Abstract: Methods for treating a formation may include introducing components of a treatment solution into a wellbore such that the treatment solution contacts the formation to be treated, where the treatment solution may include urea, urease, a calcium ion source, one or more polysaccharides, a casein protein, a protease, an ionic compound, and a sugar, where the formation may have an amount of sand production before treatment and may be in fluid contact with the wellbore, and where an amount of sand production after treatment may be less than the amount of sand production before treatment. Consolidated sand structure compositions may include previously unconsolidated sand interlinked by inter-particle cementitious bonds comprising deposited calcium carbonate crystals, where the consolidated sand has a structural strength and the consolidated sand structure is porous to permit fluid flow through the composition.

Abstract: Process for the preparation of a hydrolysed casein product comprising tripeptides VPP, IPP and/or LPP, wherein a substrate comprising casein or casein fragments is subjected to enzyme treatment wherein the enzyme is derived from Aspergillus, wherein the enzyme concentration is 2-10 wt. % based on casein and that the enzyme has a high proteolytic activity.

Abstract: A composition for external use, comprising 2-O-(?-D-glucopyranosyl)ascorbic acid represented by the formula (I): or a salt or ester thereof which is safe to the human body, and a koji mold or a processed koji. The composition for external use is excellent in skin permeability, containing an ascorbic acid derivative which is excellent in stability, utilized persistently in the living body, and strong in antioxidant activity, and has little skin irritation.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a method which can prevent browning of hydrolyzed protein obtained by enzymatic hydrolysis of vegetable protein material. A vegetable protein material containing saccharides is mixed with the fungal culture and is subjected to enzymatic hydrolysis in a liquid reaction system. The reaction is conducted first at a temperature ranging from 15° C. to 39° C. with aeration and agitation, and then, after stopping the aeration, the reaction is conducted and completed at a temperature ranging from 40° C. to 60° C.

Abstract: A process for producing an optical active &bgr;-amino alcohol, the method comprising the step of allowing at least one microorganism selected from the group consisting of microorganisms belonging to the genus Morganella and others, to act on an enantiomeric mixture of an &agr;-aminoketone or a salt thereof having the general formula (I): to produce an optical active &bgr;-amino alcohol with the desired optical activity having the general formula (II) described below in a high yield as well as in a highly selective manner:

Abstract: The present invention relates to a process for producing optically active 3-quinuclidinol or derivatives, wherein a racemic 3-quinuclidinol ester represented by the general formula (I): ##STR1## wherein R represents a straight-chain or branched alkyl group, and (H.sup.+) represents that said ester may be in the form of a salt formed with a mineral acid or an organic acid, is reacted with a microorganism belonging to the genus Aspergillus, Rhizopus, Candida or Pseudomonas having the ability to asymmetrically hydrolyze said ester linkage, a culture of said microorganism, a treated material from said microorganism, an enzyme produced by said microorganism, or an enzyme derived from swine or cattle.According to the present invention, there is provided a process for easily producing optically active 3-quinuclidinol derivatives which are important synthetic intermediates for pharmaceutical preparations etc.

Abstract: A process for producing high yields of .gamma.-hexalactone and 2-pentanone from the corresponding hexanoic acid starting material is carried out with high amounts of oxygen and sugar in the presence of a mold microorganism. Fragrance compositions and foodstuff compositions are augmented and enhanced by the presence of the product compounds.

Abstract: Non-toxigenic strains of Aspergillus such as from the species Aspirgillus oryzae and Aspergillus sojae are useful fungal biocontrol agents for preventing toxin contamination in agricultural commodities, especially those for human consumption such as peanuts and corn. These strains do not produce aflatoxin, any bis-furan ring-containing intermediates of the aflatoxin biosynthetic pathway and cyclopiazonic acid. They are also useful for controlling toxin damage to crops such as cotton. The strains include Aspergillus strains NRRL 21368, NRRL 21369, NRRL 21882, NRRL 30038, NRRL 30039 and mixtures thereof.

Abstract: A degumming step in the production of edible oils is disclosed. Vegetable oils from which hydratable phosphatides have preferably been eliminated by a previous aqueous degumming process, are freed from non-hydratable phosphatides by an enzymatic treatment, so that they may be physically refined. The main characteristic of the invention is the use of phospholipase from an Aspergillus strain. The process is gentle, economical and environment-friendly.

Abstract: The present invention is directed to a process for improving the property of proanthocyanidins comprising contacting the proanthocyanidin containing solution with tannase and a process for increasing the yield of proanthocyanidins comprising contacting the proanthocyanidin containing solution with tannase in the extraction of the proanthocyanidins.

Abstract: A microorganism or a preparation thereof is permitted to act on a mixture of enantiomers of an epoxide such as 3-chlorostyrene oxide and the product optically active epoxide is recovered. The microorganism able to produce an optically active (S)-epoxide from the mixture of enantiomers of the epoxide include, for example, a microorganism strain belonging to the genus Candida, the genus Rhodosporidium, the genus Rhodococcus and the genus Nosardioides. Examples of the microorganism capable of producing an optically active (R)-epoxide from said mixture include a microorganism strain belonging to the genus Trichosporon, the genus Geotrichum, the genus Corynebacterium, the genus Micrococcus and the genus Brevibacterium. The objective optically active epoxide can efficiently be obtained with ease and simplicity from the corresponding mixture of enantiomers of the epoxide.

