from a continuous, columnar, fluidized-bed bioreactor utilizing immobilized microorganisms. An attritor and a cellobiase reactor are coupled to the agitated hydrolyzer to improve reaction efficiency. The cellulase is recycled by an adsorption process. The resulting crude sugars are converted to dilute product in a fluidized-bed bioreactor utilizing microorganisms. The dilute product is concentrated and purified by utilizing distillation and/or a biparticle fluidized-bed bioreactor system.

Abstract: Process for manufacture of D-xylose characterized by the fact that:in a first step, syrup of D-xylulose is subjected to an enzymatic isomerization in M.sub.3 providing a mixture of D-xylose and D-xylulose,in a second step, the abovesaid mixture is subjected to chromatographic treatment in M.sub.4 leading to at least two fractions of which one is highly enriched in D-xylose (fraction X.sub.1) et of which the other is highly enriched in D-xylulose (fraction X.sub.2),in a third step, the fraction X.sub.2 is recycled through a pipe P to M.sub.3,the D-xylose being recovered from the fraction X.sub.1, the latter can also be subjected directly to a hydrogenation step.

Abstract: A temperature regulating container with a heater and a metal block in which test tubes with test samples are therein inserted and kept isothermally provides a plurality of heat pipes embedded in the metal block and extended to the heater section located at bottom of the metal block uniformally maintain the temperature in the metal block. Heat tubes are further extended downwardly to a cooling chamber provided at the bottom of heater such that when a cooling medium, water or air flows in the cooling chamber, the metal block is cooled respondingly provide accurate cooling of test samples in test tubes according to a desired program.

Abstract: A glucose isomerase useful for the conversion of glucose to fructose can be prepared by growing under aerobic conditions a culture of a species of Microbacterium in a medium containing appropriate nutrients and then recovering the enzyme.

Abstract: A scrubbing process for high feed concentrations of different materials in liquid streams.

Abstract: Foam is controlled in the sugar industry and yeast industry by a process in which oxyalkylation products of the formula IR--O--(X.sub.1).sub.n --(X.sub.2).sub.m --(X.sub.3).sub.p --Zwhere R is alkyl of 6 to 22 carbon atoms or alkylphenyl where alkyl is of 6 to 12 carbon atoms, X.sub.1 and X.sub.3 are ethylene oxide units, n and p are each from 0 to 15 and the sum of n and p is not less than 2, the groups X.sub.2 are propylene oxide and/or butylene oxide units, m is from 0 to 15 and Z is straight-chain or branched alkyl of 1 to 4 carbon atoms, allyl or benzyl, having a turbidity point of <75.degree. C., are used as antifoams.

Abstract: A new method is provided for forming crystals of amphotericin B directly in fermentation broth which crystals are easily separable without use of costly solvent extraction techniques which method includes a direct microbial cell autolysis step to induce crystal formation.

Abstract: Enzymatic conversion of polysaccharides to monosaccharides or lower molecular weight polysaccharides is carried out by means of an enzyme derived from B. megaterium which exhibits alpha-amylase activity.

Abstract: A separation agent composed of a water insoluble solid substance with a convatently bound lectin. Said solid substance is structurally composed of a water insoluble silica or silicate material as basic material and via a linkage to silicon atoms in the silica or silicate material, a covatently bound lectin.

Abstract: A ferric salt of the fructose-1,6-diphosphate is disclosed, which can be precipitated quantitatively from FDP-containing mixtures and has the formula (FDP).sub.3 Fe.sub.4. For preparing such salt, a ferric salt and an alkali are added to a fermentation broth which contains FDP, whereafter the precipitate is thoroughly water washed to remove the alkali metal salt and the washed solids are dried or frozen. The ferric salt has many advantages over the calcium salt used heretofore and no organic solvents are any more required.

Abstract: The invention relates to a process for the production of the alpha-galactosidase enzyme by culturing yeasts of the Saccharomyces cerevisiae genus in a temperature range from 20.degree. C. to 40.degree. C.The invention also relates to a process for enzymic hydrolysis of raffinose by alpha-galactosidase from Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Such hydrolysis may take place with the yeast cells being present or also in the presence of enzymic extracts, both as such and enriched. An important advantage of the invention is the high alpha-galactosidasic activity of the selected microorganisms, together with the absence of any invertasic activity.

Abstract: The enzyme alpha-galactosidase is prepared from a constitutive mutant of the strain Saccharomyces cerevisiae NRRL-Y-12057, said mutant being marked by the identification number NRRL-Y-12533.

Abstract: High fructose syrups are obtained from Jerusalem artichoke tubers and other naturally-occurring inulin-containing materials by extraction of the inulin and any related fructans from the tubers with water, elimination of some low molecular weight nitrogenous species and minerals from the aqueous extract by ultrafiltration, enzymatic hydrolysis of the inulin to fructose and glucose, separation of the reducing sugars from higher molecular species by ultrafiltration, and evaporative concentration of the purified reducing sugars solution to a syrup. The processing also removes colorants initially present in the aqueous extract. The dissolved solids in the syrup comprise at least 90 wt % reducing sugars and these sugars are constituted at least 60 wt %, often at least 75 wt %, by fructose with the balance glucose.

Abstract: The invention relates to a process for the production of the alpha-galactoxidase enzyme by culturing yeasts of the Saccharomyces cerevisiae genus in a temperature range from 20.degree. C. to 40.degree. C.The invention also relates to a process for enzymic hydrolysis of raffinose by alpha-galactoxidase from Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Such hydrolysis may take place with the yeast cells being present or also in the presence of enzymic extracts, both as such and enriched. An important advantage of the invention is the high alpha-galactoxidasic activity of the selected microorganisms, together with the absence of any invertasic activity.

Abstract: This invention provides a method for purifying crude fatty acid esters of saccharide containing at least fatty acid glycerides as impurity, and which method comprises decomposing the fatty acid glycerides by the treatment thereof with a lipid splitting enzyme or with a combination of a lipid splitting enzyme and a reducing agent in the presence of water.

Abstract: A process for removing color, turbidity, flavor, and odor from impure sugar syrups by entrapping the sugar impurities in an insoluble, primary calcium phosphate or aluminum hydroxide floc at about neutral pH, adding a suitable amount of hydrogen peroxide, rapidly decomposing the hydrogen peroxide with catalase to form a quantity of oxygen bubbles, and, during bubble formation, adding a polyelectrolyte to convert the primary floc into a secondary floc in which the oxygen bubbles are entrapped thereby causing flotation. The purified sugar syrup is then filtered with or without activated carbon and small amounts of a filter aid to produce a sugar syrup with substantially reduced color, turbidity, flavor, and odor.

Abstract: Fructose in a purified form is recovered from plant parts containing fructose polymer, such as inulin, by treatment of the mixed plant parts with an aqueous solution of fructose polymer hydrolyzing enzyme, such as inulase, followed by recovering the remaining solid plant parts and recovering fructose crystals from the aqueous solution.