Abstract: Method and apparatus are provided for analyzing a sample for nitrogen. The method combusts a nebulized sample in an oxygen-rich atmosphere and then analyzes the combustion gases for nitrogen.The apparatus employs a nebulizer operatively connected to a combustion tube and employs an appropriate nitrogen detector to analyze the combustion gases from the combustion tube for nitrogen.

Abstract: A method and device for mineralization of carbonaceous materials, for determining trace concentration of chemical elements in foods, fodder, plant, and animal tissues and other materials. The method can also be used for determining the structure of the mineral skeleton of carbonaceous materials or for preparing ash of carbonaceous materials for various technological uses. The method includes heating a specimen to a temperature ranging from 300.degree. to 400.degree. C. for 6 to 20 hours at atmospheric pressure in a stream of oxygen, at a rate of 0.03 to 0.15 ml.s.sup.-1.g.sup.-1 of the specimen. A gas with a higher oxydative strength than that of oxygen is added to the stream of oxygen, said gas being selected from the group consisting of ozone, nitrogen oxides, chlorine and mixtures thereof such as an ozone-nitrogen oxides mixture, chloroxides of nitrogen, in an amount of 1 to 6 volume percent.

Abstract: A method of selectively sensing the quantity of methane gas in an oxygen containing gas stream, which method, as taught in one of its preferred embodiment, includes the step of providing a platinum catalyst (12) and a palladium catalyst (14). The platinum and the palladium catalysts are electrically interconnected (16--16) so as to obtain an electrical output reading (24) therefrom. The electrically interconnected catalysts are heated to a temperature in a range of 350.degree.-450.degree. C. whereby a reference electrical output reading is obtained therefrom. A gas stream containing suspected methane is passed over the electrically interconnected catalysts. Methane gas contained in the gas stream is oxidized only by the palladium catalyst while all other oxidizable components of the gas stream are oxidized by both catalysts.

Abstract: An assembly of nonreactive material receives a sample of material to be analyzed which is then placed in an environmentally controlled pyrolysis chamber. As the sample is selectively heated, an inert carrier gas is admitted to the chamber to wash the gases from the sample through trap and splitter assemblies where a portion of the sample gas is tapped off by a capillary column. The temperature of the gas in the capillary column is controlled as known makeup gases are added prior to passing through a detector, such as a flame ionization detector, to determine the components of the sample gas. The capillary tube can also be coated with an apolar liquid phase separation material.

Abstract: A structure and method for sensing oxides of nitrogen in a gas. The gas is first passed through an oxidation catalyst and any reducing species in the gas are oxidized. The output gas from the oxidation catalyst is received by a sensor which generates an output responsive to oxides of nitrogen because the sensor has been isolated from any reducing species in the gas.

Abstract: An instrument for the chemical analysis of coal and other hydrocarbons combines TGA and FT-IR principles, and utilizes helium to carry the volatiles evolved by pyrolysis of the sample into the optical cell of the FT-IR spectrometer. The connection between the TGA furnace and the optical cell is substantially direct and non-impeding to fluid flow, and the carrier gas is preheated to the same temperature as the sample, preferably using a common heating element.

Abstract: Method for the determination of the content of solid carbon compounds in soil samples, particularly in humus soils, by converting the solid carbon compounds with a reactant into carbon dioxide and conveying the carbon dioxide gas into an analyzer. To reach the reaction temperature, metal particles are added to a specified amount of the dry, milled soil sample and the dry matter is heated inductively in the presence of the reactant to the reaction temperature.

Abstract: An apparatus for analysis of samples containing organic matter, especially of rock from oil drilling mud, including a loading arm hinged at its base to be movable from a tilted position when it receives a sample-bearing cartridge, which fits on the top of the arm, to a vertical position in which the arm can be raised to fit the upper end of the cartridge within a selectively electrically heated and air cooled chamber. A channel for carrier gas, e.g. hydrogen, passes up the arm so that gas passes through the cartridge when it is held in the heating and cooling chamber, and through the heating and cooling chamber and then through a conduit to a burner within an ignition an analysis chamber.In use, the container is heated to pyrolyze the sample and the resultant vapors are entrained in the gas, burnt and analyzed by flame ionization. After which the sample-bearing cartridge is cooled in the heating and cooling chamber.

Abstract: The instant invention relates to the separation and collection of hydrocarbons, including methane, from a gas emanating from an earth formation to determine the hydrocarbon potential of such earth formation. The apparatus includes a sequential network of cryogenic traps, adsorbent traps and furnaces to recover methane in one such cryogenic trap as a condensed carbon dioxide sample, in combination with (i) a valve antecedent to such network and (ii) a vacuum pump subsequent to such network to continuously provide a subatmospheric pressure throughout the network and prevent condensation of oxygen or atmospheric carbon dioxide in the cryogenic traps.

Abstract: A pyrolysis apparatus useful in analyzing complex chemical substances including a pyrolysis chamber formed in a tubular member of fused quartz, the apparatus having a mixing chamber formed from a fused quartz material wherein pyrolysis components from a sample to be analyzed are mixed with hydrogen prior to being subjected to detection in an analyzer such as a flame ionization detector.