Abstract: Lovastatin is produced by a process of fermentation using a fungal transformant produced by introducing into a non-lovastatin expressing Aspergillus strain such as a strain of Aspergillus oryzae the DNA of a lovastatin-expressing strain of Aspergillus terreus .

Abstract: A method of producing an angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor-containing composition, which is of value as an antihypertensive agent or diet, from natural resources. According to the method, proteins are hydrolyzed with a protease elaborated by a microorganism of the genus Bacillus, Aspergillus or Rhizopus or a protease of papaya origin.

Abstract: A cell culture method proliferates microorganisms, particularly fungi such as molds, actinomycetes, animal cells, plant cells and so on to produce useful substances such as antibiotics, enzymes, proteins, polysaccharides, physiological active substances, and animal and plant hormones. Porous material including medium and cells to be proliferated is moved, whereby air is supplied to the surface of the porous material.

Abstract: The present invention provides a method of producing oligosaccharides by the reaction between lactose and .beta.-galactosidase from aspergillus oryzae in which an concentration of lactose in an enzyme reaction mixture is between 50 and 90% (w/v) and a reaction temperature is within the range of 55.degree. C. to the temperature at which the .beta.-galactosidase in the reaction mixture is inactivated. This invention therefore makes it possible to obtain the sugar mixture containing high-purity oligosaccharides, small amounts of unreacted lactose and by produced monosaccharides.

Abstract: The invention deals with a process for the preparation of C.sub.5 to C.sub.10 aliphatic methyl ketones by the aerobic biotransformation of C.sub.6 to C.sub.11 fatty acids with spores of filamentous fungi of the genus Amastigomycota. The process is carried out in an inert organic solvent with a partition coefficient between water and octane superior to 4, advantageously in a C.sub.8 to C.sub.20 aliphatic hydrocarbon or a mixture of such hydrocarbons, containing at most 20% of water.The obtained methyl ketones may be used to strengthen taste or a flavoring agents.

Abstract: A method for producing oligosaccharides which are represented by the general formula Gal-(Gal)n-Glc (where Gal is a galactose residue, Glc is a glucose residue, and n is an integer from 1 to 4) which is characterized in that lactose or a lactose-containing substance is treated with at least two kinds of .beta.-galactosidases which are produced by different microorganisms. The present invention provides a method of producing oligosaccharides to obtain sweet saccharide mixture which provide sweetness and add oligosaccharides to food and drinks, with a lower increase in calories than that of conventional additives.

Abstract: A process for producing protease by cultivating a protease-producing mold in a liquid medium, which is characterized by continuously adding a liquid medium containing a protein material to the culture medium after the substantial termination of proliferation of the mold cells.

Abstract: This invention is directed to the production of plants, plant tissues and plant seeds which are resistant to inhibition by an herbicide which normally inhibits the growth and development of those plants, plant tissues and plant seeds. In particular this invention is directed to altered acetohydroxyacid synthase enzymes which are resistant to inhibition by herbicides which normally inhibit the activity of the synthase before such alteration. This invention further relates to genes encoding such enzymes, and to processes for utilizing these novel genes and enzymes. Further products of the invention include plants, plant tissues and seeds which exhibit resistance to such herbicides resulting from expression of genes encoding herbicide resistant acetohydroxyacid synthase enzyme.

Abstract: A novel natural fertilizer and method of its use are provided. The fertilizer acts to increase the yield of food crop producing plants. The fertilizer comprises less than 0.05% of an active agent in a stable carrier that is non-toxic to the plants and the active agent. The active agent is a fungus of the genus Aspergillus. The fertilizer can be used by coating the seeds of the food crop producing plant at or prior to the time of planting by dusting the ends of a cut plant, by dusting the roots of a seedling, or by treating the soil in which the plant will be grown.

Abstract: Process for preparing L-glucosone from L-glucose by contacting L-glucose with glucose-2-oxidase derived from a microorganism selected from the group consisting of the genera Polyporus, Aspergillus, Oudemansiella, Radulum, Lenzites, Irpex, Pellicularia, Armillaria, Schizophyllum, and Corticium.

Abstract: What is disclosed is a method for dissolving collagen-containing tissues, such as the wastes arising in leather processing, which comprises enzymatically hydrolyzing said tissues with at least one acid protease at a pH within the acid region.

Abstract: A method is provided for producing a peptidase capable of substantially completely hydrolyzing protein into its constituent amino acids which comprises culturing a strain of filamentous fungus, belonging to one of the species Aspergillus oryzae and Aspergillus soyae and characterized in that said strain is capable of producing said peptidase, in a nutrient culture medium containing at least one substrate selected from the group consisting of a fatty acid having 14, 16, 18 or 20 carbon atoms and a derivative of said fatty acid, and recovering said peptidase from said culture medium. It is particularly effective to use a combination of a sugar ester of a fatty acid and a vegetable oil as substrates in a liquid culture medium.