Abstract: To regulate and monitor material concentrations, e.g., sodium chlorite or hydrogen peroxide, measuring cells are employed in which these substances are reacted to completion with another substance, e.g., sulfur dioxide, in an exothermal reaction. The resulting temperature rise is then a measure for the concentration. A simple measuring cell includes a pipe section provided at both ends with mounting devices for mounting in the delivery line conveying the reaction medium. There is mounted in this pipe section a U-shaped pipe section which is open at both ends and has a smaller diameter, and whose two arms extend into the pipe section with a larger diameter. The center section of, and parallel to, is located outside of the larger pipe and is provided with a thermal insulation, a supply line for the reacting substance, and a temperature sensor.

Abstract: The nitrogen-selectivity of an atomic emission detection system is enhanced by use, as the reagent gas, of a single gas or a mixture of gas components containing oxygen and hydrogen in an oxygen/hydrogen molar ratio of about 1:10 to 10:1.

Abstract: Disclosed is a method and apparatus for detecting hydrazine, monomethylhydrazine (MMH), and unsymmetrical dimethylhydrazine (UDMH) in a gaseous sample. The hydrazine compound detector includes a sample converter wherein vapors of an aldehyde such as acetaldehyde or a ketone such as acetone are mixed with a sample in gaseous form, and the mixture is allowed to react to form azine and hydrazone derivatives of the aldehyde or ketone. The derivatives may be transported long distances and then analyzed, as by heating in the presence of an oxidant in a pyrolyzer containing a nickel surface to produce nitric oxide (NO), followed by measurement of the NO in a NO detector such as a chemiluminescent analyzer.

Abstract: To regulate and monitor material concentrations, e.g., sodium chlorite or hydrogen peroxide, measuring cells are used in which these substances react to completion with another substance, e.g, sulfur dioxide, in an exothermal reaction. The resulting temperature rise is then a measure of the concentration. A measuring cell comprises a pipe section provided at both ends with mounting devices for installation in the delivery line transporting the reaction medium. Within this pipe section there is positioned axially a smaller diameter pipe section which is open at both ends, into one open end of which projects the supply line for the reacting substance and at the other end of which a temperature sensor is installed.

Abstract: A method of quantitatively analyzing nitrogen contained in titanium group metal or an alloy thereof, involving melting the metal or alloy in an inert gas atmosphere, allowing the nitrogen in titanium to be extracted and subjecting the extracted nitrogen to a quantitative analysis, characterized in that a titanium sample for analysis is melted in the present of nickel in an amount corresponding to 7 to 16 times the weight of the sample.

Abstract: A method of quantitatively analyzing oxygen or nitrogen contained in titanium group metal or an alloy thereof, involving melting the metal or alloy in an inert gas atmosphere, allowing the oxygen in titanium to react with carbon thereby extracting it as carbon monoxide, or allowing the nitrogen in titanium to be extracted, and subjecting the extracted carbon monoxide or nitrogen to a quantitative analysis, characterized in that a titanium sample for analysis is melted in the present of nickel in an amount corresponding to 7 to 17 times the weight of the sample.

Abstract: An apparatus for single-component measuring of exhaust gas enables the mixture composition of an Otto engine to be determined, wherein a stream of the exhaust gas is cooled, cleansed of condensate, purified and then mixed with a purified air stream in a constant mixture ratio. The stream of the mixture, or a part of the stream of the mixture, is then reacted by burning so that the exhaust gas is completely oxidized by the air and the reacted mixture is then analyzed.

Abstract: An apparatus for analyzing elements in metal containing compositions which includes a combustion furnace for combusting a metal composition to be analyzed, a combustion gas feed pipe for feeding combustion gas into the furnace toward the metal composition for promoting combustion thereof, a gas analyzer for analyzing the combusted gas obtained by the combustion of the metal composition in the furnace, a combusted gas conduit between the furnace and the gas analyzer, a carrier gas feed conduit for directing a carrier gas into the furnace so as to carry the combusted gas from the furnace to the gas analyzer through the combusted gas conduit, and structure for changing the rate at which the combustion gas is fed to the metal composition.

Abstract: A method of determining heat losses due to incomplete fuel combustion consists in that periodic sampling of fuel combustion products is carried out. The sample is separated into two parts, one of which includes a gaseous phase, and the other, solid and gaseous phases. Oxygen concentration in each part is assessed, after which both parts are heated and burnt up to determine oxygen concentration after burning. Oxygen losses in the gaseous phase and in the mixture of the solid and the gaseous phases are determined, and heat losses due to chemical and total underburning of fuel are defined as the ratio between oxygen losses. Then heat losses due to mechanical underburning of fuel are estimated as the difference of heat losses due to total chemical and mechanical underburning, and chemical underburning of fuel.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for on-line analysis of a coal sample. Four radial arms (16) extend from the output shaft (28) of an indexing motor (14). Sample cups (12) at the ends of the arms are indexed along a circular path past a filling station (18) where the cup is filled with pulverized coal, an analyzing station (20) where various chemical analyses are performed on the coal sample, a dumping station station (22) where the residue of the coal sample is dumped for disposal, and a cleaning station (24) where the sample cup is cleaned in preparation for another analysis cycle.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for determining the total amount of organic carbon in a sample comprising the successive steps of: (a) heating the sample in an inert atmosphere to a first temperature capable of cracking at least a fraction of the organic material contained in the sample; (b) measuring the amount of organic carbon contained in at least a fraction of the effluent resulting from this cracking; (c) heating the sample in an oxidizing atmosphere to a second temperature at most equal to the first temperature; (d) measuring the amount of organic carbon in the effluent produced by the oxidation of the organic material, and (e) deriving from the above measurements the total organic carbon content of the sample. In order to perform the method of the invention, there is also provided means for performing each of the successive steps. In a further refinement, the method also includes steps for determining the mineral carbon content so that the total carbon content of the sample can be determined.

Abstract: Specimens of solid organic substances are decomposed by grinding the specimen to powder having particles of a size smaller than 75 microns, and then compressing the powder specimen. The compressed powder specimen is abraded by means of a scraper, and the abraded material metered out in predetermined amounts for incineration in an injector burner suitable for solids. In this manner, large quantities of specimen material which might contain elements that attack quartz glass can be incinerated without causing damage to the quartz glass burner. The apparatus for decomposing specimens of solid organic substances includes an injector burner that communicates with a powder processing and proportioning device through a flexible tube. The powder processing and proportioning device includes a specimen container for compressed powder, supported by a rotatable fixture to rotate the specimen container.

Abstract: Method and apparatus for determining when a lubricant has reached the end its useful life due to oxidative degradation. The apparatus continuously monitors the evolution of gaseous emission from the lubricant when subjected to oxidizing conditions, and detects the increased gas emission accompanying oxidative breakdown.

Abstract: A new method is disclosed for determining sulfur levels in liquid or solid samples. The method is capable of accurate determination of sulfur content at sub-parts per million levels. The method and apparatus utilize high temperature oxidation of the samples to form sulfur oxides, absorption of the sulfur oxides on copper oxide as copper sulfate, thermal decomposition of the sulfate to convert sulfur present to sulfur dioxide which is evolved and coulometric titration to measure the quantity of evolved sulfur dioxide from which sulfur content of the sample can be calculated.

Abstract: An analytical method for the independent or simultaneous determination of any number of elements selected from the group consisting of nitrogen, carbon, hydrogen and sulfur or chlorine in samples, which comprises passing an oxygen gas through a reaction tube packed with an oxidation catalyst or oxidizing agent having a heating zone of from 800.degree. C. to 1100.degree. C., introducing a sample into said tube to subject it to complete combustion, uniformalizing the gas, dividing the gas into two portions, and introducing one portion in a carrier gas into a copper-reducing tube having a heating zone of from 400.degree. C. to 700.degree. C., determining the resulting nitrogen gas, carbon dioxide gas and steam or acetylene gas on a gas detector, while introducing the second portion in an oxygen gas into an absorption liquor, and determining the resulting sulfate or chlorine ion and, an apparatus useful therefor.

Abstract: An apparatus and method useful for analyzing refractory substances includes a means for locally heating a sample portion of a refractory material to generate the dissociated vapor thereof.

Abstract: Analysis of hydrocarbon mixtures to determine desired characteristics, particularly a determination of octane number of gasolines, undergoing partial oxidation/cool flame reactions. Pre-analysis performed on a target fuel sample of known composition and octane number is utilized to arrive at an optimum point of the reaction, a point believed to represent a condition where a maximum of the fuel is oxidized during the reaction. In the preferred embodiment disclosed, the optimum point is the reactor block temperature that generates a maximum peak temperature rise of the cool flame reaction of the target fuel. This optimum reactor temperature is utilized in further analyses of other known samples to develop a matrix of peak temperature rise versus time to reach peak coordinates. Any unknown fuel sample whose peak amplitude/time coordinate is within the matrix is compared with matrix values to determine its octane number as well as an indication of its composition.

Abstract: A method is disclosed for measuring the air to fuel ratio of an air/fuel mixture being supplied to a combustion process. This method has the following steps. An oxygen sensor station is established at which the sensor senses the difference in oxygen partial pressure from a first reference side thereof to a second oxygen measurement side thereof. The oxygen sensor is maintained at a predetermined temperature and at a pressure below atmospheric pressure. The oxygen sensor is calibrated so that the measurement thereby of an EMF between the first reference side thereof and the second oxygen measurement side thereof is indicative of the oxygen partial pressure in a gas stream passing by the oxygen measurement side thereof. A sample gas stream is drawn into the pressure across the second oxygen measurement side of the oxygen sensor. This pressure is one which allows samples to be drawn at a constant flow rate independent of that pressure. A fixed amount of oxygen is added to the sample gas stream.